Practical – 01
Aim : To study windows.
What is Windows ?
Windows is a graphical operating system developed by Microsoft. It allows users to view and
store files, run the software, play games, watch videos, and provides a way to connect to the
internet. It was released for both home computing and professional works. Microsoft
introduced the first version as 1.0It was released for both home computing and professional
functions of Windows on 10 November 1983. Later, it was released on many versions of
Windows as well as the current version, Windows 10.
History of Windows
Windows is a series of graphical operating systems developed by Microsoft, first introduced
in 1985 as a graphical user interface (GUI) for MS-DOS. The first version, Windows 1.0,
offered basic features with overlapping windows and simple applications. Windows 3.0,
released in 1990, marked a major success, introducing virtual memory and a more user-
friendly interface. In 1995, Windows 95 revolutionized the OS with the iconic Start menu,
taskbar, and better multitasking, becoming a commercial hit. Windows XP, launched in 2001,
became one of the most popular versions due to its stability and simplicity, lasting for over a
decade. Despite mixed reviews for performance issues, Windows Vista (2007) introduced
advanced security features and a new interface. Windows 7, released in 2009, was widely
praised for its performance and user-friendliness, becoming a favorite among users. In 2012,
Windows 8 shifted toward a touch-friendly design with a new Start screen and live tiles,
though it faced criticism from traditional desktop users. Windows 10, released in 2015,
returned to the familiar Start menu while focusing on a unified experience across devices,
introducing features like Cortana. Finally, Windows 11, launched in 2021, brought a sleek
redesign with a centered taskbar, improved support for gaming, and hybrid work
environments, further refining the user experience. Over the years, Windows has become the
most widely used desktop operating system, evolving to meet the needs of a diverse global
user base.
Version of Windows OS
Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0, released in 1985, was Microsoft's first attempt at a graphical user interface
(GUI) running on top of MS-DOS. It introduced basic features like tiled windows (which
couldn’t overlap), simple applications like a calculator and paint program, and a file manager.
While it was innovative for its time, Windows 1.0 had limited success due to its
underdeveloped functionality, reliance on MS-DOS, and the lack of powerful hardware to
fully support it. Nonetheless, it marked the beginning of what would eventually become the
dominant operating system for personal computers.
Windows 2.0
Windows 2.0, released in December 1987, was the second version of Microsoft's
graphical user interface (GUI) operating system. Unlike its predecessor, Windows 2.0
introduced the ability for windows to overlap, offering a more flexible and intuitive user
experience. It also added keyboard shortcuts and improved memory
management, allowing for better multitasking. This version included more advanced
applications, such as Windows Write and Windows Paint, and supported enhanced
graphics with better resolution.
Windows 3.0
It was released in 1990, Windows 3.0 was a major milestone for Microsoft, offering
improved performance, better graphics, and multitasking capabilities. It introduced a
more user-friendly interface with better memory management and support for virtual
memory, which allowed users to run more applications simultaneously. Windows 3.0 also
brought the Program Manager and File Manager, streamlining task organization. This
version was a commercial success and played a key role in establishing Windows as a
dominant operating system.
Windows 3.1
Windows 3.1 is a major release of Microsoft Windows. It was released to
manufacturing on April 6, 1992, as a successor to Windows 3.0. Like its predecessors, the
Windows 3.1 series run as a shell on top of MS-DOS; it was the last Windows 16-
bit operating environment as all future versions of Windows had moved to 32-bit.
Windows 95
Windows 95 was designed to be maximally compatible with existing MS-DOS and 16-bit
Windows programs and device drivers while offering a more stable and better performing
system. The Windows 95 architecture is an evolution of Windows for Workgroups' 386
enhanced mode.
Architecture of Windows
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL): HAL isolates hardware specifics,
enabling Windows to interact with various hardware types uniformly and
efficiently.
Kernel Functions: The kernel manages system resources, orchestrating memory,
processes, and hardware communication for operational efficiency.
User Mode Components: User mode consists of System Services and Environment
Subsystems, facilitating user applications' execution and interaction.
Key Features of Windows
User-Friendly Interface: Cultivates intuitive experience, allowing users to
navigate and interact with system functionalities.
Integrated Security Features: Offers robust security measures, including firewalls,
malware protection, and user access controls to safeguard data.
Advanced Networking Support: Facilitates network connectivity, enabling
resource sharing and communication across diverse systems and devices
Understanding the Start Menu
Centralized Access Point: The Start Menu serves as a centralized hub to
streamline access across applications, tools, and settings.
Frequently Used Applications: Displays a list of frequently used apps,
optimizing user workflow and enhancing accessibility for efficient tasking.
Search Functionality: Incorporates search functions that allow quick location
of files and applications, boosting productivity significantly.
Control Panel Overview
System and Security: Provides tools for system management, including
Windows Defender and backup functionalities to enhance security.
Hardware and Sound: Allows users to manage device settings, audio
configurations, and troubleshoot hardware issues effectively.
Ease of Access: Offers accessibility features such as screen magnifier and
narrator, promoting inclusivity for all users.
Advantages of Windows Operating System
User-Friendly Nature: Windows OS is designed to enhance usability, offering a
familiar interface for users of all levels.
Comprehensive Application Support: A wide range of supported applications
makes Windows suitable for business, gaming, and personal use cases.
Gaming Performance: Optimized drivers and extensive game support position
Windows as the platform of choice for gamers worldwide
Disadvantages of Windows Operating System
High License Costs: The financial burden of Windows licensing may deter
cost-sensitive users from adopting the platform easily.
Security Vulnerabilities: Windows OS remains susceptible to malware and
exploits, posing significant risks concerning user data safety.
Closed-Source Model: The proprietary nature limits customization and
transparency, complicating security assessments and user modifications.
