Chapter 2:Data models
Part 1
Modified and presented by
Marwa Alhadi
Lecture 2
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Outline
Definitions
Data models / modeling
Vector Data Models.
Vector Topology
Vector Features, Tables, and Structures
Example
⚫ Water facilities
Raster Data Models
Models and Cells
Raster Features and Attribute Tables.
Comparison of Raster and Vector Data Models
Conversion Between Raster and Vector Models
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Outline
Other Data Models
Triangulated Irregular Networks
Scale and Resolution
Spatial relation
Spatial Operations
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ANSI/SPARC: Study Group on Data Base
Management Systems (1975)
“Real Different users have different
World” views of the world
different views of the world different views of the world different views of the world
External Model 1 External Model 2 External Model 3
Conceptual Model
Logical Model
Physical Model
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Modeling Process
Model processing is the abstraction of real world
Abstracting the Real World
Reality
Modeling
(data & treat.)
Geographic
Database
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Definitions
Data model
⚫ set of constructs for representing objects and
processes in the digital environment
Representation
⚫ Focus on conceptual and scientific issues
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Role of Data Modeling
Operational GIS
GIS Data Model Analysis and
Description and Presentation
Representation
People
Interpretation
and
Explanation
Real World
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Data Model Levels-Abstraction model-
Human- Reality
oriented
Conceptual Model
Increasing
Abstraction
-computerized-
Logical Model
Computer-
oriented
Physical Model
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Conceptual Model
Its user’s views.
It uses All external models
No physical storage, therefore so that the
same conceptual model may be appropriate
for diverse physical implementations.
It’s independent from the technology.
It could be represented as vector or raster
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Logical model
Transform the conceptual model into a new
modeling level logical model
concerned with tables and data records
It is more computing oriented
Example: the Relational Database approach
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Logical model
• Several types of data organization in logical model
1. Hierarchical model
- Hierarchical relationships between data (parent- child)
2. Network Model
- Focus on connections
3. Relational model
- Based on relations (tables)
4. Object-Oriented model
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- Focus on Objects
Logical model
Entity-relationship Formalism
Entity Entity name Attributes
ENTITY_NAME ENTITY_NAME
-attribute 1 -attribute 1
-attribute 2 0-N 0-1 -attribute 2
… …
Identifier
Maximum cardinality Association
(key-attribute)
(relationship)
Minimum cardinality
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Logical model
An example of land parcels
Parcel is a piece of land that own by someone
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Logical model: The E/R diagram for land parcels
STREET A SEGMENT B PARCEL
-name -number -number
2-N 0-1 1-2 3-N
2-2 1-N
A: Streets have edges
called segments
C D
B: parcels have boundaries
called segment 2-N
1-N
C: line have two endpoints POINT
LANDOWNER
-number
D: parcels have owners, -name
and people own land. -x,y
-date-of-birth
Each segment has x,y point
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Logical model: Data Tables
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Physical model
Transform the logical model into an internal
model (physical model)
Deals with storage devices, file structure,
access methods, and locations of data.
Concerned with the byte-level data structure
of the database.
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Modeling Process
Conceptual Model
Real World
Lists, flow diagrams,etc
Objects and
relationships
Logical Model
Diagram in
CASE Tool
Physical
Model
Database
Schema
(Object state)
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Data Model Concepts
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Raster and Vector Models
Vector –
⚫ implementation of discrete object conceptual model
⚫ Point, line and polygon representations
⚫ Widely used in cartography, and network analysis
⚫ Note: cartography is the science or practice of drawing maps.
⚫ Represent constants objects
⚫ E.g. a road, river, city and towns, lakes or wetlands, farm
land, etc.
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Raster and Vector Models
Raster –
⚫ implementation of conceptual model
⚫ Array of cells used to represent objects
⚫ Useful as background maps and for spatial analysis
⚫ Represent changeable phenomena with years
⚫ E.g. Elevation, rainfall, temperature, soil moisture,
slope etc.
