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VISION IAS
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TEST BOOKLET

CSAT APTITUDE TEST– (4745) – 2025

C
Time Allowed: Two Hours Maximum Marks: 200

INSTRUCTIONS

1. IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE EXAMINATION, YOU SHOULD CHECK THAT THIS
BOOKLET DOES NOT HAVE ANY UNPRINTED OR TORN OR MISSING PAGES OR ITEMS ETC. IF SO, GET IT
REPLACED BY A COMPLETE TEST BOOKLET.

2. ENCODE CLEARLY THE TEST BOOKLET SERIES A, B, C OR D AS THE CASE MAY BE IN THE APPROPRIATE PLACE
IN THE ANSWER SHEET.

3. You have to enter your Roll Number on the Test Booklet

inthe Box provided alongside. DO NOT write anything
else onthe Test Booklet.

4. This Test Booklet contains 80 items (Questions). Each item is printed in English. Each item comprises four
responses (answers). You will select the response which you want to mark on the Answer Sheet. In case you
feel that there is more than one correct response, mark the response which you consider most appropriate.
In any case, choose ONLY ONE response for each item.

5. You have to mark all your responses ONLY on the separate Answer Sheet provided. See direction in the
answers sheet.

6. All items carry equal marks. Attempt all items. Your total marks will depend only on the number of correct
responses marked by you in the answer sheet. For every incorrect response one-third of the allotted Marks
will be deducted.

7. Before you proceed to mark in the Answer sheet the response to various items in the Test booklet, you have
to fill in some particulars in the answer sheets as per the instruction sent to you with your Admission
Certificate.

8. After you have completed filling in all responses on the answer sheet and the examination has concluded,
you should hand over to Invigilator only the answer sheet. You are permitted to take away with you the Test
Booklet.
9. Sheets for rough work are appended in the Test Booklet at the end.

1 DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO

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Direction for the following 2 (two) items. 3. Which one of the following statements best
Study the following information carefully and answer reflects the central idea of the passage given
the questions that follow.
above?
Seven people—D, G, H, K, L, N, and P—are seated in
(a) Leisure is a necessary break that
a row facing north, but not necessarily in that order. P is
not seated immediately next to H. Three people sit complements work, but remains secondary
between L and K. L is seated immediately next to G at to productivity.
one end. H is not seated immediately next to K. G is (b) Leisure integrates with work to create a
positioned fifth to the left of N.
balance, enhancing the quality of outcomes
1. Who is sitting third to the left of P?
(a) G despite productivity-driven norms.
(b) N (c) Leisure enhances work efficiency by
(c) K providing focused breaks, making
(d) H
productivity its primary benefit.
(d) Leisure serves as a counterbalance to work,
2. Who among the following is sitting at one of
the ends? providing essential pauses, though it is
(a) G ultimately secondary to achieving high
(b) D productivity.
(c) P
(d) N
4. Based on the above passage, the following
Direction for the following 3 (three) items: assumptions have been made.
Read the following two passages and answer the items 1. Productivity-focused societies undervalue
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
the importance of leisure in achieving high-
should be based on the passages only.
quality work.
Passage-1
Leisure is not a luxury we toss into our life 2. The success of creative and craft-oriented
occasionally, but rather the rhythm to our work — a professions depends on balancing output
heartbeat is followed by a pause before it beats again. with adequate periods of rest and reflection.
This rhythm is what ultimately leads to rest — an
3. The primary benefit of leisure is its ability
integrated rest — because leisure invites the heart and
to directly enhance efficiency and
mind to be unhurried. Of course, this is a radical idea in
a society built around productivity. But the artist, productivity in various fields of work.
musician, carpenter, baker, and, sure, even the Which of the above assumptions are valid?
candlestick maker, don’t succeed at anything (a) 1 and 2 only
particularly lovely if output is their only goal. If the
(b) 2 and 3 only
wax is not given time to dry, the candlestick maker is
left with nothing but a wick in hand — from which (c) 1 and 3 only
there can only be a brief blaze, not an evening’s light. (d) All 1, 2, and 3

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Passage-2 6. Which of the following Venn Diagrams best

depicts the relationship among Female, Cousin
Realism in politics and dogma were never meant to be
and Niece?
identical. Political realism, when practised properly, (a)

first stood for an objective analysis of the existing

political problem; then for the choice of the central or

principal means for its solution; and finally, for a

realistic estimate of the possibilities for achieving this

(b)
aim and its subsequent implementation. This means that

the practice of realism can never be set in concrete. It

has to be flexible and change with the character of

(c)
political life and facts of history. But a change of

habitual patterns is often difficult, whether it involves

the hard sciences or patterns of social life. In politics, it

is probably even more difficult. The applicability of a (d)

theory or practice in science can be demonstrated by

performing an objective experiment.

5. What is the most logical inference that can be

7. A Statement is given below followed by two
made from the passage given above? Conclusions numbered I and II.
Statement: 7004 = 459 > 5694, 1002 < 405 ≥
(a) In politics, realism is distinct from dogma.
6300, 459 = 405 < 1112
(b) The applicability of a theory or practice in Conclusion-I: 7004 > 6300
Conclusion –II: 1002 ≥ 5694
science can be demonstrated through
Which one of the following is correct in respect
objective experimentation. of the above Statement and the Conclusions?
(a) Only Conclusion-I follows from the
(c) Political realism is a dynamic and
Statement.
adaptable approach to political problem- (b) Only Conclusion-II follows from the
Statement.
solving.
(c) Either Conclusion-I or Conclusion-II
(d) Political realism is incompatible with follows from the Statement.
(d) Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II
ethical considerations. follows from the Statement.

