Chitin N-acetyl glycosamineNFFT-2016

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS Alien invasion 111

Earthworms are known as ‘friends of farmers’ because they make

burrows in the soil and make it porous which helps in respiration and
penetration of the developing plant roots. The process of increasing fertility
(
of soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting. They are also used
as bait in game fishing.
-> trice yellow spot
of

on its dorsal surface.

7.4 COCKROACH
0.6-76cm.
0.25 sinches
to
or

Cockroaches are brown or black bodied animals that are included in

class Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda. Bright yellow, red and green coloured
cockroaches have also been reported in tropical regions. Their size ranges
from ¼ inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm) and have long antenna, legs and
flat extension of the upper body wall that conceals head. They are
nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places throughout the world. They
have become residents of human homes and thus are serious pests and
vectors of several diseases. extend
wings
= N
beyond tip of
7.4.1 Morphology -
NEET 2020 π abdomen in &

The adults of the common species of cockroach, Periplaneta americana Metamerism NEET
are about 34-53 mm long with wings that extend beyond the tip of the Schizocoelom (Euroelom)
abdomen in males. The body of the cockroach is segmented and divisible
into three distinct regions – head, thorax and abdomen (Figure 7.14). NEET 2012
The entire body is covered by a hard chitinous exoskeleton (brown in *1
lateral.
colour). In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called -- sclerites pleurites
-

solerites
(tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally) that are joined to each other by
a thin and flexible -
articular membrane (arthrodial membrane). ~ Tergite
· Hi-plewrite

sternite
&

Headapsule
-

(E) -

fusion of6
Largest -
<
1
① forewing
segments

① or Elytra or

S
·

Role
Mesothoracic wings. No
2
-

Terga/Tergite
"

Dorsal
·

inflying Protective covering.

/
1.2. imp > D -

Solerites
11
Lateral Pleural Pleurite
&

④
I ② wings -
or Metathoracic
Membranous,helps in

/
Ventral Sternal Sternite
↑
2

chitinous >
flight.
-

Transparent.

ii.
plates
110
segments)
q

Figure 7.14 External features of cockroach

* Head D-Formed by fusion of 6

Capsule embryonic segments

cockroach Thorax 3

2020-21
* Abdomen (10)
-
11 in embryonic stage.
14 in adult so in
embryo
 plate
Air te -
chitinous

1
&- 2a

8553
Clargest
②

corro
is mallest)

(Dorsal)
Tergum
or fengite.
Arthrodial Articular
membrane.
aN; Plewrite.(lateral)
sternum or sternite. (Ventral)
 112 BIOLOGY

Hypognathus I
Head is triangular in shape and lies anteriorly at right angles to the
longitudinal body axis. It is formed by the fusion of six segments and
shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck (Figure 7.15).
The head capsule bears a pair of compound eyes. A pair of thread like
largest antennae arise from membranous sockets lying in front of eyes. Antennae
part
have sensory receptors that help in monitoring the environment. Anterior
cutting *
end of the head bears appendages forming biting and chewing type of
↑

mouth parts. The mouthparts consisting of a labrum (upper lip), a pair NEET
of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip). A median flexible 2020
lobe, acting as tongue (hypopharynx), lies within the cavity enclosed by
the mouthparts (Figure 7.15b). Thorax consists of three parts – prothorax,
smallest mesothorax and metathorax. The head is connected with thorax by a
short extension of the prothorax known as the neck. Each thoracic segment
bears a pair of walking legs. The first pair of wings arises from mesothorax
and the second pair from metathorax. Forewings (mesothoracic) called
tegmina are opaque dark and leathery and cover the hind wings when at
rest. The hind wings are transparent, membranous and are used in flight.
The abdomen in both males and females consists of 10 segments. In
-

&

females, the 7th sternum is boat shaped and together with the 8th and 9th
sterna forms a brood or genital pouch whose anterior part contains female
&

1 5
leg: segments gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands. In males, genital pouch
- -

or chamber lies at the hind end of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9th and
- >

10th terga and ventrally by the 9th sternum. It contains dorsal anus, ventral
-

male genital pore and gonapophysis. Males bear a pair of short, thread-
-

like anal styles which are absent in females. In both sexes, the 10th segment
bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci.
Antennae Biting & chewing
or

Ocellus -

Remanent/Vestige simple
of eye
-
Cutting
upper lip
type.
Compound eye
Labrum
Pouch Grinding
Female Brood &mmaticium. region
sternum Incising
·
7,82 9th Mandible region
Membranous
i stermum is boat shaped. socket
Mandible

Hypopharynx

& Brood Pouch Maxilla

10th
9th2 torgites +

Maxillary
·

Mandible
9th sternite. Palp
⑥

Arus-Dorsal Labrum ↑

Labial
& Genital Pore -

Ventral to anus.
Palp.
Maxilla Maxilla
Labium
(a) Labium
(b) lower lip
Figure 7.15 Head region of cockroach : (a) parts of head region (b) mouth parts

