NITWO401 Set up Wireless Network Outdoor

 Identification of network requirements.

 Description of wireless network outdoor

Set up Wireless Network Outdoor (NITWO401)

Wireless outdoor networks play a pivotal role in modern communication systems, extending
connectivity beyond indoor environments to outdoor spaces. These networks provide wireless
access and connectivity in various outdoor settings, ranging from public spaces and campuses to
rural areas and industrial facilities.

 key terms related to wireless outdoor networks:

Coverage Area:

 The coverage area of a wireless outdoor network refers to the geographic space over which the
network provides wireless connectivity. It defines the range within which devices can connect
to the network. Coverage area can vary based on factors like the power of the transmitters,
antenna type, and environmental conditions.

Frequency Spectrum:

The frequency spectrum in wireless outdoor networks represents the range of frequencies within
which wireless signals are transmitted. Different wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi, cellular,
and microwave links, operate within specific frequency bands. The allocation of frequencies is
regulated by government authorities to avoid interference and ensure efficient spectrum usage.

Cellular networks are based on mobile phones/devices using cellular signals to connect to the
internet. Wi-Fi uses radiofrequency waves to provide high-speed internet access to connected
devices.

Antenna Types and Direction:

Antennas are crucial components of outdoor wireless networks. Various antenna types are used
to shape and direct wireless signals. Key antenna types include:
 Omni-directional Antennas: These antennas radiate signals in all directions, providing 360-
degree coverage. They are often used for general-purpose coverage in public areas.

 Directional Antennas: Directional antennas focus signals in specific directions, allowing for
long-distance point-to-point or point-to-multipoint connections. Examples include Yagi,
parabolic, and panel antennas.

 Sector Antennas: Sector antennas provide coverage in a specific sector or angle, ideal for
covering large outdoor areas like stadiums or parking lots.

 MIMO (Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output) Antennas: MIMO antennas use multiple

antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve signal quality, data rates, and
reliability.

Interference Management:

 Interference in outdoor wireless networks occurs when signals from other sources disrupt the
normal operation of the network. Interference can be caused by neighboring networks,
electronic devices, or natural obstacles. Managing interference is crucial for maintaining
reliable network performance. Techniques for interference management include:

 Frequency Planning: Allocating specific frequency channels to reduce interference.

 Signal Strength Adjustment: Optimizing signal power levels to minimize interference with
neighboring networks.

 Anti-Interference Algorithms: Implementing algorithms that detect and mitigate interference

in real-time.

 Antenna Placement: Careful placement of antennas to avoid physical obstacles and reduce
interference from reflective surfaces.

A hotspot is a physical location where people can access the Internet, typically using Wi-Fi, via a
wireless local area network (WLAN) with a router connected to an Internet service provider.

 Area of application Wireless network outdoor

Public Wi-Fi hotspot
 Wireless outdoor networks provide public Wi-Fi access in parks, plazas, tourist destinations,
and other public spaces. These hotspots enhance connectivity for residents and visitors,
supporting digital inclusion and convenient internet access.
 A hotspot is a physical location where people can access the Internet, typically using Wi-Fi,
via a wireless local area network (WLAN) with a router connected to an Internet service
provider.
 A Public Wi-Fi hotspot is a specific location within an outdoor environment, such as a park,
cafe, airport, or public square, where a wireless access point (AP) or a network of APs is
installed to broadcast a Wi-Fi signal.

Smart City infrastructure

Wireless outdoor networks are fundamental to the development of smart cities. These networks
enable the implementation of various smart city solutions, including:

 Traffic Management: Wireless sensors and cameras can monitor traffic flow and help
manage congestion.
 Public Safety: Surveillance cameras and emergency communication systems enhance public
safety and disaster response.
 Environmental Monitoring: Sensors can collect data on air quality, weather conditions, and
pollution levels.
 Smart Lighting: Outdoor lighting can be controlled and optimized for energy efficiency.

By connecting these systems wirelessly, smart cities can improve efficiency, reduce
environmental impact, and enhance the quality of life for residents.