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8. Three Statements followed by two Conclusions 10. A Venn diagram is provided below,
are given below. You have to take the representing people who give different gifts on
Statements to be true even if they seem to be at birthdays. The circle represents those who gift
variance from the commonly known facts. diaries, the triangle represents those who gift
Read all the Conclusions and then decide which clocks, the large square represents those who
of the given Conclusions logically follows/ gift watches, and the small square represents
follow the Statements, disregarding the those who gift books.
commonly known facts:
Statement-1: Few Magic is Ball.
Statement-2 : Some Balls are not Bat.
Statement-3 : No Bat is White.
Conclusion-I : Some Magic are Bat.
Conclusion-II : Some Balls being White is a
possibility.
What represents the people who gift any one
Which one of the following is correct?
gift among watch, book, diary, and clock?
(a) Only Conclusion-I (a) e
(b) Only Conclusion-II (b) e + d + c + j
(c) Either Conclusion-I or Conclusion-II (c) a + b + h + f
(d) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II (d) a + b + g + i

9. Consider the following statements: Direction for the following 2 (two) items.
1. U > V Study the following information carefully and answer
2. W = X the questions that follow.
3. Y has the least value. Eight people—A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H—are seated
4. Z < X around a circular table, all facing the center, though not
5. Z > U necessarily in the same order. Only one person sits
How many statements given above are required between G and H. The number of people between E and
to determine the variable with the greatest F, when counted to the right of E, is the same as the
value? number of people between F and A, when counted to
(a) Only two the left of A. F faces the person sitting immediately to
(b) Only three the left of H. C is neither an immediate neighbor of F
(c) Only four nor of D. E sits immediately to the right of H, and D
(d) All five sits second to the right of B.

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11. Who is sitting exactly opposite to H? Passage-2

(a) B The global supply chain of a business organization
(b) E today is characterized by myriad moving parts and
(c) D
multiple and constantly evolving potential threats. The
(d) None of these
reality is that organizations today confront potentially

12. Who is sitting immediately to the left of C? dozens of constantly changing weakest links, each of
(a) G which can pose a significant threat. A reactive approach
(b) B to risk is also problematic, as it can create additional
(c) A effort and complexity, as well as additional
(d) F
vulnerability. The key to gaining the necessary insight
into today’s dynamic landscape is to view the enterprise
Direction for the following 2 (two) items:
Read the following two passages and answer the items as a series of inter-connected concentric circles

that follow the passages. Your answers to these items comprising data, networks, infrastructure and the user
should be based on the passages only. ecosystem. Companies with extensive operations
Passage-1 worldwide must apply a global perspective to cyber
The quintessential abode of Gods in the Hindu governance, while at the same time ensuring that risks
mythology “The Himalayas” have a unique quality of
at the local, and regional levels are not overlooked. For
themselves, which we humans have stumbled from
a global organization, regional considerations can make
times immemorial and are still unraveling to no end. No
other mountainous range in the world has ever cast such enforcing consistent standards a challenge.
an impregnable impression on the collective psyche of 14. With reference to the above passage, which of
people, their thinking and way of living as has the the following inferences can be drawn?
Himalayas. From folklores to religious treatises to 1. Global supply chains are highly complex
medicine, the Himalayas have been omnipresent in the
and vulnerable to a variety of risks that
life of an Indian in all their splendor and glory.
require proactive management.
13. With reference to the above passage, the
following assumptions have been made: 2. Organizations must navigate a complex

1. The Himalayas are the only mountain in the interplay of global and regional factors
world to make an indelible mark on people. when implementing effective measures.
2. Geography of a place can shape its culture. Choose the correct answer using the codes
Which of the above assumptions is/are not given below.
valid?
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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15. In the following figure, rectangle represents 17. Three Statements followed by two Conclusions
Police, circle represents ACP, triangle are given below. You have to take the
Statements to be true even if they seem to be at
represents SSP and square represents DCP.
variance from the commonly known facts.
Which set of letters represents those who are
Read all the Conclusions and then decide which
ACP as well as DCP? of the given Conclusions logically
follows/follow the Statements, disregarding the
commonly known facts :
Statement-1 : Only King is Queen.
Statement-2: Some Thief is Police.
Statement-3 : Some King is Thief.
Conclusion-I : No Queen can be Thief.
Conclusion-II : Some Police is not King.

(a) S and Q Which one of the following is correct?

(a) Only Conclusion-I
(b) R and S
(b) Either Conclusion-I or Conclusion-II
(c) S and U (c) Only Conclusion-II
(d) P and R (d) Neither Conclusion-I nor Conclusion-II

18. Three Statements followed by two Conclusions

16. A Statement is given below followed by two
are given below. You have to take the
Conclusions numbered I and II.
Statements to be true even if they seem to be at
Statement: J ≤ Q = F > M, S < B ≥ Z > Q, T variance from the commonly known facts.
>A>B≤W Read all the Conclusions and then decide which
Conclusion-I: B ≥ M of the given Conclusions logically
follows/follow the Statements, disregarding the
Conclusion-II: T > Z
commonly known facts:
Which one of the following is correct in respect
Statement-1 : Only long is gun.
of the above Statement and the Conclusions? Statement-2 : Some tree is long.
(a) Only Conclusion-I follows from the Statement-3 : No mango is tree.
Statement. Conclusion-I : Some long is not mango.
Conclusion-II : All guns being tree is a
(b) Only Conclusion-II follows from the
possibility.
Statement.
Which one of the following is correct?
(c) Both Conclusion-I and conclusion-II follow (a) Only Conclusion-I
from the Statement. (b) Only Conclusion-II
(d) Neither Conclusion-I nor conclusion-II (c) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II
(d) None of the conclusions follows
follows from the Statement.

