2016

 The concept of Information Technology Application Innovation (ITAI) began to take shape, with
the Chinese government emphasizing the need for independent innovation in information
technology.

2018

[edit]

 January 22: Trump announced 20% to 50% tariffs on solar panels and washing machines.
[78]
About 8% of American solar panel imports in 2017 came from China.[79] Imports of residential
washing machines from China totaled about $1.1 billion in 2015.[80]

 March 1: Trump announced tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminum imports from all
countries.[81] The United States had imported about 3% of its steel from China.[82] The
announcement drew criticism from the editorial board of The Wall Street Journal, which called
the executive order "the biggest policy blunder of his Presidency."[83]

 March 22: Trump asked the United States trade representative (USTR) to investigate
applying tariffs on US$50–60 billion worth of Chinese goods.[84][85][86] He relied on Section 301 of
the Trade Act of 1974 for doing so, stating that the proposed tariffs were "a response to the
unfair trade practices of China over the years", including theft of U.S. intellectual property.[87]
[84]
Over 1,300 categories of Chinese imports were listed for tariffs, including aircraft parts,
batteries, flat-panel televisions, medical devices, satellites, and various weapons.[88][89]

 April 2: Ministry of Commerce of China responded by imposing tariffs on 128 products it imports
from America, including aluminium, airplanes, cars, pork, and soybeans (which have a 25%
tariff), as well as fruit, nuts, and steel piping (15%).[90][91][92] U.S. commerce secretary Wilbur
Ross said that the planned Chinese tariffs only reflected 0.3% of U.S. gross domestic product,
and Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders stated that the moves would have "short-term
pain" but bring "long-term success".[42][43][93][94]

 April 3: The U.S. Trade Representative's office published an initial list of 1,300+ Chinese goods to
impose levies upon, including products like flat-screen televisions, weapons, satellites, medical
devices, aircraft parts and batteries.[95][96][97] Chinese Ambassador Cui Tiankai responded by
warning the U.S. that they may fight back, saying "We have done the utmost to avoid this kind of
situation, but if the other side makes the wrong choice, then we have no alternative but to fight
back."[98]

 April 4: China's Customs Tariff Commission of the State Council decided to announce a plan of
additional tariffs of 25% on 106 items of products including automobiles, airplanes, and
soybeans.[99] Soybeans are the top U.S. agricultural export to China.[100][101]

 April 5: Trump said that he was considering another round of tariffs on an additional $100 billion
of Chinese imports as Beijing retaliates.[102] The next day the World Trade Organization received
request from China for consultations on new U.S. tariffs.[103]
 Chinese vice premier Liu He meeting with U.S. president Donald
Trump in May 2018

 May 9: China cancelled soybean orders exported from United States to China. Zhang Xiaoping,
Chinese director for the U.S. Soybean Export Council, said Chinese buyers simply stopped buying
from the U.S.[104]

 May 15: Vice Premier and Politburo member Liu He, top economic adviser to president of
China and General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party Xi Jinping, visited Washington for
further trade talks.[86][105]

 May 20: Chinese officials agreed to "substantially reduce" America's trade deficit with
China[105] by committing to "significantly increase" its purchases of American goods. As a
result, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced that "We are putting the trade war on
hold".[106] White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro said there was no "trade
war", rather a "trade dispute, fair and simple. We lost the trade war long ago."[107]

 May 21: Trump tweeted that "China has agreed to buy massive amounts of Additional
Farm/Agricultural Products," although he later clarified the purchases were contingent upon the
closure of a "potential deal."[108]

 May 29: The White House announced that it would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of Chinese
goods with "industrially significant technology;" the full list of products affected to be
announced by June 15.[109] It also planned to impose investment restrictions and enhanced
export controls on certain Chinese individuals and organizations to prevent them from acquiring
U.S. technology.[110] China said it would discontinue trade talks with Washington if it imposed
trade sanctions."[111]

 June 15: Trump declared that the United States would impose a 25% tariff on $50 billion of
Chinese exports. $34 billion would start July 6, 2018, with a further $16 billion to begin at a later
date.[112][113][114] China's Commerce Ministry accused the United States of launching a trade war
and said China would respond in kind with similar tariffs for US imports, starting on July 6.
[115]
Three days later, the White House declared that the United States would impose additional
10% tariffs on another $200 billion worth of Chinese imports if China retaliated against these
U.S. tariffs.[86] The list of products included in this round of tariffs was released on July 11, 2018,
and was set to be implemented within 60 days.[citation needed]

