Bangladesh J. Zool.
50(1): 23-35, 2022 ISSN: 0304-9027
eISSN: 2408-8455
FISH DIVERSITY OF THE MEGHNA RIVER ADJACENT TO SONARGAON
UPAZILA OF NARAYANGANJ DISTRICT
Tonima Mustafa*, Shah Jalal Muhammad Jesan, Mst. Hasina Begum, Ami
Akter and Md. Masud Rana
Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
Abstract: The study was conducted to assess the diversity of fish fauna in the
Meghna River close to Sonargaon upazila, Narayanganj district between December
2017 and November 2018. Some water quality parameters (temperature, pH and
transparency) were measured in two selected sites (Boidyerbazar ghat and
Uddamganj) of the river. In this study, a total of 58 fish species were identified,
which belong to nine orders, 26 families and 41 genera. Cypriniformes was the
most dominant order contributing about 34.48% of the fish species diversity. A
total of 30 species were considered as of Least Concern (LC) while ten species were
Near Threatened (NT), seven species were Endangered (EN), six species were
Vulnerable (VU), only one species Bagarius bagarius ranked as Critically
Endangered (CE) and four species were not listed according to IUCN (2015). The
highest number of fish species was observed in the rainy season while the lowest
was in the summer. The ranges of water temperature, pH and turbidity values in
the river were 21-32 C, 6.5-8.5 and 23-42 NTU, respectively. This study indicates
that the fish species diversity of the Meghna River is likely declined gradually
when compared with previous studies.
Key words: Bangladesh, Cypriniformes, Fish fauna, Fish Conservation, Meghna
River, water quality
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is a riverine country that extensively enriched with fisheries
resources and biodiversity (Mohsin and Haque 2009). Fisheries sector
contributes a significant role in national economy and nutrition as it contributes
about 1.39% of the total export earning, 3.52% to GDP and 26.37% to
agricultural sector (BES 2020 and FRSS 2020). Currently, the inland fisheries
production of our country has ranked third position in the world (DoF 2020).
Inland water and its fisheries resources take part an important aspect in the
food, economy and livelihood security of the country by providing the major
supplementations of nutritious animal food including protein, fatty acids,
ammino acids, vitamin and minerals; notably, these are recognized numerous
health benefits (Funge‐Smith and Bennett 2019).
©2022 Zoological Society of Bangladesh DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i1.60089
24 Mustafa et al.
Freshwater ecosystems are the most endangered in the world which
affecting both species diversity and their abundance (Sala et al. 2000). Rapid
and unplanned urbanization, commercial development along with population
pressure are substantial driver for the declining of freshwater fish biodiversity.
Several research data stated that the major rivers of our country are seriously
affected by industrialization and urbanization (Uddin and Jeong 2021).
The Meghna River is one of the most important rivers in Bangladesh. In the
Sonargaon upazila of Narayanganj district, the Meghna River plays a vital part
in facilitating the fisheries resources with rich diversity to the region and also to
Dhaka city (NDS 2018). As this region is near to Dhaka city, the city people can
get easily the fresh riverine fishes. But recently, urbanization and
industrialization near the river bank has created pollution problem which may
cause threat in fish diversity (Uddin and Jeong 2021).
Meghna River is at risk due to pollution, multiple human stressors,
industrialization, brick fields and land development projects for urbanization
(Akter et al. 2021; Bhuyan et al. 2016). The continuous study of biodiversity is
important as there may be the negative impact of above factors on biodiversity.
Moreover, biodiversity in freshwater ecosystems is more threatened and
declining more rapidly than biodiversity in terrestrial and marine ecosystem in
Bangladesh. However, the Meghna River is one of the important rivers of the
country, the study of biodiversity assessment of the river is essential for the
fisheries sector. Thus, the present study was aimed to provide information about
the fish diversity of Meghna River in different seasons adjacent to Sonargaon
upazila, Narayanganj district.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area and duration of sample collection: The study was carried out in the
Meghna River at Boidyer Bazar of Sonargaon upazila, Narayanganj district. The
study area located between Latitude 23° 41ʹ26.31ʹʹ N and Longitude
90°37ʹ13.50ʹʹ E (Fig 1). The investigation was carried through in the Meghna
River for a year, from December 2017 to November 2018. The sample collection
was done once in every two weeks between 5:00 a.m. to 7:00 a.m.