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19. Two Statements followed by two Conclusions 21. Which of the following persons are immediate
are given below. You have to take the neighbours of D?
Statements to be true even if they seem to be at (a) G and C
(b) H and B
variance from the commonly known facts.
(c) B and A
Read all the Conclusions and then decide which (d) G and B
of the given Conclusions logically
follows/follow the Statements, disregarding the 22. What is the position of B with respect to H?
commonly known facts: (a) 4th to the left
(b) 2nd to the right
Statement-1 : 80% dears are hens.
(c) 3rd to the left
Statement-2 : 40% hens are parrots. (d) Immediate right
Conclusion-I: No parrot is a dear.
Conclusion-II: All dears are parrots. Direction for the following 3 (three) items:
Which one of the following is correct? Read the following three passages and answer the items
(a) Only Conclusion-I that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
should be based on the passages only.
(b) Only Conclusion-II
Passage-1
(c) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II Literacy is the beginning of lifelong learning, a
(d) None of the conclusions follows prerequisite for accessing other human rights. It has the
power to change the lives of millions of people who
20. If the letters in the word SUBORDINATE are have received adequate formal education. But, mere
attainment of literacy skills is not enough — such skills
arranged as they appear in English alphabetical
should be functional so that the youth and adults can
order, then which of the following letters will use their ability to read and write to actively participate
be fifth from right? in the dynamic digitised world. Also, literacy should
(a) S help in active participation in political, social, cultural,
(b) T and economic activities.
(c) N 23. On the basis of the above passage, the
following assumptions have been made:
(d) O
1. India has a sizeable number of illiterates,
which means the target of achieving 100
Direction for the following 2 (two) items. percent literacy by 2030 remains a
Study the following information carefully and answer challenging one.
the questions that follow. 2. The potential of digital technology should
be harnessed for improving access to
Eight people—A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H—are seated
quality education through the creation of
at a square table, though not necessarily in the same
digital e-material, mobile apps etc.
order. Four of them are sitting along the edges, facing 3. Being literate has multiple positive
the center, while the other four are seated at the corners, externalities, in addition to the ability to
facing away from the center. B is facing F, who sits read and write.
second to the left of G. E and A are immediately to the Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 3 only
left of each other. C is not a neighbor of G, and neither
(b) 1 and 2 only
C nor E sits opposite to H. F is facing the centre and is (c) 3 only
not sitting next to A or E. (d) None
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Passage-2 25. Which one of the following statements is the

You might wonder, how do you say no and not feel bad best inference that can be drawn from the
about it? To answer that, you must first understand why
people feel bad turning someone down. Saying no may passage?
feel aggressive, like you're rejecting the person. Most (a) Urban Designers primarily focus on the
people do not want to be an aggressor. There's a aesthetic aspects of city planning.
negative connotation to it. Or they may feel like the bad
guy or gal. They may feel they're letting the person (b) The future of urbanisation in India will
down and feel guilty. Or they may even feel they won't require enhanced role of Urban Designers
be liked or will be perceived as uncaring and unhelpful. in policies that extend beyond physical
As a result, people usually go the path of least potential
conflict and comply with others. infrastructure.
24. On the basis of the above passage, the (c) The role of Urban Designers in shaping
following assumptions have been made: public policies is secondary to their
1. Stand firm, and don't feel compelled to give
in just because the person whom you say involvement in physical construction.
no is uncomfortable. (d) Rapid urbanisation in India poses no
2. Saying no might be temporarily awkward, significant challenges for cultural
however, it might be useful in the long run
for both parties. preservation.
3. Merely saying no is not sufficient - how
you say no is also important. 26. Which of the following Venn Diagrams best
Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
(a) 1 and 3 only indicates the relation among Rice, Glass and
(b) 1 and 2 only Food?
(c) 3 only (a)
(d) 2 and 3 only
Passage-3
As India continues its rapid urbanisation journey, the
role of Urban Designers in shaping the future of cities
has never been more critical. Students of Urban Design
have the unique opportunity to contribute to public (b)
policies that go beyond physical structures to create
cities that are sustainable, inclusive, and culturally
vibrant. By actively engaging in advocacy for
sustainable urbanisation, community-centric policies,
and collaborative development initiatives, Urban (c)
Designers can be the driving force behind positive
urban transformations. As stewards of the urban realm,
Urban Designers have the power to shape cities that not
only function efficiently but also resonate with the (d)
diverse and dynamic identities of the people who
inhabit them.

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27. Let a, b, c and d be natural numbers such that 30. Consider the following statements:
a – 502 = b + 503 = c – 504 = d + 506 Statements: J > Y, Y ≥ D, I = R, L < J, D > I
Which of the following is correct if the given
Which one of the following is the largest
statements are true?
natural number?
(a) D > L
(a) d (b) Y > R
(b) c (c) J > l
(c) b (d) Y > I
(d) a
31. Out of the two rice bags if one can contain
maximum 50 kg rice and the other one cannot
28. In the equation 1ӝ5 + 12ӝ4 - 7ӝ + ӝ6ӝ - 9ӝ1 contain less than 30 kg and more than 80 kg
= 9ӝ8, the digit denoted by the symbol ӝ lies rice, then which of the following can be
in the range of: concluded:
(a) 7 ≤ ӝ ≤ 11.37 I. The minimum quantity of rice in both the
bags together can never be less than 30 kg.
(b) 5.5 ≤ ӝ ≤ 8.56
II. Both of the rice bags together can contain
(c) 4.6 ≤ ӝ ≤ 6.91 more than 130 kg.
(d) 6 ≤ ӝ ≤ 7.5 (a) Only l
(b) Only ll
29. Three statements are given followed by four (c) Both l and ll
(d) Neither l nor ll
conclusions:
Statements:
32. Three statements S1, S2 and S3 are given
Some wheat are corn. below followed by a Question:
Some corn are rice. S1: Pen P3 is lighter in shade than P4, but darker
All rice are chickpeas. than P1 and P2.
S2: Pen P4 is the darkest.
Conclusions:
S3: Pen P1 is darker than P2.
i. Some chickpeas are wheat.
Question: Which pen among P1, P2, P3 and P4 is
ii. Some chickpeas are corn. the lightest in shade?
iii. Some rice are wheat. Which one of the following is correct with
iv. All chickpeas are wheat. respect to the above statements and the
question?
Which of the above Conclusions logically
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
follow(s) from the two given Statements,
Question.
disregarding commonly known facts? (b) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
(a) Conclusion-ii the Question.
(b) Conclusion-iii (c) S2 and S3 together are sufficient to answer
(c) Neither Conclusion-iii nor Conclusion-iv the Question.
(d) S1 and S3 together are sufficient to answer
(d) Both Conclusion-iv and Conclusion-iii
the Question.

