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Aletta Wessels º Paarl 2016

SUMMARY
Grade 11: Quantitative aspects of Grade 11: p. 181 – 200
Study and Master
Chemical Change (Mole Calculations)

CALCULATIONS WITH FORMULAE

p. 181 THE MOLE

 The mole is a unit that is used to indicate the quantity of a substance. Very small particles, such as
atoms, molecules, ions and formula units are counted in mole.

 Definition: One mole is the quantity of a substance that has the same number of particles as in 12 g of
carbon–12.


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One mole is a number: 6,02 x 10 . The number is known as Avogadro’s constant (NA).

MOLAR MASS

 Molar mass (M) = the mass (in gram) of 1 mole of a substance.

CALCULATION OF NUMBER OF MOLES

NB OF PARTICLES n number of moles mol

 N N number of particles
–1
NA number of particles in 1 mole mol
MOLE
n NA NA = 6,02 x 10
23
 number of particles in 1 mole

MASS m n number of moles mol

 m mass gram (g)
-1
MOLE n M M molar mass gmol
M  mass of 1 mole of the substance

VOLUME n number of moles mol

V 3
V volume of gas at STP dm

dm mol
3 -1
n Vm Vm molar gas volume at STP
MOLE
Vm = 22,4  volume of 1 mole gas at STP
only for gases at STP

p. 182 MOLAR VOLUME OF GASES


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1 mole of any gas occupies 22,4 dm at STP. 22,4 is known as the molar gas volume (Vm).

 STD = standard temperature and pressure:

Ɵ
 Standard temperature: T = 0 °C (273 K).
Ɵ
 Standard pressure: p = 1 atmosphere (1,013 x 10 Pa).
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Ɵ Ɵ Ɵ Ɵ
 Vm, T and p are on the list of constants on the data sheet. (You NEVER use the values of T and p in
calculations.)
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p. 183 CONCENTRATION

 A solution consists of ‘n solute that with a solvent forms a homogenous mixture.

 A standard solution is a solution of known concentration that is accurate prepared.

n n moles of solute mol

-3
c concentration of solution moldm
3
CONCENTRATION c V V volume of solution dm

MOL
m mass of solute g
m c concentration of solution moldm
-3

-1
M molar mass of solute gmol
c MV 3
V volume of solution dm

only for solutions

 When a solution of a certain concentration is diluted to form a new concentration by adding water, the
number of moles in the 2 solutions are equal:

ndiluted = nconc This formula is NOT

on the data sheet
 (cV)diluted = (cV)conc

UNITS OF VOLUME

x 1 000 x 1 000 x 1 000

m3 dm3 cm3 mm3
(ℓ) (mℓ)
÷ 1 000 ÷ 1 000 ÷ 1 000

ATOMS IN MOLECULES; IONS IN FORMULA UNITS

 The particles of a compound that is formed by a covalent bond are called molecules. Molecules form
when non-metals are bonded.
 Examples of molecules: HC, H2O, H2, NH3.
 The particles of a compound that consist through an ionic bond, is called formula units. It forms in
compounds of metals with non–metals. Formula units are built up by ions.
 Examples of formula units: NaC, Na2O, CaSO4, NH4C, H2SO4.

 The answer for number of moles (n) in the previous formulae always leads to the number of molecules
or formula units. When the number of atoms or ions in a compound is asked, however, the answer
should be multiplied by the number of atoms or ions in that compound. Example:
 The molar mass of Na2CO3 is 106 gmol . It means that:
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 in 106 g Na2CO3 there are 1 mol formula units.


+ 2–
in 106 g Na2CO3 there are 3 mol ions. (Each formula unit consist of 2 Na ions and 1 CO3 ion
 3 altogether);
 in 106 g Na2CO3 there are 6 mol atoms. (Each formula unit consist of 2 Na atoms, 1 C atom and
3 O atoms  6 altogether.)
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PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION

 Percentage composition = the percentage of each element in a compound.

% element = x 100

EX 1 % O in Na2SO4 = x 100 = 45,07 %

p. 189 EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

 The empirical formula of a compound indicates the simplest ratio (in mol) in which the elements are
bonded in the compound.

