ACPNC-2 Ans: To supply the initial nutrients needed by the plant

CORE 1. PERFORM NURSERY OPERATIONS Q. Given recommended rate of 60 grams/tree as basal fertilizer,
compute the total amount of fertilizer needed to fertilize 100
Q. What are the common tools and equipment and their specific
trees.
uses?
1. Digging tools – hole digger, crow bar, digging bar, spade, pick
Ans: 60 grams x 100 = 6,000 grams or 6 kilos
mattock
2. Propagation tools – pruning shears, pole cutter, budding
Q. What are the materials needed in field lay – outing?
knife, grafting knife
3. Cultivating tools – hand trowel, hand cultivator, hand fork,
bolo, spading fork, pick mattock, native plow Ans: 1. Planting plan
4. Harvesting tools-scissors, sickle, scythe, light hoe, knife, 2. Measuring tape, string, stakes,
wheel barrow Q. Give at least 5 crops that are direct seeded?

Q. What are the factors to be considered in selecting nursery Ans: Okra, pole sitao, corn, ampalaya, radish, carrots, peanut,
site? soybean, mungbean, upo, patola, squash, cucumber, etc.

Answer: 1. Flat area to slightly slope Q. Give at least 5 crops that are transplanted?
2. Good drainage
3. Near water source Ans: Tomato, eggplant, pepper, lettuce, rice, coffee, cacao,
4. Accessible to transport coconut, santol, mango, black pepper, ornamentals, etc.
5. Near to the production area
Q. What is the importance of germination seeds?
Q. What are some of the materials needed in setting up nursery
shed? Ans: 1. To determine the viability of the seed
2. To determine the amount of seeds needed for planting
Ans: 1. Support posts
2. Fish nets
Q. Out of 100 seeds, only 65 germinated. What is the percent
3. Plastic sheets
germination?
4. Coconut leaves
5. Wooden/bamboo benches Ans: 65 percent or 65%
6. String/wire
Q. What are the characteristics of good quality seeds? Q. Give at least 3 components of a growing medium.

Ans: 1. Free from pests, diseases and other damages Ans: 1. Garden soil/ topsoil
2. High viability 2. Rice hull/carbonized rice hull
3. Free from mixtures 3. vermicompost
4. Saw dust
Characteristics of good quality seedlings 5. Coco coir
6. Peat moss
1. Uniform in growth
2. healthy and Sturdy seedlings Ratio of growing media;1:1:1 ratio it means
3. free from off type/ true to type variety 1part top soil/garden soil
1part vermicompost/compost
Q. Give at least two techniques in breaking seed dormancy 1 part crh -carbonized rice hulls
Ans: 1. Scarification
2. Soaking in water
Characteristics of Good Growing Media
3. Hot water treatment 1.Sufficiently firm and dense enough to keep cuttings or seeds
4. acid treatment in place.
Q. Give at least 2 forms of tillage operations? 2.Able to maintain moisture (to avoid frequent watering)
3. Sufficiently porous to allow good drainage and aeration
Ans: 1. Conventional tillage- 4. Free from pest, weeds, and pathogens
2. Conservation tillage
5. Low salinity
3. Minimum tillage
6.High cation exchange capacity (for retention of nutrients and
4. Zero tillage/no tillage
fertilizers)
Q. Why do you apply basal fertilizer? 5 Uniform and consistent in quality
6.conomical and readily available Q. Identify the three major insect pests in corn

CORE 2. PLANT CROPS Ans: Corn borer, corn earworm, corn seedling maggot, aphids
(mites, stink bug)
Q. Give at least three basic tools and equipment for land
preparation? Q. Identify three major insect pests in vegetables

Ans: Plow, rotavator, harrow, bolo, spade, garden hoe, rake Ans: Diamond black moth, aphids, caterpillars, cutworms,
grasshoppers and locusts, thrips, weevils, whiteflies, mites
Q. What will you do after collecting soil samples for analysis?
Q. Identify three major insect pests in fruit trees/plantation
Ans: Air-drying, pulverizing, sieving, packaging, and labelling crops