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Direction for the following 4 (four) items: Passage-2

Read the following four passages and answer the items Travelling, a timeless pursuit of the curious soul, has
been an intrinsic part of human existence since time
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
immemorial. Today, as technology breaks barriers and
should be based on the passages only.
the world become increasingly accessible, the allure of
Passage-1 travel remains stronger than ever. So, let us embark on
The social mechanisms of science do more than this thrilling adventure, exploring the vast tapestry of
cultures, landscapes, and experiences that our world has
validate what comes to be known as scientific
to offer. As Mark Twain aptly said, “Twenty years from
knowledge. They also help generate and sustain the
now, you will be more disappointed by the things you
body of experimental techniques, social conventions, didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the
and other ''methods" that scientists use in doing and bowlines, and sail away from the safe harbour. Catch
reporting research. Some of these methods are the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream.
Discover.”
permanent features of science; others evolve over time
34. How does the passage suggest individuals
or vary from discipline to discipline. Because they
should approach the opportunity for travel, and
reflect socially accepted standards in science, their what underlying philosophy supports this
application is a key element of responsible scientific approach?

practice. (a) Individuals should prioritise safety and

comfort, avoiding travel unless absolutely
33. What is the crux of the passage regarding the
necessary, to avoid the potential risks
role of social mechanisms in scientific practice? involved.
(a) Social mechanisms in science are primarily (b) The passage encourages individuals to
responsible for validating scientific embrace travel as a means of self-
fulfilment and adventure, guided by the
knowledge.
philosophy that the pursuit of new
(b) The methods used in scientific research are
experiences enriches one’s life and creates
fixed and do not change over time. lasting memories.
(c) Social mechanisms in science not only (c) The passage implies that travel should be

validate knowledge, but also play a crucial approached with caution, emphasising that
modern technology can substitute for the
role in developing and maintaining the
experience of exploring new cultures.
methods scientists use.
(d) According to the passage, individuals
(d) Scientific methods are universally should use travel primarily for commercial
consistent across all disciplines, reflecting or practical purposes, as personal
enrichment and exploration are secondary
the unchanging nature of scientific
considerations.
standards.

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Passage-3 Passage-4
What we know about children is that they are born with Plants are people too. However, they are often
tendencies to grow and master challenges, with a considered unintelligent and excluded from moral
natural motivation to learn. We know from research considerations. History reveals a tendency in Western
that movement and regular breaks (including time after thought to depict plants as inferior and merely
school, at weekends and during school holidays rather resources. Interestingly it is always humans evaluating
than filling this time with homework) support themselves as the superior organism! This portrayal of
processing, concentration and memory. Additionally, passive plants relates to a need to claim the natural
evidence shows that children learn best under certain world purely as a passive human ‘resource’ rather than
circumstances: when they have a personal interest in the as an equally valid locus of being. In contrast, other
subject, are engaged through fun and play, feel safe and cultures recognize plants as beings deserving of respect
not anxious, are comfortable in their environment, have and care. This view of plants stems largely from a sense
positive relationships and feel connected to others and of kinship – a pre-Darwinian appreciation of common
are intrinsically motivated by being given choice and ancestry, with all creatures recognised as coming from
autonomy. and returning to, the Earth.
35. Based on the above passage, the following 36. What is the implication of shifting from a
inferences have been made. perspective of exclusion to inclusion regarding
1. A one size fits all approach can be plants, as discussed in the passage?
counterproductive for the healthy (a) It implies that plants should be viewed
development of children. solely as resources, but with increased
2. A learning environment that prioritises acknowledgement of their role in
constant challenges and little playtime is ecosystems.
most effective for children. (b) It indicates that plants are recognized
3. Children should be given minimal time for primarily for their economic benefits,
breaks and physical activity to focus solely leading to a more balanced consideration of
on academic tasks. their ecological roles.
4. Children should strictly follow the (c) It reflects a growing trend to see plants as
guidelines of teachers in school to instil a secondary to human needs, while still
sense of discipline in them. incorporating some level of ethical
Which of the above inferences is/are valid? consideration.
(a) 1 only (d) It suggests that plants should be respected
(b) 1 and 2 only as entities with intrinsic value, which may
(c) 3 and 4 only lead to more ethical and holistic approaches
(d) All 1, 2, 3 and 4 to their management.

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37. Consider the following Venn diagram carefully. 39. Which of the following symbols should be
There are some baskets and two different placed in the blank spaces (in the same order
colours. from left to right) to complete the expression.
It’s known that P ≤ Q and Y > T are true.
P = Z __ Q ≥ X > Y = V __ T
(a) <, >
(b) >, >
(c) ≤, >
(d) >, ≤

How many baskets are neither of red colour nor

40. V, W, X, Y, and Z are standing in a straight
of orange colour?
line facing the north. Z is on the immediate
(a) 18
right of Y. V is between Z and W. If Y and X
(b) 20
are at the ends, which of the following is
(c) 5
(d) None of these second to the left of X?
(a) Z
38. Three Statements followed by two Conclusions (b) V
are given below. You have to take the (c) W
Statements to be true even if they seem to be at (d) Y
variance from the commonly known facts.
Read all the Conclusions and then decide
Direction for the following 2 (two) items.
which of the given Conclusions logically
Study the following information carefully and answer
follows/follow the Statements, disregarding the
commonly known facts: the questions that follow.