Wireless Surveillance and Security

 Wireless network security primarily protects a wireless network from unauthorized and
malicious access attempts. Typically, wireless network security is delivered through
wireless devices (usually a wireless router/switch) that encrypts and secures all wireless
communication by default.
  In industrial and critical infrastructure sectors, wireless surveillance networks enhance
safety and asset protection
Remote Connectivity

Outdoor wireless networks facilitate remote connectivity in various contexts:

 Rural Areas: In remote and underserved regions, these networks provide internet access and
enable remote healthcare, education, and economic development.
 Industrial Applications: Wireless networks connect remote industrial equipment, enabling
real-time monitoring and control.
 Agriculture: Farmers use outdoor wireless networks for precision agriculture, including
remote monitoring of crops and livestock.
 Emergency Response: In disaster-stricken areas, temporary outdoor networks enable
emergency responders to establish communication and coordinate relief efforts.
 Environment survey evaluation

1. Physical Assessment of Outdoor Network Environment:

A physical assessment of the outdoor network environment involves evaluating the tangible
aspects of the surroundings where network infrastructure is deployed. This assessment is crucial
to ensure the network's reliability, durability, and efficiency.

Key aspects of a physical assessment include:

 Site Conditions: Evaluate the physical conditions of the outdoor location, including
terrain, climate, and weather patterns. This information helps determine the equipment's
suitability for the environment.
 Environmental Hazards: Identify potential environmental hazards such as extreme
temperatures, humidity, lightning, or flooding that might affect network equipment.
 Infrastructure: Assess the availability of infrastructure support, including power sources,
backup generators, and physical security measures.

2. Analyzing the Existing Network System:

Analyzing the existing outdoor network system involves a comprehensive examination of the
current network infrastructure, equipment, and performance to identify areas for improvement.
This analysis can help optimize the network's operation and reduce operational costs.

Key components of analyzing the existing system include:

 Inventory Assessment: Create an inventory of all network equipment, including routers,

switches, access points, and antennas.
 Performance Metrics: Measure network performance, including latency, throughput, and
reliability, and compare it to defined service level agreements (SLAs).
 Security Evaluation: Assess network security measures to identify vulnerabilities and
ensure compliance with security standards.
 Capacity Planning: Analyze current usage and forecast future capacity requirements to
prevent network congestion.

3. Radio Frequency (RF) Site Survey:

A radio frequency site survey is essential for outdoor wireless network deployment, ensuring
optimal coverage, performance, and reliability. This survey evaluates the RF environment to
make informed decisions about equipment placement and configuration.

Key considerations in an RF site survey include:

 Signal Coverage: Determine signal strength and coverage areas to ensure that all desired
areas have adequate wireless connectivity.
 Interference Analysis: Identify sources of interference, such as nearby wireless networks or
electronic devices, and mitigate their impact on network performance.
 Antenna Placement: Select the appropriate type and placement of antennas to optimize
signal propagation.
 Channel Allocation: Choose the right frequency channels to avoid interference and
maximize network capacity.
 Analyzing site survey findings.
Bandwidth:
Definition: is defined as the amount of data transmitted in unit time, typically measured in bits
per second (bps), kilobits per second (Kbps), megabits per second (Mbps), or gigabits per second
(Gbps).

Throughput: measure the volume of data that passes through a network in a given period

Analysis: In a site survey, bandwidth analysis involves measuring the actual data transfer rates
across the outdoor network.

Network Coverage:

Definition: Network coverage refers to the geographical extent or area within which a
telecommunications network, such as a wireless or cellular network, provides reliable and
effective service. It represents the range or reach of the network signal where devices, such as
smartphones or routers, can connect and communicate with the network infrastructure.

Analysis: Site surveys assess network coverage by measuring signal strength and signal-to-noise
ratios (SNR) across the outdoor space. Findings help identify areas with poor coverage, dead
zones, or signal degradation due to obstacles. This information is crucial for optimizing access
point placement and antenna configurations to ensure comprehensive coverage.

Security:

Definition: Security in the context of outdoor networks involves measures to protect data,
prevent unauthorized access, and ensure network integrity.