⚫
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Selection of raster or vector
Selection of raster or vector model
⚫ depends on the application or type of operations
to be performed
E.g. Elevations represented as surface (continuous
field) in raster - to easily determine slope, or
In vector if it represents as discrete object if printed
maps of topography
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Data Model
Vector data model and Raster data model can represent same
phenomena
E.g. Elevation represented as surface (continuous field) using
raster grid or
as lines(vector) representing contours of equal elevation (discrete
objects), or as
points (vector) of height (Z values).
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Data Model
Data can be converted from one conceptual view(raster and
vector) to another
E.g. raster data layer can be derived from contour lines, point cloud
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Vector Data Model
Vector data model
uses sets of coordinates and associated attribute data to define
discrete objects
It represented as three shapes(shape files)
Point
objects in spatial database represent location of entities
considered to have no dimension
Simplest type of spatial objects
E.g. wells, sampling points, telephone towers, etc.
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Vector Data Model
Line
objects are used to represent linear features using ordered set
of coordinate pairs
E.g. infrastructure networks (transport networks: highways,
railroads, etc.) ;
utility networks: (gas, electric, telephone, water, etc. );
airline networks: hubs and routes, etc.);
natural networks such as river channels
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Vector Data Model
Polygon
objects in spatial database represent entities which covers an area
E.g. lakes, Buildings, parcels, etc.
Eg: Boundaries may be defined by natural phenomena (e.g.
lake), or by man made features
E.g. Land cover data: forest, wetlands, urban areas, etc. Soil data – soil types
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Vector model
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Vector - Land Records
Surveyed feature
20.37’ 26.23’
12 13
30.5’ 26.23’
GIS
Survey Link
/ / /
Survey point /
/ / 9
Computation
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Vector model : Topology
It’s a vector Data model
Its Science and mathematics of geometric
relationships
⚫ Simple features + topological rules
⚫ Connectivity
⚫ Adjacency
⚫ Shared nodes / edges
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Vector model : Topology
It’s a collection of rules that, coupled with a set of
editing tools and techniques, enables the geodatabase
to more accurately model geometric relationships
Topology uses
⚫ Data validation
⚫ Spatial analysis (e.g. network tracing, polygon
adjacency)
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Vector model : Topology: Spatial Relationships
Left Polygon = A
Adjacency
Right Polygon = B
Node 1 = Chains
A,B,C Connectivity
Chain A is connected
to chains B & C
Polygon B Contained
within polygon A Containment
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Example of Topological data structure
Node X Y Lines
1 Poly Lines
I 1 4 1,2,4
6 A 1,4,5
II 4 4 4,5,6
B 2,4,6
5 A III 6 4 1,3,5
C 3,5,6
4 I II III IV 4 1 2,3,6
4 5
3 From To Left Right
2 B C 3
6 Line Node Node Poly Poly
1 I III O A
1 IV
2 I IV B O
3 III IV O C
2 4 I II A B
1 2 3 4 5 6
5 II III A C
O = “outside” polygon 6 II IV C B
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Vector model : Polygon Topology Model
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Vector model :Polygon Topology Contiguity
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Vector model :Geo-relational Model
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Example Water Facilities Data Model
Start with objects and relationships
Model as object types and relationships
⚫ Topological network
⚫ Hierarchical ‘type of’
⚫ Collection ‘composed of’
Add related attribute tables
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Water Facility Data Types
House
Main
Meter
Lateral(receiver)
Pump Fitting
Valve
Hydrant
Pump Street
House
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Topological Network Model
Main
Meter
Lateral
Pump Fitting
Valve
Hydrant
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Water Facility Object Model
Object
Feature Equipment OperationsRecord
Polygon Line Node Composed
Type
Relationship
Building Street WaterLine WaterFacility
Network
Landbase
Pump House House
Main Lateral Valve Fitting Hydrant Meter Pump
Network 39
Visio CASE Tool (UML Representation)
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Assignment
Draw the classification of data model based
on what you understand from lecture and
send it to the telegram channel
Quiz next week in lecture 1,2
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