Statement-1 : Some garages are farms. Seven friends—A, B, C, D, E, F, and G—are seated in
Statement-2 : No farms are buildings. a row, all facing north, and each has a different amount
Statement-3 : Some properties are garages. of money. F sits second to the right of C, who is seated
Conclusion-I : No property is a farm. third from one of the ends. The person with Rs. 75 sits
Conclusion-II : Some properties could be third to the right of D but is not adjacent to F. G has
buildings.
double the amount that B has. B has Rs. 20, and G sits
Which one of the following is correct?
to the left of B. B is not a neighbor of C. E has Rs. 75
(a) Only Conclusion-I
and does not sit to the left of F. The person with Rs. 5
(b) Only Conclusion-II
(c) Either Conclusion-I or Conclusion-II sits at the left end. D has one-fourth of the amount that

(d) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II C has, and C has three times the amount of B.

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41. Who among the following has the maximum Passage-1

amount of money? The elusive nature of privacy, coupled with the rapid

(a) A evolution of digital technologies, has created a complex

(b) C legal landscape. The advent of the internet has

facilitated a proliferation of online activities that can
(c) E
pose significant threats to individual privacy.
(d) Cannot be determined
Traditional legal frameworks, while once effective, are
ill-equipped to address the challenges posed by the
42. If F has Rs. 25 more than A, then which of the
digital age. The accelerating pace of technological
following is the amount that F has?
advancements outstrips the capacity of legislative and
(a) Rs. 85
regulatory bodies to keep pace, rendering even the most
(b) Rs. 65
ambitious attempts at regulation futile. The stateless
(c) Rs. 30 nature of the internet further complicates the task of
(d) Rs. 45 governing cyberspace.
44. According to the passage, what are the primary
43. Some boys are sitting on chairs in a line. In the challenges in regulating privacy in the digital
line Naveen’s position is 26th from the front and age?

Raju’s position is 38th from the back. Chandan (a) Traditional legal frameworks are overly

is behind both Naveen and Raju - at 11th stringent, making them ineffective in

position from Naveen and at 3rd position from addressing new privacy threats posed by
digital technologies.
Raju. What must be the total number of chairs
(b) The rapid evolution of digital technologies
in the line?
and the stateless nature of the internet
(a) 71
create difficulties for existing legal systems
(b) 72
to regulate privacy effectively.
(c) 64
(c) The stateless nature of the internet allows
(d) Cannot be determined as data is insufficient
for easier privacy regulation as it simplifies
the legal landscape.
Direction for the following 4 (four) items: (d) Technological advancements are slow and
Read the following four passages and answer the items manageable, allowing traditional legal
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items frameworks to adequately address new
should be based on the passages only. privacy challenges.

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Passage-2 46. Which one of the following statements best

Biotechnology is revolutionary for agriculture and the reflects the central idea of the passage given
food system because it places control over food
above?
production in the genes. Food production, of course,
has always been empowered by genes, but we haven't (a) Private schools are inherently superior to
been able to see them, precisely select them, or move public schools in terms of educational
them across traditional species barriers. Now we can.
quality.
Some nutritionists fear that such tampering with the
genes might cause a great fluctuation in nutrient levels (b) The economic benefits of attending private
in commercial cultivars and create a kind of nutritional schools are primarily due to higher
havoc within the national food system. Do we really
educational qualifications.
know what is happening to the nutritional integrity of
food crops that are being altered for other purposes? (c) The relationship between private schooling,
45. Based on the above passage, the following earnings potential, and social inequality is
implications have been made: complex and multifaceted.
1. The use of biotechnology in the food
(d) Private schools should be abolished in
system is harmful - it should never be used
in enhancing the nutritional quality of food. favour of a universal public education
2. There is a need for stringent regulation and system.
testing in the field of biotechnology for
Passage-4
agricultural food systems.
Which of the implications given above is/are Urban centres worldwide grapple with multifaceted
correct? economic, social, and environmental challenges,
(a) 1 only
exacerbated by rapid population growth and urban
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 sprawl. These pressures strain natural resources.
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Traditional linear approaches to urban water
Passage-3
management often prioritise technical solutions over
There is significant evidence showing that attending
private schools is associated with higher earnings, even efficiency, recycling, and environmental protection.
after accounting for educational qualifications achieved. India's urban water crisis stems primarily from
If these effects were driven by higher skills generated mismanagement, despite ample rainfall. Water supply
by private schooling, then effectively encouraging more
struggles to keep pace with demand. To address this, a
pupils to move from the private to the state sector could
generate significant negative economic returns over the shift towards demand-side management is imperative.
long run. However, most of the current evidence Sustainable water development necessitates a balanced
suggests that higher returns to private schooling are
approach that considers competing demands across
likely to be driven by network and sorting effects. In
this case, reducing private school attendance could lead urban and rural areas, socioeconomic strata, and
to lower lifetime inequalities between pupils attending economic growth. Land-use changes, such as
different types of schools. This is strongly connected to
encroachment on natural areas, contribute to
the extent to which private schooling generates positive
or negative spillovers. groundwater depletion and saltwater intrusion.