Q. Give the planting systems? 1. Mango – fruitfly, twig borer, shoot borer( scale insect, mealy
bugs)
Ans: 1. Square system Quincunx or diagonal system
2 Hexagonal or triangular. 2. Cacao – mirid bug, cacao pod borer, mealy bug( aphids, rose
3.Rectangular beetle)
4. Quincunx or diagonal system 3. Lanzones – mites, nematodes and gastropods.
4. Coffee – twig borer, weevil, berry borer ( aphids, scale insect)
FARMING SYSTEMS 5. Coconut – scale insect, brontispa, rhinoceros beetle (leaf
Answer: 1. Mono cropping beetle, mites, mealybug)
2. multiple cropping SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF VEGETABLE CROPS
3. Intercropping
4. multi-storey cropping 1.Ash Gourd, winter melon – (Benincasa hispida)
5. diversified/Integrated 2.Bitter Gourd, Charantis – (Momordica charantia)
Q. Enumerate the activities in land preparation 3.Black Pepper – (Piper nigrum)
4.Cabbage, Brussel sprout – (Brassica oleracea var. capitata)-
Ans: 1. Clearing indirect
2. Plowing 5.Bottle Gourd, Calabash, Pumpkin , lettuce – (Lagenaria
3. Harrowing/levelling siceraria)direct and indirect
4. Lay-outing 6.Capsicum / Bell Pepper – (Capsicum annuum)-indirect
5. Digging of holes 7.carrot - (Daucus carota subsp. sativus)-direct planted only
Q. Give at least three benefits of preparing the field before 8.Cauliflower – (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) --indirect
planting 9.Celery – (Apium graveolens)
10.Cucumber – (Cucumis sativus) -( direct and indirect
Ans: 1. Gives the soil a fine tilth to increase nutrient 11.Squash-Cucurbita maxima--( direct and transplanted)
absorption 12.Raddish-Rapanus sativus(direct planted only)
2. Control pests 13.Eggplant-Solanum melongena(indirect/transplanted only
3. Increases soil porosity and aerate the soil 14.String beans-Phaseolus vulgaris-(direct)
4. Incorporate crop residues and other inputs( ex. SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF FRUIT TREES

Fertilizer) 1. Mango -Mangifera indica

5. Mixes the soil to bring up leached deposits 2. Mangosteen -Garcinia mangostana
6. Levels the field 3. Durian -Durio zibethinus
4. Jackfruit -Artocarpus heterophyllus
5. Lanzones -Lansium parasiticum
CORE 3.CARE AND MAINTAIN CROPS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN RICE
Q. What are the three types of pest causing yield losses in crop
production? 1. Plant hopper – Nilaparvata lugens
2. Black bug - Scocinophara coarctata
Ans: 1.Insects 3. Stemborer - Scirpophaga incertulas

2. Diseases SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN CORN

3. Weeds
Q. Identify three major insect pests in rice 1. Corn borer - Ostrinia nubilalis
2. Corn earworm - Helicoverpa zea
Ans: Planthopper, black bug, rice stemborer (mealybug, 3. Aphids - Aphidoidea
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN VEGETABLES
grasshopper, snail)
1. Aphids – Brevicoryne brassicae of a species and at the same time perpetuating their desirable
2. Caterpillars - larvae
characteristics
3. Cutworms == Agrotis segetum
4. Grasshopper - Aphidoidea
5. Cutworms - Agrotis segetum 2 Kinds of propagation
6. Thrips - Thysanoptera
7. Weevils - Listroderes costirostris 1.Sexual propagation-propagation using seeds and spores
8. Whiteflies – Bemesia tabaci (natural).
9. Mites - Tetranychus urticae 2.Asexual propagation-propagation using the vegetative parts of
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN MANGO the plants (artificial) Propagation of new plants from the
cells of a single parent. Development of a new plant naturally or
1. Fruitfly - Bactrocera fravenfeldi
artificially without the use of seeds.(artificial)
2. Twig borer – Xylosandrus compactus
3. Shoot borer - Chlumetia transversa
DIFFERENT KINDS OF PLANT PROPAGATION
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN CACAO
Grafting, Marcotting/air layering Stem cutting Budding
1. Cacao pod borer - Conopomorpha cramereila
2. Mealy bugs - Planococcus lilacinus What Is a Rootstock? The lower plant portion used in grafting .
The rootstock, also called understock or simply stock, is the lower
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN LANZONES part having roots and usually consists also of a stem that is to
become the lowermost part of the shoot of the grafted plant. The
1. Mites/nematodes - Lansium parasiticum rootstock provides anchorage as well as support to the upper parts of
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF PEST IN COFFEE
the plant.

