Pathophysiology- 1
BSN Semester 3
Course Description:
This course provides learners with the opportunities to build
on the concepts and knowledge about the altered
Physiological mechanisms and their impact on the
functional status of the body. It also deals with the
responses of the body that participate in manifestation of
disease. The usefulness of knowledge, skills and attitudes
to the nurse in his/her problem solving in the hospital,
school, community or home is the determining factor in the
selection and integration of the content.
Course Objectives:
By the end of this course the learners will be able to
1. Explain the fundamental concepts of homeostasis,
cellular changes, inflammation, infection, healing, and
abnormal immune responses.
2. Relate the knowledge of anatomy and physiology to
the disruptions in homeostasis resulting in a disorder
or disease process.
3. Differentiate between different disease processes
occurring due to disruption in homeostasis and
hematological disorders.
4. Demonstrate interpretation of values of fluid,
electrolyte, and acid-base balance as well as analyze
how imbalances can promote disorder in the body.
5. Integrate the knowledge of the basic principles of
pathophysiology in caring for patients in hospital and
community environments.
6. Describe the pathophysiological process of common
health problems.
7. Explain the pathological reasons of clinical
manifestation, and effects of disease of Genitourinary
and Gastrointestinal organs.
8. Explain the contribution of environmental factors in
developing changes in normal physiological
processes.
Teaching/Learning Strategies:
Pre-reading, lectures, lab work, group discussion, quiz,
guest lectures, case base learning, field visits, self study
and pre/post tests, etc.
Evaluation Criteria:
Test (s) 40%
Group Presentation 15%
Lab (Lab Performance) 10%
Final Exam 30%
Total 100%
Course Schedule
Day/DATE TOPIC OF STUDY FACULTY
Unit I: Introduction to
Pathophysiology
Unit II: Mechanism of infection
of
Inflammation
Unit III: Cellular adaptation &
aberrant cell growth
Unit IV: Trauma & cell injury.
Unit V:
Homeostasis imbalances
Fluid Electrolyte
Imbalance Acid Base
Imbalance:
Unit VI : Immunological disorders
Unit VII: Genitourinary Tract Disorders
Unit VIII: Gastrointestinal Disorders
Unit Objectives
UNIT I: Introduction to Pathophysiology
In this unit learners will gain an introduction of
Pathophysiology, the general concepts of disease and its
development. At the end of this unit each learners will be
able to:
1. Define Pathology & Pathophysiology
2. Differentiate among Pathophysiology and other
biomedical sciences
3. Discuss the basic concepts of disease and its
development.
4. Briefly discuss each of the five components of the disease
process:
Prevalence
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical manifestation
Outcomes
UNIT II: Mechanism of Infection & Inflammation
In this unit learners will learn the mechanisms of infection
and the local tissue response i.e. inflammation used to
protect the body against foreign invaders.
At the end of this unit each learners will be able to:
1. Describe the stages of an infectious disease after the
point at which the potential pathogen enters the body.
2. List the systemic manifestation of infectious diseases
3. Discuss the purpose of inflammation
4. Describe the physiological mechanism involved in the
production of five cardinal signs of inflammation
5. Differentiate the hemodynamic and cellular phases
of inflammatory response
6. Differentiate between chronic and acute inflammation.
UNIT III: Cellular Adaptation & Aberrant Cell Growth
In this unit learners will gain an understanding of the
cellular adaptive changes that permit survival and
maintenance of body functions. It will also cover an
overview of the relationship between stress and aberrant
cell growth in the form of cancer.
At the end of this unit each learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the general changes in cell structure and
function that occur as a result of normal adaptive
processes.
2. Describe cellular changes that occur with Atrophy,
Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia and dysplasia
and general conditions under which these changes
occur.
3. Differentiate the neoplastic growth from normal adaptive
changes
4. Differentiate between malignant and benign tumors.
5. Describe the Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis for cancer staging.
6. Describe the role of Proto oncogene & Anti-oncogene
to transform normal cell line to cancer cell lina
(Carcinogenesis)
7. Discuss the predisposing factors of aberrant cell growth.
8. List the characteristics of cancer cells.
UNIT IV: Trauma & Cell Injury
In this section learners will gain an understanding of the
important physiologic and pathophysiologic disruptions,
which occurs in a patient suffering from trauma. At the
completion of this unit learners will be able:
1. Discuss trauma
2. Explain the process of cell injury
3. Discuss reversible & irreversible cell injury
4. Describe the mechanisms of cell injury that is;
hypoxic
free radical
chemical
physical
nutritional
5. Discuss cell death in terms of:
Mechanisms & types of necrosis
Mechanism & Significance of apoptosis
UNIT V: Homeostasis Imbalances
In this unit learners will discuss the alteration of fluid
volume and electrolytes (excess & deficit). This unit will
cover the acid base imbalances with special emphasis on
acidosis and alkalosis.