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47. Based on the passage, which of the following 50. Let a, b, c and d be natural numbers such that
inferences best reflects the key challenges in a-1=b+2=c–3=d+4
managing urban water resources?
Which one of the following is the largest
(a) The urban water crisis in India is primarily
a result of insufficient technical solutions number?

and poor infrastructure development. (a) a

(b) Rapid urbanisation and population growth, (b) b
combined with inadequate management
(c) c
practices, are the primary drivers of India's
urban water crisis. (d) d

(c) Increasing rainfall variability is the main

factor contributing to water scarcity in 51. Two Statements followed by two Conclusions
Indian urban centres, necessitating
are given below. You have to take the
improved water management practices.
(d) Improving water quality in urban centres Statements to be true even if they seem to be at

will resolve the issues of groundwater variance from the commonly known facts.
depletion and saltwater intrusion. Read all the Conclusions and then decide which

of the given Conclusions logically

48. Consider the following equation:
© + 2© + 4©© + ©© + ©6 = ©30 follows/follow the Statements, disregarding the

For which digit does the symbol © stand for? commonly known facts:
(a) 6
Statement-1: All plants are trees.
(b) 3
Statement-2: Some trees are grass.
(c) 2
(d) 1 Conclusion-I: All grass being plants is a

possibility.
49. Let P6KG and V6X be four digit and three digit
Conclusion-II: All trees being grass is a
numbers respectively, where each letter
possibility.
represents a different digit greater than 4. If the
difference between the numbers is 7711, then Which one of the following is correct?

what is the value of the summation of G and X? (a) Only Conclusion-I

(a) 11
(b) Either Conclusion-I or Conclusion-II
(b) 16
(c) Only Conclusion-II
(c) 15
(d) 14 (d) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II

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52. A Statement is given followed by two 54. What is the position of P with respect to Q?
Conclusions numbered I and II. (a) Second to the right
Statement: G = U ≤ X < O, E < X ≥ R < (b) Second to the left
Y, B < J ≥ O = T (c) Immediate left
Conclusion-I : R < T (d) Third to the right

Conclusion-II : J > G
Direction for the following 2 (two) items:
Which one of the following is correct in respect
Read the following two passages and answer the items
of the above Statement and the Conclusions?
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items
(a) Only Conclusion-I follows from the
should be based on the passages only.
Statement. Passage-1
(b) Only Conclusion-II follows from the Science recognizes no political frontiers and accepts as
Statement. her servants those in all countries who are engaged in
(c) Either Conclusion-I or conclusion-II the search for truth and who are working to increase
follows from the Statement. mankind's knowledge of natural phenomena. Possibly
(d) Both Conclusion-I and conclusion-II follow we ask too much of science and apply new methods in
from the Statement. fields where they have only a limited application. The
man of science approaches all problems with one
Direction for the following 2 (two) items. purpose to discover truth. The quest is dispassionate,
and though a utilitarian purpose or a commercial motive
Study the following information carefully and answer
might inspire the research, that does not affect the
the questions that follow.
scientific approach to the problem which characterises
Eight friends—J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q—are seated
the scientific worker. Nearly all the contributions of
in a row, but not necessarily in the same order. Some
science to our comfort and welfare can be traced to the
are facing north, and some are facing south. Two quest for knowledge for its own sake.
people sit between K and L. One person sits between O 55. Which one of the following statements best
and M, and both face the same direction. Both reflects the central idea of the passage given
neighbours of K face the same direction. No more than above?
two consecutive people are facing the same direction. J (a) Science should only be applied in fields
is not facing north. N sits fifth to the left of M. K is an where its methods have unlimited
immediate neighbour of P. Three people sit to the right application.
of Q. K and L face opposite directions. Only one person (b) Scientific research driven by commercial
sits between Q and O. motives cannot contribute to the welfare of
mankind.
53. Who is the immediate neighbor of both L and
(c) The pursuit of truth in science is universal
J?
and objective, transcending political
(a) Q
boundaries and personal motives.
(b) M
(d) The contributions of science to human
(c) O comfort are primarily due to its commercial
(d) N applications.

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Passage-2 57. Consider the following statements and

A plant geneticist produced orange juice from test-tube conclusions:

cultures of orange cells. The juice-sac cells from Statements:

oranges are surgically removed from mature fruit and 1. Golf is a gentleman’s game.
2. Tiger Woods is a gentleman.
placed in a tissue culture medium, where they remain
Conclusions:
alive for as long as 8 months, approaching the size of
1. Tiger Woods is a golfer.
cells found in tree-ripened fruit. The juice that has been
2. Everyone who plays golf is a gentleman.
extracted from the orange cells in this cell-culture
3. Mohan plays volleyball, so he is not a
system is “chemically similar to what is squeezed from
gentleman.
tree-grown fruit”. In addition to these citrus cultures, What is/are valid conclusion(s)?
there are also thousands of miniature spinach, carrot, (a) Both 1 and 2
and other crops being grown in test tubes in his (b) Only 2
laboratory. The tissue culture work has attracted the (c) Both 2 and 3
attention of the citrus industry as well. (d) All 1, 2 and 3

56. Based on the passage, which of the following

statements most logically and practically 58. Read the given question and decide which of
the following statement(s) is/are sufficient to
suggests the potential application of the tissue
answer the question.
culture method described?
Statements:
(a) Tissue culture methods can be universally
I. Population of Mizoram is more than that of
applied to enhance the growth and quality
Sikkim but not more than that of Goa.
of all fruits and vegetables.
II. Population of Arunachal Pradesh is more
(b) The method has already revolutionised than that of Mizoram but less than that of
global agriculture, making traditional Nagaland.
farming practices obsolete. III. Population of Goa is not more than that of
(c) This method is likely to attract significant Nagaland.
interest from the agricultural industry for Population of which of these state is the least?

its ability to replicate the natural growth (a) Statements I and II together are sufficient.

process in a controlled environment. (b) Any two statements together are sufficient.
(c) Either statements I and II together or
(d) The primary focus of tissue culture
statement III alone is sufficient.
research should be on citrus fruits due to
(d) All the statements I, II and III together are
their economic importance and potential for
sufficient.
improved cultivation techniques.