2. Twig borer - Xylosandrus compactus

3. Weevil - Araecerus fasciculatus
What Is a Scion?
4. Berry borer - Hypotheremus hampei

TYPE OF SOIL STERILIZATION

The portion above the graft is called the scion. It is a young shoot or
bud from a plant with beneficial characteristics like great flavor, color, or
1. hot water treatment(boboan ininit tubig) disease resistance.
2. By burning-(sunogon)
3. exposure to sunlight(ibulad sa init) All of the top growth of a grafted plant, leaves, flowers, fruits, etc.,
comes from the scion. By combining the rootstock and the Scion you
STORAGE PESTS OF CORN /RICE can be reasonably assured you will wind up with a reliably hardy
and productive plant.The scion, or cion, is the upper part that is
molds, rodents, spider, corn borer.
joined to the rootstock and is the main component of the plant shoot
SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF WEEDS when the plant is fully developed. It usually consists of the primary
stem (trunk) and branches except the portion that belongs to the
1.Paragis -Eleusine indica (Linn.) Gaertn. rootstock. The scion determines the characteristics of the plant as
2.Carabao grass -Paspalum conjugatum to leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds
3.Makahiya- (Mimosa pudica)
4.Cogon grass,-(Imperata cylindrica
GRAFTING METHOD GRAFTING – is a technique that vegetative
5.Hagonoy -Chromolaena odorata joins two plants into one. Grafted plants use the roots and the bottom
portion of one plant (rootstock) and attach it to a tender shoot (scion)
Vertebrates pest-birds, rats, bats, monkey, rabbits. from the top portion of another plant. Steps in cleft grafting:
Natural enemies-parasitoids, predators, pathogens 1.Stock with cut at the center
2.Scion with awedge cut at the base
3.Scion inserted to the stock
FOUR FACTORS INFLUENCING SUCCESSFUL SEED PLANT PROPAGATION; 4.Grafted wrapped with polyethylene strip
Heat Light water oxygen 5.Newly grafted plant covered with pkastic bag

Reason for grafting:

Seed stratification -involves breaking, scratching, or softening 1.to pertuate clones that cannot be propagated
the seed coat in order for the germination process to begin. 2.to obtain benefits from certain rootstock
3.to obtain special form of the plants
What is Plant Propagation? 4.to change varieties of established plants
5.to enhance fruiting
Plant propagation is the process of multiplying plants. 6.to repair damage trees
Propagation-the process of multiplying or increasing the population 7.to study virus disease
 3. Viruses don’t transmit through seeds, thus mostly
seedling is free from viruses
for grafting materials: (rootstock ,scion cellophane grafting Disadvantages of sexual Propagation
tape, grafting knife etc.
1.Seedlings have a long juvenile period;come into
bearing later.
2. Due to segregation of characteristics, the
progeny is not true- to- type
3. It is not economical
ADVANTAGES of ASEXUAL propagation
Kinds of Grafting:
1.CLEFT GRAFTING. 1. Some plants do not bear seeds, so this is the
2.TUBE GRAFTING= only way of propagation
3. APPROACH GRAFTING-(inarching and tongue grafting) 2.plants are true to type , uniform in growth ,
4.SIDE GRAFTING= yielding capacity and fruit quality
5.WHIP GRAFTING
3. early returned of investment
4. advantages of rootstock can be obtained by
BUDDING- a form of asexual reproduction in living organism in budding or grafting susceptible varieties on
which individual form from outgrowth(buds) on the bodies mature resistant varieties
organism (plants). The new organism remains attached as it grows. 5.plants have restricted growth ,thus cultural
practices and harvesting are eas
for budding materials: budwood/Bud eye, twine budding knife
Disadvantages of asexual propagation
Kinds of budding
1. hybridization is not possible
1.T- Budding/ shield Budding-
2.Short lifespan
2.Patch Buddinng
3.Eye Budding-
3.conservation and storage require a lot to produce
superior strains and disease- resistant plant that will
be suited to the soil and climate of place.
Types of Layering:
1. Air Layering or Marcotting
2.Simple Layering
3.Compound or serpentine layering
4.Mound or Stool layering
5.Trench layering
Layering-
Marcotting or air layering is the stem are induced to take roots still attach
BUDDING METHOD
from mother plant. and then detaches as an independent plant.
Materials/tools for marcotting:knife,cellophane,twine,growing media
Importance of propagation