Sample collection: Fish samples were collected from the Boidyer Bazar landing
area on the bank of the Meghna River at Sonargaon upazila, Narayanganj
district. Around one hundred fishermen carry their catch from the Meghna River
of the surrounding Narayanganj district to Boidyer Bazar. Fishermen bring the
fishes in the landing area at early morning (5:00 a.m. to 6:30 a.m.) and
afternoon (12:00 p.m. to 1:30 p.m.). About ten to fifteen samples for each
species were collected from the fishermen just after caught and kept in a chill
Fish diversity of the Meghna River 25
box then immediately transported to the fisheries laboratory, Department of
Zoology, Jagannath University for identification.
Fig. 1. Map of the study area (Left) with satellite image (Right) of Boidyer Bazar
Identification of the collected fish samples: The collected fish samples were
identified by analyzing the morphometric and meristic characteristics following
Shafi and Quddus (1982), Rahman (2005), Talwar and Jhingran (1991) and Roy
et al. (2007). The systematic classification of the identified fish species was made
following scientific names and authorities according to Fish base (2021), ITIS
(2021), Rahman (2005) and Winterbottom (2006).
Physicochemical parameters: Some physiological parameters were measured
within 7:00 a.m. The pH, transparency and temperature of the river water at two
spots (Spot 1: Boidyerbazar ghat and Spot 2: Uddamganj) adjacent to the
Boidyer Bazar area were determined using a pH meter (s327535, Hanna
Instruments), a Sacchi disc (20 diameter) and a thermometer in centigrade,
respectively.
Statistical analysis: The data of fish diversity and physicochemical
parameters around the year were presented in four different seasons (1.
Summer during March-May, 2. Rainy-season during June-September, 3.
Autumn during October-November and 4. Winter during December-February) of
the country according to Aquastat (2011). Statistical analysis was performed
using SPSS version 25 for Windows. Student’s t-test was used to determine the
26 Mustafa et al.
differences between the water parameters of two spots in this study. Level of
significance was tested at α level of 5% (p < 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fish diversity: A total of 58 fish species were identified in the study period
that were included in nine orders, 26 families and 41 genera (Table 1).
Cypriniformes was the most dominant order contributing about 34.48% of the
fish species diversity (20 species, 12 genera and four families), followed by
Siluriformes (14 species, 11 genera and eight families), Perciformes (13 species,
10 genera and eight families), Channiformes (four species, one genera and one
family), Clupeiformes (two species, two genera and one family) and
Osteoglossiformes (Two species, two genera and one family); these were
comprised of 24.14%, 22.41%, 6.90%, 3.45% and 3.45% of total fish
biodiversity, respectively (Fig. 2). The least number of species was counted for
the order Synbranchiformes, Beloniformes and Tetraodontiformes, each of those
comprised only one species accounting for about 2% of total species diversity.
Those fish species were Monopterus cuchia, Xenentodon Cancila, Leiodon cutcutia
belonging to the family Synbranchidae, Belonidae and Tetraodontidae,
respectively. Similarly, Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Perciformes and
Clupeiformes were dominant order in the different rivers in Bangladesh (Ali et
al., 2020; Rahman et al., 2012; Easmin et al., 2018; Baki et al., 2017). Among
58 fish species the majority (18) were recorded under cyprinidae family followed
by Bagridae (5), Channidae (4), Osphronemidae (3), Mastacembelidae (3),
Danionidae (2), Cobitidae (2), Siluridae (2), Ambassidae (2), Ailiidae (1),
Pangasiidae (1), Sisoridae (1), Heteropneustidae (1), Loricariidae (1), Sciaenidae
(1), Nandidae (1), Cichlidae (1), Gobiidae (1), Anabantidae (1), Synbranchidae (1),
Belonidae (1) and Tetradontidae (1).