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59. Eight people are seated in a row, all facing 61. Consider the following sequence:
north. There are three people between Mohit EADGUIHEUOFCAEHFCHEOB
and Vikas. Yash is seated immediately to the DCDIF
left of Vikas. Three people are between Tarun How many vowels are followed by a vowel in
and Gaurav. Mohit is the only person sitting the above sequence?
next to Kumar. Three people are between Imran (a) 5

and Ranjeet, who is not an immediate neighbor (b) 6

(c) 7
of Tarun. Gaurav is seated second to the right
(d) 8
of Vikas. If no one is seated to the left of
Kumar, who is sitting second to the right of
Direction for the following 2 (two) items.
Yash?
Study the following information carefully and answer
(a) Gaurav
the questions that follow.
(b) Tarun
I. 'A % B' means 'A is not smaller than B'.
(c) Ranjeet
II. 'A ^ B' means 'A is neither greater than nor smaller
(d) Mohit than B'.
III. 'A + B' means 'A is neither smaller than nor equal
60. Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below to B'.
with regard to, two members Radhika and IV. 'A } B' means 'A is not greater than B'.
Shyam followed by a Question: V. 'A # B' means 'A is neither greater than nor equal to
S1 : In a row of 35 students, Radhika is sitting B'.
th
17 from right end of the row and Shyam is 62. Consider the following Statement and the
sitting 25th from left end of the row. Conclusions.
th
S2 : Radhika is 7 from right end and Shyam is Statement: M # N ^ O % P, O } Q ^ R, N
11th from left end. %S
Question: What is Radhika’s position with Conclusion-I : S } P
respect to Shyam? Conclusion-II : Q + P
Which one of the following is correct in respect Conclusion-III : M # Q
Conclusion-IV : R % P
of the above Statements and the Question?
Which one of the following is correct in respect
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
of the above Statement and the Conclusions?
Question.
(a) Only Conclusion-II follows from the
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
Statement.
Question.
(b) Only Conclusion-III follows from the
(c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
Statement.
the Question, but neither S1 alone nor S2
(c) Both Conclusion-I and Conclusion-IV
alone is sufficient to answer the question. follow from the Statement.
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to (d) Both Conclusion-III and Conclusion-IV
answer the Question. follow from the Statement.

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63. Consider the following Statement and the 64. Which of the following statements best reflects
Conclusions. the logical inference from the passage given
Statement: R } T % G, T ^ F + D, F#N above?
Conclusion-I : G } F (a) Social media platforms have made it easier
Conclusion-II : N + D for people to connect globally, reducing the
Conclusion-III : D # T
spread of misinformation.
Conclusion-IV : R # N
(b) Traditional methods of combating
Which one of the following is correct in respect
misinformation, such as education, have
of the above Statement and the Conclusions?
become more effective in the digital age.
(a) Only Conclusion-I follows from the
(c) The spread of misinformation is primarily a
Statement.
result of inadequate technological
(b) Only Conclusion-III follows from the
Statement. advancements.

(c) Only Conclusion-I and Conclusion-II (d) Misinformation has always been a
follow from the Statement. challenge, but its impact is now more
(d) All the conclusions follow from the dangerous due to the global reach of digital
Statement. platforms.

Direction for the following 3 (three) items: 65. Based on the above passage, the following
Read the following two passages and answer the items assumptions have been made.
that follow the passages. Your answers to these items 1. The historical prevalence of
should be based on the passages only. misinformation suggests that it is an
Passage-1
unavoidable aspect of human society,
From the Roman Empire's coin-based propaganda to
making modern efforts to combat it,
the Nazi regime's exploitation of mass media,
ultimately ineffective.
misinformation has consistently shaped history. In the
2. While social media platforms have
contemporary digital age, its reach and impact have
attempted to mitigate misinformation, their
expanded exponentially. Social media platforms, while
efforts have largely focused on
connecting people globally, can also create echo
chambers that reinforce existing biases and limit technological solutions that fail to address

exposure to diverse perspectives. Despite technological underlying cognitive biases.

advancements, traditional methods of combating Which of the assumptions given above is/are
misinformation, such as education and correction, have correct?
proven inadequate. To effectively address this (a) 1 only
pervasive issue, a multi-faceted approach is necessary, (b) 2 only
encompassing critical thinking, media literacy, and the (c) Both 1 and 2
development of robust fact-checking mechanisms. (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Passage-2 68. Two Statements S1 and S2 are given below

Land ecosystems currently play a key role in mitigating with regard to circular sitting of six friends A,
climate change. The more carbon dioxide (CO2) plants
B, C, D, E and F followed by a Question:
and trees absorb during photosynthesis, the process they
use to make food, the less CO2 remains trapped in the S1: C stands second to the right of E. E faces
atmosphere, where it can cause temperatures to rise. outside. C is an immediate neighbor of both D
But scientists have identified an unsettling trend – as
and B. F stands second to the left of D. D faces
levels of CO2 in the atmosphere increase, 86% of land
ecosystems globally are becoming progressively less the same direction as E.
efficient at absorbing it. S2: Only two friends stand between B and E.
66. With reference to the above passage, which of
Both B and E face inside. E is an immediate
the following could be the most rational and
practical implications for India? neighbor of both D and F. B is an immediate
(a) Extensive afforestation must be initiated in neighbor of both C and A. A is not an
dry lands to reduce global warming. immediate neighbor of D.
(b) Deserted land ecosystems can be
Question:
effectively utilized for carbon
sequestration. What is A’s position with respect to D?
(c) Rising temperatures can have a deleterious Which one of the following is correct in respect
impact on food security.
of the above Statements and the Question?
(d) The ability of land ecosystems to trap
excessive carbon is unlimited. (a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
Question.
67. Three Statements S1, S2 and S3 are given (b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
below followed by a Question:
Question.
S1: Q is to the immediate left of T.
S2: T is third to the right of W. (c) S1 alone or S2 alone is sufficient to answer
S3: R is a neighbor of T. the question.
Question: If Q, W, E, R and T are sitting in a
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to
row facing south, then who is to the immediate
left of Q? answer the Question.
Which one of the following is correct in respect
of the above Statements and the Question?
69. In the sum
(a) S1, S2 and S3 all together are sufficient to
answer the Question. @3 + 2@@+ @1 + @ + @@ = 3@@
(b) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer Which digit does the symbol stand for?
the Question. (a) 5
(c) S2 and S3 together are sufficient to answer
(b) 4
the Question.
(d) S1 and S3 together are sufficient to answer (c) 3
the Question. (d) 6