Analysis: Site survey findings related to security may include assessments of encryption
protocols, access control mechanisms, and vulnerability assessments. The survey helps identify
any security vulnerabilities, potential threats, or weak points in the network's security
infrastructure, allowing for necessary improvements to be implemented.

Scalability:

Definition: Scalability assesses the network's ability to accommodate growing numbers of users,
devices, or increased traffic without significant performance degradation.

Analysis: Site survey findings related to scalability may involve evaluating current network
capacity utilization and planning for future expansion. If the survey indicates that the network is
nearing its capacity limits, recommendations can be made for adding more access points or
optimizing load balancing to support scalability requirements.

Weatherproofing:

Definition: Weatherproofing involves protecting outdoor network equipment from

environmental factors such as rain, snow, temperature fluctuations, and dust.

Analysis: Site survey findings regarding weatherproofing assess the condition of outdoor access
points, cables, and enclosures. They ensure that equipment can withstand the prevailing weather
conditions. Any signs of damage, wear, or vulnerability to weather-related elements should be
noted in the survey findings for maintenance and improvement purposes.

 Identification of Materials and Equipment.

 Materials
Connectors

Description: Connectors are hardware components used to establish secure and reliable
connections between cables and networking equipment.

Usage: Connectors are crucial for attaching Ethernet cables to devices like access points,
switches, and cameras, ensuring data transmission.

Cable Manager (Ties, Clips, Sockets)

Description: Cable managers, including cable ties, clips, and sockets, are used for organizing,
securing, and routing cables.

Usage: These materials help maintain cable organization, prevent tangling, and protect cables
from damage, especially in outdoor environments.
 Ethernet Cables

Description: Ethernet cables, also known as network cables or patch cables, transmit data
between networking devices.

Usage: In outdoor wireless network setups, outdoor-rated Ethernet cables are used to connect
devices and establish wired network connections.

 Equipment
Outdoor Access Points

Description: Outdoor access points are ruggedized wireless devices designed to provide Wi-Fi
coverage in outdoor areas.

Usage: They extend wireless network coverage to outdoor spaces, such as parks, campuses, or
industrial sites.

Antennas
Description: Antennas are used to transmit and receive wireless signals, enhancing the reach and
directionality of wireless connections.

Usage: In outdoor wireless networks, antennas help optimize signal coverage and range.

Wireless Extender

Description: A wireless extender, or range extender, is used to boost the range of an existing
wireless network.

Usage: It can be deployed outdoors to extend the coverage of a wireless network into areas with
weak signal strength.

Power-Over-Ethernet (PoE)

Description: PoE technology allows for the transmission of electrical power alongside data over
Ethernet cables.

Usage: PoE injectors or switches are used to power devices like outdoor cameras, access points,
and intercoms without the need for separate power cables.
 Lightning Arrestor

Description: A lightning arrestor protects networking equipment from electrical surges caused
by lightning strikes.

Usage: In outdoor installations, lightning arrestors are essential to prevent damage to network
infrastructure.

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)

Description: A UPS provides backup power in case of electrical outages, ensuring network
continuity.

Usage: UPS units are employed to safeguard critical networking equipment against power
disruptions.
 Network Switch

Description: Network switches are devices that connect multiple network devices and enable
them to communicate with one another.

Usage: They serve as central hubs for wired connections in network installations.

Routers

Description: Routers route data packets between different networks, such as between a local
network and the internet.

Usage: Routers are integral components in network setups, handling data traffic and providing
network security.

Repeater

Description: A repeater amplifies and retransmits wireless signals to extend the reach of a
wireless network.

Usage: Repeaters can be used outdoors to enhance coverage in large outdoor areas.
 Firewall

Description: A firewall is a network security device that filters incoming and outgoing network
traffic to protect the network from unauthorized access or threats.

Usage: Firewalls are critical for network security in outdoor installations.

Rack Mount

Description: Rack mounts are equipment brackets used to mount networking devices in standard
server racks.

Usage: They help organize and secure networking equipment in indoor data center
environments.

 Produce bill of quantities

 It describes the materials and manpower required to accomplish a job
 It also includes the associated costs
 Design wireless network topology
 Description of topology

Network Topology refers to the layout of a network and how different nodes in a network are
connected to each other and how they communicate. Topologies are either physical (the physical
layout of devices on a network) or logical (the way that the signals act on the network media, or
the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next).