The fish species diversity in the present study was concur with the previous
studies in the same river which flows in different districts (Bhuiyan et al. 2016,
Hossain et al. 2012 and Rahman et al. 2019). For examples, Bhuiyan et al.
(2016) recorded 69 fish species in the Meghna River close to Narsingdi district,
Rahman et al. (2019) observed 60 fish species in the same river near to
Chandpur district, and Hossain et al. (2012) identified 53 fish species in the
Meghna river estuary. However, Mia et al. (2015) and Mondal et al. (2013)
recorded only 20 species from the Meghna River at Ashugonj upazila and 16
species in the Meghna River at Ramgoti upazila which were far less than the
present findings. In comparison with the fish diversity of other rivers in this
country, Habib et al. (2016) found 82 species in the Padma River near to
Fish diversity of the Meghna River 27
Table 1. Fish diversity of the Meghna river with their conservation status from December
2017 to November 2018 (EN: Endangered; LC: Least Concern; NT: Near Threatened,
VU: Vulnerable; CR: Critically Endangered; (–): no data available in the red list of
IUCN, 2015).
28 Mustafa et al.
Rajshahi city. Also, Easmin et al. (2018) recorded 77 fish species in the Jamuna
river of Pabna district. Galib et al. (2013) reported 63 species of the Choto
Jamuna River. Besides, Baki et al. (2017) observed 56 fish species in the
Buriganga River. Furthermore, Chowdhury et al. (2019) recorded 51 fish species
in the Shurma River at Sylhet sador. Therefore, based on the current findings as
well as previous records on fish biodiversity in some rivers in this country, it is
likely that fish diversity in different rivers may have jeopardized and gradually
declined. The declining of riverine fish species diversity in this country probably
due to the climate change, water pollution and habitat destruction. These
adverse conditions have significant relation to anthropogenic activities causing
pollution, climate change impact include erosion, siltation, salinity intrusion,
and over exploitation and illegal fishing gears uses (Akter et al. 2021; Bhuyan et
al. 2016; Uddin and Jeong 2021).
In the present study, exotic fish species i.e., Tilapia, Oreochromis
mossambicus and Silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Common carp,
Cyprinus carpio were found in almost all seasons during the study. This may
happen due to accidental escape from the culture pond during heavy flood. The
early maturation, higher fecundity and growth rate of these introduced species
may exert predation and out competition to our native fish fauna and reduce
Fish diversity of the Meghna River 29
species diversity (Sarker et al., 2021). Similarly, Baki et al. (2017), Bhuiyan et al.
(2016), and Easmin et al. (2018) have been recorded two exotic fish species from
the Buriganga River, six exotic fish species from the Meghna River, four exotic
fish species from the Jamuna River respectively.
Fig. 2. Order wise percentage of fish species compositions in the Meghna River
Fish species diversity with different seasons: The number of fish species
varied in different months and seasons (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). The highest number
(52) of fish species was recorded in October and lowest was in March (18). The
number of fish species in different months were 38 (January), 26 (February), 18
(March), 26 (April), 21 (May), 28 (June), 37 (July), 42 (August), 45 (September),
52 (October), 50 (November) and 41 (December). According to the season wise,
the highest average number of fish species was observed in the rainy season
while the lowest was in summer. The average number of fish species was found
in the pattern as summer (32) < winter (48) < autumn (53) < Rainy-season (58).
Similar fish diversity variation in different seasons was also observed in the
Buriganga River, the maximum species diversity has found in the rainy-season
while most of the fish species has recorded in June to November (Baki et al.,
2017).
Conservation status of the fish species: Out of the 58 identified fish species,
30 species were considered as of Least Concern while ten specie were Near
Threatened (NT), seven species were Endangered (EN), six species were
Vulnerable (VU), Only one species Bagarius bagarius ranked as Critically
Endangered and four species were not listed (IUCN 2015).
30 Mustafa et al.
Physico-chemical parameters of water of Meghna River: Physico-chemical
factors of river-water influence the occurrence, diversity, abundance and
distribution of riverine fishes. For that, temperature, pH and turbidity of the
water have been estimated during the study that is shown in the Table 2.