 The molecular formula of a compound indicates the real ratio (in mol) in which the elements are
bonded in the compound.

 The empirical formula can be a multiple of the real formula. Example:

 The molecular formula of ethene is C2H4.
 The empirical formula of ethene is CH2.

 Calculation of molecular formula if the percentage composition and molar mass of a compound are
given:
 Take the percentage composition as mass out of a total of 100 g compound.
 Calculate the number of moles of each type of atom present in the compound.
 Determine the simplest ratio of the number of moles of the atoms present in the compound. The
simplest ratio leads to the empirical formula.
 Calculate the molar mass of the empirical formula. Find the ratio between the real molar mass and
the molar mass of the empirical formula. It should be an integer.
 Multiply the empirical formula's ratio with that integer - it leads to the molecular formula.

EX 2 Question: Composition is 85,71 % C and 14,29 % H. Determine the molecular formula if M = 28 [Link]–1.
Answer: In 100 g CxHy: x = n(C) = = = 7,14 mol
y = n(H) = = = 14,29 mol

x : y = : = 1: 2 Divide by smallest
mole quantity
∴ Empirical formula is CH2.

= =2

∴ Molecular formula is C2H4.

p. 191 CALCULATIONS WITH EQUATIONS: STOICHIOMETRY

 The balancing number of a balanced chemical equation gives the ratio of the number of moles or each
of the reactants and product.

 We can use the following “recipe” to calculate the masses and volumes of substances that take part in a
reaction:

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.

2. Determine what is “given” and what is “asked”.
3. Convert the quantity “given” (mass/number/volume) to mole.
4. Use the mole ratio (balancing numbers!) to determine the number of moles of substance “asked”.
5. Convert the mole quantity of the substance “asked” back to mass/number/volume.
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Question: 4K + O2  2K2O. What mass of K2O is produced by 97,5 g potassium?

EX 3 Answer: 4K + O2  2K2O  n(K) = = = 2,5 mol
97,5 g ?
x  n(K2O) = 2,5 x = 1,25 mol
 m(K2O) = n x M = 1,25 x 94 = 117,5 g
ⓝ ⓝ

 The only case where you do not need to calculate to moles and back is when all reactants and products
are gases. In this case, you can do your calculations by working with only the ratio of the gas volumes.
The volumes of the reacting gases and the products are also in the ratio of moles (balancing numbers).
(See "Stoichiometry in gases" later.)

p. 194 PERCENTAGE YIELD an PERCENTAGE PURITY

 The maximum quantity of product calculated is called the theoretical yield. In practice, the actual yield is
often less, because the reagent is sometimes impure.
 For a reaction where the total mass of the limiting reactant is converted into product, the percentage
yield is 100%.
 For a reaction where the total mass of the limiting reactant is NOT converted into product, the
percentage yield of the product, or the percentage purity of the reagent can be calculated:
This formula is
% yield = % purity = x 100 NOT on your
data sheet.

EX 4 Question: Determine the percentage purity of the potassium if only 100 g K2O is produced in EX 3.
Answer: % purity = x 100 = 85,12 %

p. 193 REACTIONS WITH LIMITING REACTANT

 The limiting reactant is that reactant that is used up completely during a chemical reaction. The other
reactant(s) are in excess.

 The quantity of product formed in the reaction is determined by the limiting reactant.

 If the quantity of 2 (or more) reactants are given, the limiting reactants should be determined first:
 Calculate the number of moles of each of the reactants.
 Determine through the mole ratio (balancing numbers) which one is limiting.

 For your answer, ALWAYS mention the

 ratio between the reactants;
 limiting reactant
 reactant in excess.

EX 5 Question: 4K + O2  2K2O. Which mass of K2O is produced by 78 g K and 48 g O2?

Answer: n(K) = = = 2 mol n(O2) = = = 1,5 mol

4 mol K react with 1 mol O2; ∴ 2 mol K react with 0,5 mol O2 according to the mole ratio.
∴ There is1,5 mol O2. Therefore O2 is in excess. Therefore K is the limiting reactant.
(Use the quantity of K to calculate K2O, and not O2.)