Network topology types

The way a network is arranged can make or break network functionality, connectivity, and
protection from downtime. Ask yourself a question “What is network topology?” This
question can be answered with an explanation of the two categories in the network topology.

1. Physical – The physical network topology refers to the actual connections (wires, cables,
etc.) of how the network is arranged. Setup, maintenance, and provisioning tasks require
insight into the physical network.

2. Logical – The logical network topology is a higher-level idea of how the network is set up,
including which nodes connect to each other and in which ways, as well as how data is
transmitted through the network. Logical network topology includes any virtual and cloud
resources.

Advantages and disadvantages of topology

The following are the types of Physical topology

1. BUS Topology

Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to
single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus topology.

Features of Bus Topology

1. It transmits data only in one direction.

2. Every device is connected to a single cable

Advantages of Bus Topology

1. It is cost effective.

2. Cable required is least compared to another network topology.

3. Used in small networks.

4. It is easy to understand.

5. Easy to expand joining two cables together.

Disadvantages of Bus Topology

1. Cables fails then whole network fails.

2. If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the performance of the network decreases.

3. Cable has a limited length.

4. It is slower than the ring topology.

2. RING Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbours for each device.

Features of Ring Topology

 A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because if
someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then

the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence to prevent data

loss repeaters are used in the network.

 The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2 connections

between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.

 In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite direction
in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the network up.
 Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to pass
through each node of the network, till the destination node.

Advantages of Ring Topology

1. Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by adding more nodes, as only the
nodes having tokens can transmit data.
2. Cheap to install and expand

Disadvantages of Ring Topology

1. Troubleshooting is difficult in ring topology.

2. Adding or deleting the computers disturbs the network activity.
3. Failure of one computer disturbs the whole network.

3. STAR Topology
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable.
This hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.
 Features of Star Topology
1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fibre or coaxial cable.
Advantages of Star Topology
1. Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
2. Hub can be upgraded easily.
3. Easy to troubleshoot.
4. Easy to setup and modify.
5. Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the nodes can work smoothly.
Disadvantages of Star Topology
1. Cost of installation is high.
2. Expensive to use.
3. If the hub fails, then the whole network is stopped because all the nodes depend on the
hub.
4. Performance is based on the hub that is it depends on its capacity

4. MESH Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected
to

each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

There are two techniques to transmit data over the Mesh topology, they are:

1. Routing 2. Flooding
 Features of Mesh Topology
1. Fully connected.
2. Robust.
3. Not flexible.
Advantages of Mesh Topology
1. Each connection can carry its own data load.
2. It is robust.
3. Fault is diagnosed easily.
4. Provides security and privacy.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology
1. Installation and configuration are difficult.
2. Cabling cost is more.
3. Bulk wiring is required.

5. TREE Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called

hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Features of Tree Topology

1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.

2. Used in Wide Area Network.

Advantages of Tree Topology

1. Extension of bus and star topologies.

2. Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
3. Easily managed and maintained.
4. Error detection is easily done.

Disadvantages of Tree Topology

1. Heavily cabled.
2. Costly.
3. If more nodes are added maintenance is difficult.
4. Central hub fails, network fails.

6. HYBRID Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example,
if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used,
connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Features of Hybrid Topology

1. It is a combination of two or more topologies

2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included

Advantages of Hybrid Topology

 1. Reliable as Error detecting and troubleshooting is easy.
2. Effective.
3. Scalable as size can be increased easily.
4. Flexible.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Topology

1. Complex in design.
2. Costly.
 Selection of designing tools
Cisco Packet Tracer: This is a powerful network simulation program that allows you to
create network topologies and demonstrate how they work. It's widely used in academia
and for self-study.
Edraw Max is indeed a versatile software tool that can be used for creating various types
of diagrams, including wireless network diagrams, and it provides a wide range of
symbols and templates for designing such diagrams.
GNS3 (graphical network simulator-3) while primarily known as a network simulation
tool, can be used to design and simulate complex network topologies, including outdoor
wireless networks. It allows for the emulation of various networking devices and
provides a platform to test and analyze network configurations virtually before actual
deployment.