Fig. 3. Total number of fish species found in different month during study period from the Meghna
River
70
60
Number
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fig. 4. Average number of fish species found in different seasons from the Meghna River
In this study, the monthly water temperature, pH and turbidity values did not
differ (p > 0.05) significantly between Boidyerbazar ghat and Uddamganj in the
Meghna River (Table 2 and Fig. 4). The highest temperature (32°C) was
measured in rainy season while the lowest value was (21°C) in winter. The
temperature of riverine water usually varies with ambient temperature,
geographic location and time of sampling (Ahipathy and Puttaiah 2006).
Moreover, the overall water temperature of this river was considered as favorable
for fishery in Bangladesh (EQS 1997). The range of pH value over the year was
from 6.7 to 7.8 which were within the optimum pH level for fishery (ECR 1997).
Fish diversity of the Meghna River 31
Boidyerbazar ghat b 7.4 Boidyerbazar ghat Uddamganj
35
Uddamganj 7.3
a 30 7.2
Temperature (°C)
25 7.1
7
20 6.9
pH
15 6.8
6.7
10
6.6
5 6.5
0 6.4
May
Mar
Feb
Sep
Aug
Nov
Apr
Jun
Jul
Dec
Oct
Jan M onth
Month
c 50 Boidyerbazar ghat Uddamganj
40
Turbidity (NTU)
30
20
10
0
May
Mar
Sep
Feb
Aug
Nov
Apr
Jun
Jul
Oct
Dec
Jan
Month
Fig. 5. Monthly variation of temperature (a), pH (b) and turbidity (c) at Boidyerbazar ghat and
Uddamganj in the Meghna River.
Turbidity of the riverine water sample was measured in various seasonal
condition. In this study, the range of turbidity was 23 to 42 NTU, these values
have exceeded the acceptable value at 10 NTU (DPHE 2019). However, the
turbidity range in this study was much higher than the acceptable value thus
these higher concentrations of turbidity includes suspended solids; which may
exert light blockage for photosynthesis, spawning bed degradation and interferes
the gill function of the fish fauna. Therefore, the water quality degradation in
this river is likely due to the turbidity which may have sabbatical relationships
to improper anthropogenic activities (NDS 2018). In this study, only few water
quality parameters include temperature, pH and turbidity were measured in the
two sites that was near the bank of the river, however, this study was not
assayed the overall water quality scenario of the Meghna river. Therefore, the
detail study should be warranted to focus the water quality parameters and
32 Mustafa et al.
their relations to the aquatic biota include plankton, bathos, fishes etc. to
understand the actual scenario of that riverine ecosystem.
Table 2. Some water quality parameters of Meghna river water in different seasons at the
Boidyerbazar ghat (S1) and Uddamganj (S2)
Notes: S1: Spot1-Boidyerbazar ghat; S2: Spot2-Uddamganj; EQS: Environmental Quality Standard;
ECR: Environmental Conservation Rules; DPHE: Department of Public Health Engineering; NTU:
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit. Superscript similar letter in same column for each parameter did not
differ (p > 0.05) significantly.
CONCLUSION
The present study was focused on fish species diversity and some water quality
parameters in different months and seasons from the Meghna River adjacent to
Sonargaon upazila of Narayanganj district. Based on the current findings and
other similar studies of recent time, it can be concluded that the fish species
diversity of the Meghna River is declined gradually. Moreover, the fish diversity
was varied among the seasons that might be due to the environmental, physical
and biological factors. The study site’s water temperature and pH were within
the acceptable limit while the turbidity was exceeded the limit. Continuous and
detail study is recommended to promote a sustainable environment monitoring
system along the riverside area and a healthier life includes their aesthetic
values for the inhabitants.
Acknowledgements: The authors are grateful to Jagannath University
research grant and R and D research project, National Science and Technology,
Ministry of Science and Technology, Bangladesh for financial support. They are
also grateful to Department of Zoology, Jagannath University, Dhaka for
laboratory support.
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(Manuscript received on 25 February 2022 revised on 30 April, 2022)