Common Samplaryduct opens at the base of hypopharynx. why

that's its consideone
·
-

2020-21
 >stomodaeum-Foregut-linedby cuticle foodbolus in the mesenteron is enveloped by a
porous mesh-like membrane Peritrophic Membrane
-

Gut < Mesention

-

Midgut which protects the wall ofmesenteron from hard

food particles.
>Proctodaeum-Hindgut
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS 113

NEFT 2020, 2019

7.4.2 Anatomy Salivary gland
Pharynx
Mouth
The alimentary canal present in the body cavity
*
is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut Salivary
reservoir Pharynx
and hindgut (Figure 7.16). The mouth opens *
into a short tubular pharynx, leading to a Oesophagus
Oesophagus
*
narrow tubular passage called oesophagus. crop
Crop *
This in turn opens into a sac like structure Gastric
storing food Gizzard
called crop used for storing of food. The crop
i
6 8 -

Gizzard Or *
is followed by gizzard or proventriculus. It has Hepatic
Proventriolus
an outer layer of thick circular muscles and Midgut 2021
caecae

Hepatic caeca
thick inner cuticle forming six highly chitinous Gastric Caecae 100-150
=

plate called teeth. Gizzard helps in grinding the Mesenteron Ilevm Malphigian
* tubules.
food particles. The entire foregut is lined by or midgut
colon
cuticle. A ring of 6-8 blind tubules called Malpighian *

hepatic or gastric caeca is present at the tubules Rectum

Rectum
junction of foregut and midgut, which secrete Ileum
digestive juice. At the junction of midgut and
hindgut is present another ring of 100-150 Colon
yellow coloured thin filamentous Malpighian
Figure 7.16 Alimentary canal of cockroach
tubules. They help in removal of excretory
products from haemolymph. The hindgut is
broader than midgut and is differentiated into
ileum, colon and rectum. The rectum opens Anterior aorta
out through anus. Heart is neurogenic
Blood vascular system of cockroach is an Theyhelps in contraction a
relaxation
of heart
open type (Figure 7.17). Blood vessels are
Alary muscles -- 12 pairs
poorly developed and open into space
① (haemocoel). Visceral organs located in the Muscle fibres
arranged
haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph). in pyramid shaped.
The haemolymph is composed of colourless
* plasma and haemocytes. Heart of cockroach
consists of elongated muscular tube lying
along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen.
It is differentiated into funnel shaped chambers tubular

↑
with ostia on either side. Blood from sinuses
enter heart through ostia and is pumped Chambers 1 -

of heart
anteriorly to sinuses again.
The respiratory system consists of a M anterior aorta
> Haemocoel
network of trachea, that open throughI10 pairs Heart
↑

of small holes called spiracles present on the Ostial

lateral side of the body. Thin branching tubes

(tracheal tubes subdivided into tracheoles)
↑
carry oxygen from the air to all the parts. The Figure 7.17 Open circulatory system of cockroach 7 z
1
-

↓
Mandibles Gizzard
& helps in
Grinding food
&
of

2020-21 Chitinous teeth.

 Respiratory System 2 Pairs-Thorax
·10 pair of spiracles Spairs Abdomen

1
-

·open laterally.
· ·

opening guarded by sphincter.

0

O spiracle Trachea > Tracheoles.

o

Taenidia-Chitinous bands that

0
·

tracheae.
strengthens the

Trachea

spiracle sphincter.
spiracle

Tracheoles
*

site
gaseous exchange.
The of
 * Large
in cockroach.
Urecose
1 glands are
only
that

Potassium
utricali Glandular cells
ciliated
Mushroom
of

gland. Poured in Uric

orate S
Cells.

mining
< ⑨

kind-got acid
res

114 BIOLOGY

& *
Nitrogenous =
waste
opening of the spiracles is regulated by the sphincters. Exchange of gases
Potassium Urate which take place at the tracheoles by diffusion.
is converted to uric acid Excretion is performed by Malpighian tubules. Each tubule is lined
by glandular and ciliated cells. They absorb nitrogenous waste products -> Potassium
① ②
tubules.
inside
Malphigian and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut. Vrate.
-

Therefore, this insect is called uricotelic. In addition, the fat body,①

v

② nephrocytes and ③ urecose glands also help in excretion. NEET.

supra
(1)
·
(1 The nervous system of cockroach consists of a series of fused,
segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives

,
" on theI ventral side. Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the abdomen.
The nervous system of cockroach is spread throughout the body. The
head holds a bit of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the
ventral (belly-side) part of its body. So, now you understand that if the NEET
head of a cockroach is cut off, it will still live for as long as one week. In 2020
the head region, the brain is represented by supra-oesophageal ganglion
which supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes. In cockroach,
the sense organs are antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, anal
cerci, etc. The compound eyes are situated at the dorsal surface of the
head. Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia
Head-1-innervateAntennae acompound
eyes
↑ ↑