 Draw a Topology Diagram of the wireless network

A network Schematic diagram is a visual representation of network architecture. It maps out

the structure of a network with a variety of different symbols and line connections. It is the ideal
way to share the layout of a network because the visual presentation makes it easier for users to
understand how items are connected.
Star topology

Learning outcome 2: Deploy wireless network outdoor

• Selection of tools, Materials and Equipment

Tool: a device or implement, especially one held in the hand, used to carry out a particular
function. a tool is any instrument or simple piece of equipment that you hold in your hands and
use to do a particular kind of work. For example, spades, hammers, and knives are all tools.

Material: the matter from which a thing is or can be made. material is a chemical substance or
mixture of substances that constitute an object.

An Equipment: the necessary items for a particular purpose. Equipment consists of the things
which are used for a particular purpose.

 Tools
Cutting Tools:
Used for cutting and stripping cables during installation and maintenance.

Patching Tools:
Includes patch panels, patch cables, cable management tools, and labeling tools for managing
and organizing network connections.

 Patch panel patch cable

Crimping Tools:

Essential for attaching connectors to the ends of cables, especially in Ethernet installations.

Drilling Tools:

Required for creating holes for mounting network equipment and running cables through
walls and ceilings.

Testing Tools:
Used for verifying cable integrity, analyzing network traffic, and measuring signal
strength, ensuring the proper functioning of the network.
Ex: wireshark
 Fixing Tools:
Including screwdrivers, wrenches, cable ties, and cable tie guns for securing and
adjusting network components

 Materials
 Internet bundles
 Ethernet Cables
 Connectors
 Cable manager (Ties, clips, Sockets)
 Equipment
 Outdoor Access Points
 Antennas
 Power-Over-Ethernet
 Lightning Arrestor
 UPS
 Wireless extender
 bridge
 Network switch
 Routers
 Repeater
 Nano station
 Firewall
 Rack amount
 Installation of wireless network devices
 Description of wireless standards
IEEE802.11a— is an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to
54-Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.

IEEE802.11b — (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) — an extension to 802.11

that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2
and 1-Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999
ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to
Ethernet.

IEEE802.11n — builds upon previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input multiple

output (MIMO). The additional transmitter and receiver antennas allow for increased data
throughput through spatial multiplexing and increased range by exploiting the spatial
diversity through coding schemes like Alamouti coding. The real speed would be 100
Mbit/s (even 250 Mbit/s in PHY level), and so up to 4-5 times faster than 802.11g.

IEEE802.11ac — 802.11ac, or Wi-Fi 5, builds upon previous 802.11 standards,

particularly the 802.11n standard, to deliver data rates of 433Mbps per spatial stream, or
1.3Gbps in a three-antenna (three stream) design. The 802.11ac specification operates only
in the 5 GHz frequency range and features support for wider channels (80MHz and
 160MHz) and beam forming capabilities by default to help achieve its higher wireless
speeds.
IEEE802.11ax or Wi-Fi 6 — improves on Wi-Fi 5 with more speed, bandwidth and
security.
 Mount network equipment
 Cabling
Cable color coding

An Ethernet cable is a network cable used for high-speed wired network connections between
two devices. This network cable is made of four-pair cable, which is consists of twisted pair
conductors.

 A Crossover cable is a type of CAT 5 where one end isT568A configuration and the
other end as T568BConfiguration.

Crossover cable is used to connect two or more computing devices

  Straight-through cable is a type of CAT5 with RJ-45 connectors at each end, and each
has the same pin

Cable termination

Ethernet cable termination is accomplished several ways using RJ45 Connector plugs

 Two ethernet cable termination standard

 Cable testing

Cable testing is done to predict faults and then deal with it

1. Step 1 Ports

2. Step 2 Connect the cable

3. Step 3 Switch on the tester

 4. Step 4 Test the cable

Connecting devices

Straight-Through Cable and Crossover Cable

 Straight-through cable is the most commonly used type - used to connect unlike devices
together such as desktop PC to printer or games console to internet router
 Crossover cable - used to connect like devices such as laptops to laptops