 June 19: China retaliates, threatening its own tariffs on $50 billion of U.S. goods, and stating that
the United States had launched a trade war. Import and export markets in a number of nations
feared the tariffs would disrupt supply chains which could "ripple around the globe." [116]
 July 6: American tariffs on $34 billion of Chinese goods came into effect. China imposed
retaliatory tariffs on US goods of a similar value. The tariffs accounted for 0.1% of the global
gross domestic product.[117][118] On July 10, 2018, U.S. released an initial list of the additional $200
billion of Chinese goods that would be subject to a 10% tariff.[119] Two days later, China vowed to
retaliate with additional tariffs on American goods worth $60 billion annually.[120]

 August 8: The Office of the United States Trade Representative published its finalized list of 279
Chinese goods, worth $16 billion, to be subject to a 25% tariff from August 23.[86][121][122] In
response, China imposed 25% tariffs on $16 billion of imports from the US, which was
implemented in parallel with the US tariffs on August 23.[123]

 August 14: China filed a complaint with the World Trade Organization (WTO), stating that US
tariffs on foreign solar panels clash with WTO ruling and have destabilized the international
market for solar PV products. China stated that the resulting impact directly harmed China's
legitimate trade interests. Peng Peng, a researcher with the China Renewable Energy Industry
Association said that the solar problem has existed for years and thought that China chose to
bring it up in order to keep up the rhythm of the trade dispute.[124]

 August 22: US treasury undersecretary David Malpass and Chinese commerce vice-
minister Wang Shouwen met in Washington, D.C. in a bid to reopen negotiations. Meanwhile, on
August 23, 2018, the US and China's promised tariffs on $16 billion of goods took effect,[125] and
on August 27, 2018, China filed a new WTO complaint against the US regarding the additional
tariffs.[126]

 September 17: The US announced its 10% tariff on $200 billion worth of Chinese goods would
begin on September 24, 2018, increasing to 25% by the end of the year. They also threatened
tariffs on an additional $267 billion worth of imports if China retaliates,[127] which China promptly
did on September 18 with 10% tariffs on $60 billion of US imports.[128][129] So far, China has either
imposed or proposed tariffs on $110 billion of U.S. goods, representing most of its imports of
American products.[127]

 November 10: White House National Trade Council director Peter Navarro alleged that a group
of Wall Street billionaires are conducting an influence operation on behalf of the Chinese
government by weakening the president and the U.S. negotiating position, and urged them to
invest in the rust belt.[130][131]

 November 30: President Trump signed the revised U.S.–Mexico–Canada Agreement in Buenos
Aires, Argentina. The USMCA contains a "rules of origin" provision for automobile that was
"touted by the Trump administration as a tool to keep out Chinese inputs and encourage
production and investment in the US and North America."[132]

 December 1: The planned increases in tariffs were postponed. The White House stated that both
parties will "immediately begin negotiations on structural changes with respect to forced
technology transfer, intellectual property protection, non-tariff barriers, cyber intrusions and
cyber theft."[133][134] According to the Trump Administration, "If at the end of [90 days], the parties
are unable to reach an agreement, the 10 percent tariffs will be raised to 25 percent."[135][136] The
 U.S. trade representative's office confirmed the hard deadline for China's structural changes is
March 1, 2019.[137][138]

 December 4: New York Fed president John Williams said that he believed the US economy will
stay strong in 2019.[139] Williams expects that increases in the interest rates will be necessary to
maintain the economy. He stated, "Given this outlook of strong growth, strong labor market and
inflation near our goal and taking account all the various risks around the outlook, I do expect
further gradual increases in interest rates will best sponsor a sustained economic expansion."[139]

 December 11: Trump announced China was buying a "tremendous amount" of U.S. soybeans.
Commodities traders saw no evidence of such purchases, and over the next six months soybean
exports to China were about one quarter what they were in 2017, before the trade conflict
began.[140] China reportedly considered purchases of American farm goods as contingent upon
closing a comprehensive trade deal.[141]

 In this year, the rising trade tensions and technological restrictions from the United States
highlighted China's reliance on foreign technologies. Increased emphasis was put on ITAI, the
term "Xinchuang" (信创) started appearing more frequently in official documents, signaling a shift
towards promoting domestic IT solutions.

2019

[edit]

 January 14: An article in The Wall Street Journal reports that in China's 2018 trade surplus with
the United States was a record $323.32 billion despite Trump's tariffs.[142]

 March 6: The U.S. Department of Commerce stated that in 2018 the U.S.' overall trade deficit
reached $621 billion, the highest it had been since 2008.[143]

 March 25: Macron and Xi signed 15 trade deals totaling 40 billion euros, including a €30 billion
Airbus aircraft purchase, French chicken exports, a French-built offshore wind farm, a Franco-
Chinese cooperation fund, and substantial co-financing commitments between BNP Paribas and
the Bank of China. Rym Momtaz writing for Politico speculated that the deal would "ratchet up
pressure on Trump" to make a deal with the Chinese government.[144][145]