1. to multiply or increase the number of plants

rapidly
2. to retain the desirable characteristics of mother
plant
3. to hasten or improve the bearing age of the plant
especially in fruit trees.
4. to prevent the extinction of plant species
5. to produce superior strains and disease-
resistant plant that will be suited to the soil and
climate of place.
Characteristics of sexual propagation
STEPS OF MARCOTTING:
1. reproduction of plants with the use of seeds
2. requires the union of pollen and egg to produce
1.Stem selection
the seed
3. improvement of plant characteristics is possible 2.girdle the stem/branches, ring cut
4.May require to produce the desired seed 3.remove the bark
4. scrape the cambium layer
Advantages of sexual propagation 5. Wrap with growing medium then tie (soil, peat moss, coco
1. In some fruit plants, this is the most popular and coir etc.)
only method of propagation. 6.wait for 21 -30days( until take a root)
2. Seeds- propagated roots stocks are hardy and 7.remove from the mother plant and ready for potting
develop better root system
What is Weeds? Weeds, is general term for any plant growing
where it is not wanted COC- 4 CARRY-OUT HARVEST AND POST HARVEST
a Weed may be defined as any plant or vegetation that interferes OPERATIONS
with the objectives of farming or forestry, such as growing crops, Harvesting tools/Materials:
grazing animals or cultivating forest plantations.
Picking knife
Classification and Identification of weeds Pruning shears
Basket
1. grasses Weighing scale
2. sedges Collecting basket
3. broadleaves Record book
MONOCOT DICOT POSTHARVEST ACTIVITIES OPERATIONS:
Roots -fibrous root system -Tap root system -sorting
Stem - unbranched -branched -grading
Leaves -long narrow w/o petiole -rounded leaves -cleaning
viens -one viens -more viens -curing
-parellel venation - reticulate venation -packing
-storing
Seed -one cotyledon - two cotyledon indices of MATURITY
-appearance of the black layer at the seed stalks (corn)
1.Grasses examples: -grains are clear and firm (rice)
Carabao grass -Paspalum conjugatum -color of stalk, leaf and panicle
Cogon-Imperata cylindrica -expected maturity date
2.Sedges -moisture content of seeds
Cyperus rotundus -size
Cyperus difformis -texture
3. Broadleaves examples: Methods of harvesting
Hagonoy -Chromolaena odorata -traditional(manual)
Tawatawa- Euphorbia hirta -modern( mechanical)
Mani-mani- Arachis pintoi Post production technology
Makahiya – Mimosa pudica 1. Threshing/shelling
2. Drying-removal of excess moisture from grains
What is FERTILIZER? A fertilizer or fertilizer is any material of Grains - 50 to 60 C
natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues Seeds – 43C
to supply plant nutrients. 3. Cleaning
4. Treating seeds
- natural or artificial substance containing the chemical
5. Bagging and sealings
elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants
1.What are the types of maturity indices?
-Physiological indices
Two types of fertilizers -Physical induces
1.Organic fertilizer-(natural) 2. What are the maturity indices for physiological related factors?
- are derive from either animals or plants or both animal manure, - Days after flowering induction
crop residues, and compost
- Days after fruit settings
- a fertilizer that is derived from organic sources, 3.What are the maturity indices for physical related factors?
- change in size
Inorganic fertilizer-(synthetic fertilizer)
- change in color
2.Inorganic fertilizer-are usually synthesized and often called
- change in texture
chemical fertilzers.it carries either one or a combination of
4. What are the items you are going to record related to crop to be
nitrogen ,phosphorous, and potassium.these are generally
harvested?
consumed by plants in great quantities and which are present
-variety of crop
in limited amounts in soils to satisfy demand by crops
-source of seed and planting materials
Examples: 14-14-14 complete fertilizer
-planting calendar and Calendar crops
46-0-0—urea
5. What are the common obstruction before harvesting?
16-20-0- ammonium phosphate
-weeds
0-0-60- muriate of potash
-dead branches
-left -out stakes and wedges
6.how to distinguish between materials,tools and equipment?
Tools – usually light and without the help of animals and
machineries-manual and hand operated gadgets.
Equipment-pulled by animals or mahines-are normally driven with
small engines.
Materials- are common supplies to carryout activities

7.What pesticides do you control mites?

-miticides

8.What are the examples of post -harvest facilities for harvested

mango?
-hot water treatment
-vapour heat treatment
9.How do you perform hot water treatment?
Dip harvested produce, especially mango , in hot water with
temperature at 50c-55c for 3 -5 minutes.
10.What is pre-cooling process for vegetables ?
- the process of lowering the vegetables temperature to slow down
deterioration and extend shelf life.

Characteristics of Good Growing Media

Sufficiently firm and dense enough to keep cuttings or seeds
in place.
 Able to maintain moisture (to avoid frequent watering)
 Sufficiently porous to allow good drainage and aeration
 Free from pest, weeds, and pathogens
 Low salinity
 High cation exchange capacity (for retention of nutrients and
fertilizers)
 Uniform and consistent in quality
 Economical and readily availabl