Aviation Meteorology Syllabus

For
DGCA exams

1. The Atmosphere

1.1 Composition, Extent, and Vertical Division

- Temperature:

- Vertical distribution of temperature

- Transfer of heat: solar and terrestrial radiation, conduction, convection, advection, and
turbulence

- Lapse rate, stability, and instability

- Development of inversions and their types

- Temperature near the earth's surface, surface effects, diurnal variation, effect of clouds,
and wind

- Atmospheric Pressure

- Barometric pressure and isobars

- Pressure variation with height and contours (isohypses)

- Reduction of pressure to mean sea level, QFF

- Surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high

- Atmospheric Density:
 - Interrelationship of pressure, temperature, and density

- International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)

- Altimetry:

- Pressure altitude and true altitude

- Height, altitude, and flight level

- Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa

- Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography

1.2 Wind
- Definition and Measurement

- Primary Cause of Wind:

- Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient, Coriolis force, gradient wind

- Relationship between isobars and wind

- General Circulation:

- General circulation around the globe

- Turbulence:

- Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence, origin, and location

- Variation of Wind with Height:

- Variation of wind in the friction layer

- Local Winds:

- Anabatic and katabatic winds, land and sea breezes, Venturi effects

- Standing Waves:

- Origin of standing waves

1.3 Thermodynamics

- Humidity:

- Water vapour in the atmosphere

- Temperature/dew point, mixing ratio, relative humidity

1.4 Clouds and Fog

- Cloud Formation and Description:

- Cloud types and classification

- Influence of inversions on cloud development

- Fog, Mist, Haze:

- Radiation fog, advection fog, steaming fog, frontal fog, orographic fog

1.5 Precipitation

- Development of Precipitation:

- Types of precipitation and their relationship with cloud types

1.6 Airmasses and Fronts

- Types of Airmasses:

- Description, factors affecting properties, classification, modifications, areas of origin

- Fronts:

- Boundaries between airmasses (fronts), general situation, geographic differentiation

- Warm front, cold front, associated clouds and weather

- Warm sector, weather behind the cold front

- Occlusions, stationary front, associated clouds and weather

- Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle

1.7 Pressure Systems

-Principal Pressure Areas

- Anticyclones:

- Types, general properties, cold and warm anticyclones, ridges and wedges, subsidence

- Non-Frontal Depressions:

- Thermal, orographic, and secondary depressions, cold air pools, troughs

- Tropical Revolving Storms

1.8 Climatology
- Typical Weather Situations in Mid-Latitudes:

- Westerly waves, high-pressure areas, uniform pressure patterns

- Local Seasonal Weather and Wind:

- SE & NE Monsoon, Pre-Monsoon, Northwesters, Kalbaisakhi

- Western Disturbance

1.9 Flight Hazards

- Icing:

- Weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical effects

- Turbulence:

- Effects on flight, avoidance

- Windshear:

- Definition, weather conditions, effects on flight

- Thunderstorms:

- Structure, squall lines, life history, storm cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static
charges

- Conditions for development, forecast, location, type specification

 - Avoidance, ground/airborne radar, storm scope

- Development and effect of downbursts, lightning discharge, and its impact on aircraft

- Low and High-Level Inversions:

- Influence on aircraft performance

- Hazards in Mountainous Areas:

- Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal passage

- Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, ice accretion

- Development and effect of valley inversions

- Visibility Reducing Phenomena:

- Mist, smoke, dust, sand, precipitation, low drifting and blowing snow

1.10 Meteorological Information

- observation:

- Surface wind, visibility, runway visual range, transmissometers

- Clouds: type, amount, height of base and tops, movement

- Weather: precipitation, air temperature, relative humidity, dew point, atmospheric

pressure

- Aircraft observations and reporting, data link systems, PIREPS

- Weather Charts:

- Significant weather charts, surface charts, upper air charts

- Symbols and signs on analyzed and prognostic charts

- Information for Flight Planning:

- Aeronautical codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET, SNOWTAM, runway report

- Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS, HF VOLMET, ACARS

- Pre-flight meteorological documents, briefing and advice

- Measuring and warning systems for low-level windshear, inversion

- Special meteorological warnings

This document has been prepared in accordance with the Civil
Aviation Requirement (CAR) Section 7, Series ‘B’, Part IV, as well
as Section J of Schedule II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937. These
sections stipulate, among other requirements, that applicants
must pass a written examination based on the syllabus
prescribed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
for the issuance of a Commercial Pilot’s License (CPL). Section
‘O’ of Schedule II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, outlines similar
requirements for the issuance of an Instrument Rating (IR) for
airplanes. This part of the CAR details the main topics of the
syllabus for the written examinations required for both the CPL
and IR, in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II. The
syllabus topics are in conformity with the knowledge
requirements prescribed in ICAO Annex 1. This CAR is issued
under the provisions of Schedule II and Rule 133A of the Aircraft
Rules, 1937.

Please note that special care has been

taken to eliminate errors in this document.
However, this is not an official document,
and the author will not be responsible for
any loss, marks, time, or misuse of the
same.
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