 May 5: Trump stated that the previous tariffs of 10% levied in $200 billion worth of Chinese
goods would be raised to 25% on May 10.[146] With notification by USTR, the Federal Register on
May 9 published the modification of duty on or after 12:01 a.m. Eastern Time Zone May 10 to
25% for the products of China covered by the September 2018 action.[147] The stated reason
being that China reneged upon already agreed upon deals.[148]

 May 9: Trump said the tariffs are "paid for mostly by China, by the way, not by us." Economic
analysts concluded this was an incorrect assertion as American businesses and consumers
ultimately pay the tariffs as real-world examples of tariffs working as intended are rare, and
consumers of the tariff-levying country are the primary victims of tariffs, by having to pay higher
prices. "It is inaccurate to say that countries pay tariffs on commercial and consumer goods – it is
the buyers and sellers that bear the costs," said Ross Burkhart, a Boise State University political
 scientist. "Purchasers pay the tariff when they buy popular products. Sellers lose market share
when their products get priced out of markets," Burkhart added.[149][150][151]

 May 15: Trump signed executive order 13873, placing Huawei on the Department of
Commerce's Entity List. According to Reuters, the move banned Huawei from buying vital parts
and components from U.S. companies without special approval and effectively barred its
equipment from U.S. telecom networks on national security grounds.[152][153]

 June 1: China will raise tariffs on $60 billion worth of US goods.[154]

 June 29: During the G20 Osaka summit, Trump announces he and Xi Jinping agreed to a "truce"
in the trade war after extensive talks. Prior tariffs are to remain in effect, but no future tariffs are
to be enacted "for the time being" amid restarted negotiations. Additionally, Trump said he
would allow American companies to sell their products to Huawei, but the company would
remain on the U.S. Entity List.[155] The extent to which this plan to temporarily exempt Huawei
from previous bans would be implemented later became unclear and, in the weeks later, there
was no clear indication of the reversal of Huawei bans.[156][157]

 June 29: After a meeting with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Trump announces "China is going to be
buying a tremendous amount of food and agricultural product, and they're going to start that
very soon, almost immediately."[158] China disputed making such a commitment and one month
later no such purchases had materialized.[141][159]

 July 11: Trump tweeted "China is letting us down in that they have not been buying the
agricultural products from our great Farmers that they said they would." People familiar with the
trade negotiations said China had made no firm commitments to purchase farm goods unless it
was part of a comprehensive trade agreement.[141]

 July 15: Official figures from China showed its second-quarter GDP growth at its slowest in 27
years.[160]

 July 17: China announced an accelerated decrease in holdings of US treasury holdings, targeting
25% of its current holdings of $1.1 trillion.[161]

 August 1: Trump announced on Twitter that additional 10% tariff will be levied on the "remaining
$300 billion of goods".[162]

 August 5: The central bank of China (PBOC) let the Renminbi fall over 2% in three days to the
lowest point since 2008 as it was hit by strong sales due to the threat of tariffs.[163]

 August 5: The U.S. Department of Treasury officially declared China as a Currency

Manipulator after the People's Bank of China allowed its yuan to depreciate that, according to
CNN, was seen as retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[164] According to an article
in The Washington Post, Trump reportedly pressured the Treasury Department Steven Mnuchin
to authorize the designation. Both the IMF and the Chinese government have rejected the
designation, with the IMF saying that the valuation of the yuan are in line with China's economic
fundamentals.[163][165]
 August 5: China ordered state-owned enterprises to stop buying US agricultural products in
retaliation to Trump's August 1 tariff announcement.[166] Zippy Duvall, president of the American
Farm Bureau Federation, called the move "a body blow to thousands of farmers and ranchers
who are already struggling to get by," adding, "Farm Bureau economists tell us exports to China
were down by $1.3 billion during the first half of the year. Now, we stand to lose all of what was
a $9.1 billion market in 2018, which was down sharply from the $19.5 billion U.S. farmers
exported to China in 2017."[167]

 August 13: Official figures from China showed its industrial output growth falling amid the trade
war to a 17-year low.[168]

 August 13: Trump delayed some of the tariffs. $112 billion worth will still take place on
September 1 (which means that on September 1, $362 billion total worth, including the newly
imposed $112 billion, of Chinese products will face a tariff), but the additional, not yet imposed,
$160 billion will not take effect until December 15.[169] Trump and his advisors Peter Navarro,
Wilbur Ross and Larry Kudlow said that the tariffs were postponed to avoid harming American
consumers during the Christmas shopping season.[170]

 August 23: Chinese Ministry of Finance announced new rounds of retaliative tariffs on $75 billion
worth of U.S. goods, effective beginning September 1.[171]

