Lecture Slide
Department of Chemical Engineering
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi
Course Lecturer: Dr. A. Y. Abdulkarim
DChE, ATBU. Bauchi
Introduction to Python Syntax and
Indentation and Quotation Marks
Variables
•Indentation:
•Python Syntax:
• Used to define blocks of code (4 spaces).
•Rules for writing code understood by the
• Example:
Python interpreter.
•Variables:
•Containers for storing data. •Quotation Marks:
•Example: x = 2 •Single (') or double (") for strings.
•Variables are references to objects, not •Example: print("Hello world")
the objects themselves.
Comments and Docstrings Variables and Data Types
•Comments: •Variables:
•Start with # and are ignored by the •Assign values using =.
interpreter. •Example: x = 2, greeting = "hello world"
•Example: # This is a comment •Data Types:
•Docstrings: •Integers, floats, strings, Booleans, lists,
•Enclosed in triple quotes ("""), used for tuples, dictionaries, sets.
documentation. •Example: num = 2.0, name = "Lloyd"
•Example:
Python Reserved Keywords
Multiple Variables and Reassignment •Reserved Words:
•Multiple Variables: •Cannot be used as variable names.
•Assign multiple variables to the same or •Example: False, None, True, and, if, else, etc.
different values. •Check with: import keyword;
•Example: x = y = 23, a, b, c = 12, "Love", False print(keyword.kwlist)
•Reassignment:
•Variables can be reassigned. Best Practices for Variable Names
•Example: x = "old me", x = "new me" •Descriptive Names:
•Use lowercase and underscores for readability.
•Example: student_names = ["Mary", "Peter"]
Variable Naming Rules •Avoid Abbreviations:
•Allowed Names: •Keep names concise but descriptive.
•Start with letters or underscores, can contain
numbers. Numeric Data Types
•Example: num = 2, _name = "John" •Integers:
•Illegal Names: •Whole numbers (e.g., x = 5).
•Cannot start with numbers, dashes, or spaces. •Floats:
•Example: -name = "John" (Error) •Decimal numbers (e.g., x = 5.5).
•Complex Numbers:
•Real and imaginary parts (e.g., x = 5 + 2j).
Boolean and None Types Lists
•Boolean: •Lists:
•True or False. •Ordered, mutable, can contain duplicates.
•Example: x = 5 > 2 (returns True). •Example: age = [23, 34, 45, 56, 67, 78]
•NoneType: •Accessing Elements:
•Represents null or no value. •Use indexing (e.g., age[0]).
•Example: x = None List Methods
Strings •Common Methods:
•Strings: •append(), extend(), remove(), pop(), sort(),
•Sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes. reverse(), count(), index().
•Example: a = "Am learning Python" •Example: names = ["John",
•Accessing Characters: "Oscar"], names.append("Rose").
•Use indexing (e.g., x[0] for the first character). Tuples
•Tuples:
String Methods •Immutable, ordered sequences.
•Common Methods: •Example: animals = ("Lion", "Tiger", "Elephant")
•capitalize(), upper(), lower(), replace(), split(), st •Methods:
rip(), count(), index(). •count(), index().
•Example: str1 = "Am learning Python",
• str1.upper() returns "AM LEARNING PYTHON".
Sets
•Sets: •Typecasting:
•Unordered, mutable, no duplicates. •Converting one data type to another.
•Example: animals = {"Lion", "Tiger", "Elephant"} •Example: x = 2.5, x = int(x) converts x to an integer.
•Methods: •Functions: int(), str(), float(), bool().
•add(), remove(), pop(), union(), intersection().
Dictionaries
•Dictionaries:
•Key-value pairs, mutable.
•Example: dict1 = {"name": "Mary", "age": 22}
•Accessing Values:
•Use keys (e.g., dict1["name"] returns "Mary").
Dictionary Methods
•Common Methods:
•keys(), values(), items(), get(), pop(), update().
•Example: dict1.keys() returns ["name", "age"].