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70. AB7C and D2EF are two different four-digit 73. Four Statements are given below followed by
numbers where each letter represents a different three Conclusions:
Statements:
digit less than 8 but greater than 0. If the sum of
No grass is green.
the two numbers is 5840, then what is the sum
Some green is water.
of the values of E and B? All water is gas.
(a) 11 Only gas is life.
(b) 12 Conclusions:

(c) 13 I. Some grass being life is a possibility.

II. Some water is not grass.
(d) 14
III. Some gas is green.
Which of the above conclusions logically
71. If 1 foot measures 30 cm approximately, then follows/follow from the four given statements,
how many square centimeters are there in 1000 disregarding commonly known facts?
square feet land? (a) All conclusions I, II and III follow.

(a) 9 × 106 (b) Only conclusion III follows.

(c) Only conclusion I follows.
(b) 9 × 105
(d) Both conclusions I and II follow.
(c) 3 × 105
(d) 3 × 106 74. Two statements S1 and S2 are given below
followed by a Question:
72. Study the following alphabetical sequence and S1: Rahul is second to the left of Manoj and
second to the right of Vikas.
answer the questions following it.
S2: Jatin is not an immediate neighbor of
XYYZSTRTHYZXRTZYYXZXQ
Manoj.
YGLJK Question: What is the position of Teetu with
If the position of the 1st and the 14th alphabet, respect to Vikas, if it’s given that Teetu, Vikas,
the 2nd and the 15th alphabet, and so on up to Rahul, Jatin and Manoj are sitting around a

the 13th and the 26th alphabet, are circular table, facing the center?
(a) S1 alone is sufficient to answer the
interchanged, then which alphabet will be 9th to
Question.
the right of the 12th alphabet from the right
(b) S2 alone is sufficient to answer the
end? Question.
(a) X (c) S1 and S2 together are sufficient to answer
(b) Z the Question.
(d) S1 and S2 together are not sufficient to
(c) G
answer the Question.
(d) Y

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Direction for the following 2 (two) items: 77. A Venn diagram is given below representing
Read the following one passage and answer the items people who order different food items online.
that follow the passage. Your answers to these items Circle 1 represents people who order Fries,
should be based on the passage only. Circle 2 represents people who order Pizzas,
Passage Circle 3 represents people who order
We are no longer owners and workers, in short; we are, Sandwiches, and Circle 4 represents people
instead, voracious and mostly quite happy producers who order Burgers.
and consumers of images. Nowadays, the images are
mostly of ourselves, circulated in an endless frenzy of
narcissistic exhibitionism and equally narcissistic
voyeurism: my looking at your online images and
personal details, consuming them, is somehow still
about me.
75. According to the passage, the main focus of
people today is primarily driven by:
(a) A desire for personal validation and social
acceptance.
(b) A longing for connection and human
interaction. A delivery boy went to a restaurant to fetch an
(c) A fear of missing out on important societal order which contains both Pizzas and Fries, but
trends. not Burgers. What represents that order?
(d) A need for self-expression and creative (a) f
fulfilment. (b) f + g
(c) g + h + i
76. Which one of the following statements best (d) f + g + d
reflects the corollary to the passage given
above in a professional environment?
78. Study the following information carefully and
(a) Professionals collaborate on open-source
answer the question that follows:
projects and contribute to communal
A certain number of persons are sitting in a row
knowledge repositories to foster collective
facing north. M sits fourth to the right of A.
expertise and innovation.
(b) Managers prioritise team-building activities Only two persons sit between M and K. K sits
and personal development programs to sixth to the left of D. S sits eighth to the left of
enhance employee satisfaction and foster a D. A is second from one of the ends of the row.
supportive work environment. F sits just between J and D. J is not an
(c) Companies invest in developing cutting- immediate neighbor of M. Less than 12 persons
edge technology to streamline operations are sitting in the row.
and improve efficiency across various If ‘B’ sits fourth from the right end, then how
departments. many persons sit between K and B in the row?
(d) Employees engage in extensive networking (a) 2
and sharing of personal achievements on (b) 3
professional social media platforms, aiming (c) 4
to gain recognition and advance their (d) 5
careers.
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79. Five friends A, B, C, D, and E are sitting

around a circular table. All are facing towards
the center. E is to the immediate right of B and
is second to the right of D. A is not to the
immediate right of E. Who is sitting second to
the left of A?
(a) E
(b) B
(c) D
(d) C

80. Consider the following sequence of numbers

and alphabets:
1 4 E 7 5 O 2 Q 6 4 R 8 U1 6 G 8 I 5 7 N 4 B 3
6E2A5981W422V38O17
How many odd numbers are followed by an
odd number and preceded by a vowel in the
above sequence?
(a) 5
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2

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