 The ratio K : O = 4 : 1.
 O2 is in excess.
 K is the limiting reactant.

4K + O2  2K2O
78 g ?  n(K) = 2 mol
 n(K2O) = 2 x = 1 mol
x  m(K2O) = n x M = 1 x 94 = 94 g
ⓝ ⓝ
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STOICHIOMETRY IN GASES

 During “explosions” all the products are gases. When asked to calculate the volume of all the products
p. 197 at STP, the number of moles of all the gases can be calculated and converted into volume in one
calculation.

EX 6 Question: H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g). Calculate the volume of the products if 176 g H2O decomposes at STP.

Answer: H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g).

176 g ? ?  n(H2O) = = = 5,5 mol
 n(H2) = 5,5 x = 11 mol
x
 nO2) = 5,5 x 1 = 5,5 mol
ⓝ ⓝ Total moles of gases = 11 + 5,5 = 16,5 mol
x V = n x Vm = 16,5 x 22,4 = 396,6 dm3
ⓝ ⓝ

Gases NOT at STP:

 Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal number of moles of all gases occupies
the same volume. (Avogadro's Law). This means that, in gases, the ratio in mole and volume are the
same.

 If the temperature and pressure of a gas is given, and it is NOT at STP, the equation n = may NOT be
used. Then use the ratio of gas volumes.

 E.g. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

 Mole ratio = 1 mol N2 : 3 mol H2 : 2 mol NH3
 Volume ratio = 1 volume N2 : 3 volume H2 : 2 volume NH3
3 3 3
(e.g. 2 dm N2 reacts with 6 dm H2 and yields 4 dm NH3)

EX 7 Question: N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3. Which total volume NH3 is produced by 3 dm3 N2 and 4 dm3 H2?

Answer: The gases are not at STP! (It is not stated.) You may not use n = !

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
3
Volume start (dm ) 4 6 0
Volume react (dm3) x 3x 2x
2 6 4
3
Volume left (dm ) 2 0 4

Total volume gas left = 2 + 4 = 6 dm 3

p. 185 TITRATIONS

 An acid of unknown concentration can be standardized by titration with a base of known concentration
( a standard solution).

 Similarly, a base of unknown concentration can be standardized by titration with an acid of known
concentration ( a standard solution).

 In this calculations none of the reactants is limiting or in excess. The reactants are in equivalent
quantities. After the reaction all of the reactants are used up. Only product is found at the end.

 Neutralization between an acid and a base is used in titrations.

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EXAMPLE

hydroxide + acid  salt + H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

carbonate + acid  salt + CO2 + H2O Na2CO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

oxide + acid  salt + H2O NaO + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O

 Consider the neutralization between an acid and base:

nb base + na acid  salt + H2O

-3
ca concentration of the acid moldm
3
Va volume of the acid *cm
= or = cb concentration of the base moldm
-3
3
Vb volume of the base *cm
na balancing number in front of the acid mol
nb balancing number in front of the base mol
3
* Usually the volumes are given in cm . It can be
any unit, as long as the units of Va and Vb are the same.

EX 8 Question: 2NaOH + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O.

100 g NaOH is dissolved in 250 cm 3 water. 20 cm3 of the NaOH solution neutralizes 45 cm 3 H2SO4.
Calculate the concentration of the acid.

Answer: [NaOH] = Cb = = = 10 [Link]-3

=  = ca = 4,44 [Link]-3

 Calculations with titrations are studied further in the chapter on acids.

QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM Gr 12 ACCORDING TO THE GUIDELINE DOCUMENT

 Calculate the molar concentration of a solution.

 Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of compounds.
 Determine the percentage yield of a chemical reaction.
 Determine percentage purity or percentage composition, e.g. the percentage CaCO3 in an impure
sample of seashells.
 Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations.
 Perform stoichiometric calculations based on balanced equations that may include limiting reagents.
 Interpret balanced equations in terms of volume relationships for gases, i.e. under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure, equal number of moles of all gases occupies the same
volume.
 Perform stoichiometric calculations based on titrations of a strong acid with a strong base, a strong
acid with a weak base and a weak acid with a strong base. Calculations may include percentage purity.