Thorax-I-Legs wings.
a Visceral (sing.: ommatidium). With the help of several ommatidia, a cockroach can
Ganglia Abdomen-6
-

organs. receive several images of an object. This kind of vision is known as mosaic Neet
Dorsal (supra-oesophageal 2019
Head
ganglion
-

vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during
Ventral
Thoracic Abdominal ganglia night (hence called nocturnal vision). show sexual dimorphism
-

Touch Cockroaches are dioecious and both sexes have well developed
Antennae Tangoreceptors
-

reproductive organs (Figure 7.18). Male reproductive system consists of

Olfactory receptors smell
-

a pair of testes one lying on each lateral side in the 4th -6th abdominal
-

Gustatory [Link]. segments. From each testis arises a thin vas deferens, which opens into
ejaculatory duct through seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct opens into
Analcerci sense vibrations male gonopore situated ventral to anus. A characteristic mushroom-
CAuditory Receptors) shaped gland is present in the 6th-7th abdominal segments which functions
as an accessory reproductive gland. The external genitalia are represented
Labial & Maxillary palps=Gustatory by male gonapophysis or phallomere (chitinous asymmetrical structures,
receptors (taste)
surrounding the male gonopore). The sperms are stored in the seminal **
vesicles and are glued together in the form of bundles called
*spermatophores which are discharged during copulation. The female
reproductive sysytem consists of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the
X
-

2nd – 6th abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight

mature at 1 time - ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova.
16
eggs
&

Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (also called
vagina) which opens into the genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca is
present in the 6th segment which opens into the genital chamber.
Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs
are encased in capsules called oothecae. Ootheca is a dark reddish to
-
blackish brown capsule, about 3/8" (8 mm) long. They are dropped or

2020-21
& Reproductive system.

①Testes -
1 Pair

2 Yas deferens

③
Ejaculatory Duct.

④ Genital pore (Central to Arus).

Accessory SexGlands.
①
seminal Vesicle small tubule
Mushroom Gland=Utricular
② gland-long 1/

Phallic
③ gland:Conglobate gland.
Mushroom
gland utricular gland:
=
of long
consists Helps
small
nourishing sperms.
tubules -> in

(sperms glued together form are sperm packet/ball)

Gland=Conglobate glands Helpsin formation of spermatophores.
to

Phallic
and secrete fluidin seman.
seminal vesicle store sperms
in the form spermatophores
of

STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS 115

Testis 4th to 6th

Phallic gland Conglobate

Titilator
Glands
⑭edopenis.
=

R ①Left Phallomere
Phallomere eventral Small tubules -
Parts of Mushroom
11
③ Utricular gland
Gonapophysis Right Long tubules
glands =

chitinous curicose glands)

structures. ·
Testis
Seminal vesicle
Phallomere
10th sternum modifiedinto
or ↓
Yas Deferens
Vas deferens
Gonapophysis. Ejaculatory duct
↓
Seminal reside
Right phallomere ↓
Doct
Ventral phallomere Eiaculatory
↓
Male
Anal cercus gonopore.
Caudal style
Left phallomere Pseudopenis
Titillator (a)

ovarioles

tooth
I Ovary E8 oxarioles) 2d

Oviduct
6th
segment Spermatheca
Common oviduct
-

or vagina

Collaterial glands -
secutes ootheca.

Genital chamber
rovipositor

gonapophyses
(b)
Vestibulum ] Genital
pouch

Figure 7.18 Reproductive system of cockroach : (a) male (b) female

glued to a suitable surface, usually in a crack or crevice of high relative

humidity near a food source. On an average, females produce 9-10
oothecae, each containing 14-16 ⑧ eggs. The development of P. americana Gradual metamorphosis.
is paurometabolous, meaning there is development through nymphal
13
stage. The nymphs look very much like adults. The nymph grows by
moulting about 13 times to reach the adult form. The next to last nymphal
stage has wing pads but only adult cockroaches have wings.
Many species of cockroaches are wild and are of no known economic
importance yet. A few species thrive in and around human habitat. They are
pests because they spoil food and contaminate it with their smelly excreta.
They can transmit a variety of bacterial diseases by contaminating food material.
&

2020-21
 Points:
Additional -

Arthrodial / Articularmembrane keeps the hardcuticle

flexible.
& gonapophysis is also known as oxipositor.

Endocrine Glands
Corpora allata => Juvenile hormone -
It opposes metamorphosis
> Prothoracic
gland
=>
Ecoysone Moulting. (ecolysis).
=
 E
& gohops laid a young!g
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/
/
&
&