A. Fluid Electrolyte Imbalance
At the end of this unit each learners will be able to
1. Review the physiological mechanism responsible for
the movement of fluid and electrolyte in the following
body compartments.
Between Intra Cellular Fluid (ICF) & Extra
Cellular Fluid (ECF)
Between Intravascular & interstitial.
2. Discuss the Starling’s Hypothesis to describe the
movement of fluid across the capillary wall.
3. Discuss the classification of fluid electrolyte imbalance in
terms of:
Isotonic imbalance
Osmotic imbalance
Compositional imbalance
4. Discuss the causes manifestation, and
pathophysiology of following isotonic imbalance:
hypovolemia
hypervolemia
5. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical
manifestation of the osmotic imbalance:
hyponateremia
hypernateremia
6. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical
manifestation of compositional imbalance:
hypokalemia
hyperkalemia
B. Acid Base Imbalance:
At the end of this unit each learners will be able to
1. Review the physiological mechanism responsible to
regulate acid base balance in the body i.e.
1. Buffers (phosphate, hemoglobin, carbonate)
2. Renal mechanism
3. Respiratory mechanism
4. Discuss the classification of acid base imbalance in
terms of:
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
5. Discuss how to interpret the arterial blood gases
(ABGs) to identify four types of acid base
imbalance.
6. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology and clinical
manifestation of
Respiratory acidosis & alkalosis.
Metabolic acidosis & alkalosis.
UNIT VI: Immunological Disorders:
In this unit the learners will gain an understanding of the
mechanisms in which the immune system malfunctions. At
the end of this unit each learners will be able to:
1. Review the following concepts of immune response
Components of immune response
Humoral versus cell mediated immunity
Antigen processing presentation and recognition
2. Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity
3. Discuss the disorder of immune response including.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome) &
Hypersensitivity (allergies)
4. Discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis & clinical
manifestation of HIV infection.
5. Discuss the pathophysiology of different types of
hypersensitivity (Type I, Type II, Type III & Type IV)
Unit VII: Genitourinary Tract Disorders
1. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology, manifestations,
and diagnostic investigations of the following GUT
disorders
Urinary tract infections
Renal abscess & tuberculosis
Glomerulunephritis (immunologic disorder)
Urethral strictures, hydroureter and hydronephrosis
Urinary incontinence/ Retention & Urinary Calculi
Acute & Chronic Renal failure
Urinary Bladder and Renal cell carcinoma
Unit VIII: Gastrointestinal Disorders
By the end of the session learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the causes, pathophysiology, manifestations,
and diagnostic investigations of the following GIT
disorders
Disorders of mouth and esophagus:
Stomatitis
Oral cancer/tumour
Salivary gland disorders
Gastro esophageal reflux disorder
Hiatal hernia
Achalasia
Diverticula
Esophageal cancer/tumor
Disorders of stomach
Gastritis
Ulcer disease
Gastric carcinoma
Disorders of small and large intestine:
Irritable bowel syndrome
Hernias
Intestinal obstruction
Hemorrhoids
Colorectal cancer
Appendicitis
Peritonitis
Ulcerative colitis
Chron’s disease
Anorectal abscess
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Alteration in hepatobiliary system:
Pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst/abscess
Pancreatic carcinoma
Hepatic abscess
Cancer of liver
Cirrhosis of liver
Cholecystitis
Cholilithiasis
Cancer of gall bladder
PATHOPYHSIOLOGY LAB EVALUATION CRITERIA
Learners will get cumulative 15 % marks at the completion of
all the lab sessions.
a. LAB PERFORMANCE
The evaluation of lab performance will be done on the
following basis:-
- Safe handling of chemicals and apparatus.
- Observation
- Interpretation of results.
- Cleanliness.
Lab schedule for Pathophysiology
Laboratory visit
Lab 1 Observe & Interpret Science
Phenomenon
Lab 2 Cell Adaptation Slides
Lab 3 Effect of Suspending Red Blood Cell in
Different Concentration of Salt
Solutions
(Lab objectives to be developed By Pathophysiology Team)
Reference:
1. Carol, P. M. (2000). Pathophysiology concept of altered
health states. Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott
2. Author D. Fluid & electrolyte made incredibly easy.
(2002). 2nd ed). Pennsylvania springhouse.
3. Sue, Huether E. (2000). Understanding
pathophysiology New York: Mosby.
4. Tortora, G. J., & Anagnostakos, N. P. (2000). Principles
of anatomy and physiology New York:Harper & Row.
5. Wilson, S. A. P & LM. (1997). Clinical concepts of
disease processes (5th ed). Mosby.
