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Week 12 Calculus Lecture 2 Notes

This document discusses exact differential equations (d.e.'s) and their properties, including the definition of an exact d.e. as one that can be expressed as the total differential of a function f(x,y). It outlines the steps to determine if a d.e. is exact by checking the equality of mixed partial derivatives and provides a method for solving exact d.e.'s through integration. Several examples are included to illustrate the process of finding the general solution of exact d.e.'s.

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9 views10 pages

Week 12 Calculus Lecture 2 Notes

This document discusses exact differential equations (d.e.'s) and their properties, including the definition of an exact d.e. as one that can be expressed as the total differential of a function f(x,y). It outlines the steps to determine if a d.e. is exact by checking the equality of mixed partial derivatives and provides a method for solving exact d.e.'s through integration. Several examples are included to illustrate the process of finding the general solution of exact d.e.'s.

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Ciniso
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5.4 Exact Differential Equations (exe Lo, poe ) $4&.| The total differential In order to fully understand exact d.e.’s we first need to look at the partial chain rule done in Chapter 4. Suppose fis a function of 2 variables x and y, where x and y are themselves functions of u. Then by the partial chain rule df _of dx , of dy © da dxda dydat LL QY If we cancel the differential du we obtain v ’) af Hy tay which is called the total differential of f. $.4.2 Definition of an exact d.e. A d.e. is said to be exact if it is of the form M(x,y)dx + N(x, y)dy = 0 and if there is a function f (x,y) such that the left hand side of this d.e. is the total differential of f, i.e. M(x,y)dx + N(x,y)dy = df. In other words, M(x,y)dx + N(x y)dy Equating coefficients we get fre) = he Ny) = fy f. f, . . . ‘3 . 3% Now if we differentiate M(x, y) with respect to y and N(x, y) with respect to x, we obtain My) =[fa) and NCxy) = Woe And if we use the fact that the mixed derivatives f, and fy, are equal, we get My (x,y) = Nx(x,y) which is the This checks whether the d.e. is exact or not and must be done before attempting to solve the de. Finally, if df = 0 or a = 0, then f(x,y) must be a constant. So the final general solution is of the form f(x,y) = c. 5.4.3 Solving an exact d.e. ¢ We first make sure, the d.e. is ofthe form 4 MG h)ax + N(x4y)dy = 0. Ok: Urwragutns - © State what M(x, y) and N(x, y) are equal to. ¢ Perform the test for exactness by checking that My (x,y) = Nx(x,y). If it is, we proceed, otherwise stop and try to re-label the d.e. (variable separable, homegeneeus or linear). © Our aim is to find f(x,y). GA We write M(x,y) = f, and integrate with respect to x, treating y as a constant. The constant of integration will then be some function y, say[tp, (y) We do same for N(x, y) = fy and integratp with respect to y, treating x as a constant. The constant bf integration will then be some function x, say PoC). We end up with two versions of f(x,y), which we amalgamate, making sure that equal terms are not repeated. Once f(x,y) is found, the general solution is just XY. 7 8 Y 3 Example $-4-1 Solve Mlay)dx + Nw) 4y =o (6x + 9y + 11)dx + (9x —4y + 3)dy =0 f. f M4) = Gesays " Nyy) = 1 <4yt3 : > fy Pek MGA N= 4 beep x ence. Ley 4 s Smee My =Ny 4 Ade & exast. ltenmatet ex #45 tuddz = Sx% + ge + x 4+Yi(9) bee Y contin Ja +3)dy beep x cont Armed —aSe : f. ‘xy +3274 WL + Sma at ae " Ixy -2y «By + Y.(2) ° Ixy tht ea - 25) Fy we a fmt ssh. HYfoesamnte S42 Solve Bb yaa + Mry)A5 id (x? + y*)dx + (2xy + cosy)dy = 0 9 Beak / Moxy) = xt aye Nes) Zaye cosy My (2s) s 2x N. Gy) dy Ime MASGy) = NG) Ao tread. Interytes SGerrg dae $ Gaag rey ay hep 4 enn hoop X Comient. = F g= Hep = GF + inn + AER) 5 senate } = z= in Pronalanernd *y + Zt Sry x au 5 gi = \ xy yy t Sing ec wia fone Shale. Hho Example $-4.3 3 Solve Meands + Nbay Az O (sin y + ye*) dx + (xcosy + e*)dy = 0 Tost M (x,y) F Shy tye? ad Nlry) = xeosyt € x My (9) = Cosy + e* Wis) = cory +e Sieen My TN, He Ae ve ead. Inepye fa Jes a ye*)ae J fe 1eA)dy = zeaiey 9° “(f9) = 2th + ge GE) Airadaannnhe! ashy F ye™ =f X Siwy eye ed wo pe su, Example $.4-4 Solve (12x — 4y +@adx + (18y — 4x +dy = 0 A) bat “day +28 ray ey ee 8) Ake ver (cy Cot de u- ' + Example $45 (» DAK de i. Solve fas + 445 = ae. (tan y + ysecx tanx)dx + (x sec? y + secx)dy = 0 Ten: Mia) = bey & yseex dene Nes) = x5e"y psec Ha lay) = Sects + seex hes Nylagh) = sect 43nton My = Nx ad de. is axod. Nhe J may + ysecr wen) An = ate + y seem + $0) \é secty) + 52) Ay = Geten( fase=] » ix) Premlywade: f= hey + yseex why a weer = C8 gal Solu. TA Qusctions 5.4.4 D4U-DS-.

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