 August 23: Trump tweeted that he "hereby ordered" American companies to "immediately start
looking for an alternative to China". According to an article in The New York Times, Trump's aides
said that no order had been drawn up nor was it clear one would be. In a tweet on the following
day, Trump said that he had the authority to make good on his threat, citing the International
Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977.[172] Furthermore, tariffs are to be raised from 25% to
30% on the existing $250 billion worth of Chinese goods beginning on October 1, 2019, and from
10% to 15% on the remaining $300 billion worth of goods beginning on December 15, 2019. [173]

 August 26: At the G7 summit, Trump stated, "China called last night our top trade people and
said 'let's get back to the table' so we will be getting back to the table and I think they want to do
something. They have been hurt very badly but they understand this is the right thing to do and I
have great respect for it."[174] Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Geng Shuang said he was
unaware of such a call[175] and Trump aides later said the call did not occur but the president was
trying to project optimism.[176]

 August 28: Americans for Free Trade, an umbrella group for 161 trade associations across
numerous industries,[177] sent Trump a letter asking him to postpone all scheduled tariff
increases.[178] The next day, Trump said "badly run and weak companies are smartly blaming
these small Tariffs instead of themselves for bad management."[179]

 September 1: New US and Chinese tariffs previously announced went into effect at 12:01 pm
EST. China imposed 5% to 10% tariffs on one-third of the 5,078 goods it imports from America,
with tariffs on the remainder scheduled for December 15.[180] The United States imposed new
15% tariffs on about $112 billion of Chinese imports, such that more than two-thirds of
consumer goods imported from China were then subject to tariffs.[181]
 September 4: The Office of the U.S. Trade Representative and Chinese state media confirmed
that deputy-level meetings in mid-September would lead to ministerial-level talks in coming
weeks.[182][183] At the same time, the United States Department of Commerce issued preliminary
antidumping duty determinations on fabricated structural steel from Canada, China, and Mexico.
Furthermore, China was found liable for dumping up to 141.38% of fabricated structural steel
into the United States and thereby prompted the U.S. Customs and Border Protection to collect
cash deposits in the same rate, as instructed by the Commerce Department.[184]

 September 6: The People's Bank of China announces a 0.5 percent reduction in its reserve
requirement ratio in response to the slowing of China's economic growth rates caused by the
trade war.[185]

 September 11: After China announced it was exempting 16 American product types from tariffs
for one year, Trump announced he would delay until October 15 a tariff increase on Chinese
goods previously scheduled for October 1. Trump asserted he granted the delay at the request of
Chinese vice premier Liu He.[186][187]

 September 12: Bloomberg News and Politico reported that Trump advisors were increasingly
concerned that the trade war was weakening the American economy going into the 2020
election campaign and were discussing ways to reach a limited interim deal.[188][189] The Wall
Street Journal reported China was seeking to narrow the scope of negotiations to place national
security matters on a separate track from trade issues.[190]

 September 13: China eliminated its tariff increase on soybeans, which it had imposed in 2018.
[191]: 78

 September 26: The Wall Street Journal reported that Chinese retaliatory tariffs on lumber and
wood products had caused hardwood lumber exports to China to fall 40% during 2019, resulting
in American lumber mills slashing employment.[192] A USDA spokesperson said the organization
had provided the industry $5 million in aid through its Agricultural Trade Promotion Program. [193]

 October 7: Citing human rights issues, the United States Department of Commerce puts 20
Chinese public security bureaus and eight high tech companies, such
as HikVision, SenseTime and Megvii, on the Export Administration Regulations Entity List. Like
Huawei, which was sanctioned on an identical blueprint for national security reasons, the
entities will need U.S. government approval before they can purchase components from U.S.
companies.[194]

 October 11: Trump announced that the United States and China had reached a tentative
agreement for the "first phase" of a trade deal, with China agreeing to buy up to $50 billion in
American farm products, and to accept more American financial services in their market, with
the United States agreeing to suspend new tariffs scheduled for October 15. The deal was
expected to be finalized in coming weeks.[195][196] At the same time, Chinese announcements did
not express the same confidence,[197] though a few days later the Chinese Foreign Ministry said
that the two sides had the same understanding and had reached an agreement.[198]

 October 17: Official figures from China showed its third quarter GDP growth at its slowest in
almost 30 years.[199]
  December: Media reports indicated that China had ordered government agencies and public
institutions to remove foreign computer equipment and software within three years, following a
"3-5-2" replacement strategy. While not officially confirmed, this move was seen as part of the
ITAI initiative. Increased funding and policy support were directed towards domestic IT
companies to accelerate the development of homegrown technologies.

 December 13: Both countries announce an initial deal where new tariffs to be mutually imposed
on December 15 would not be implemented. China says it "will increase purchases of high-
quality agricultural products from the U.S.", while the United States says it will halve the existing
15% tariffs.[200][201][202]

 December 31: The Wall Street Journal reported that the language of the phase one deal was
expected to be released after the January 15 signing, and that Lighthizer said some details would
be classified.[203]

2020

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