PANDAS_DATAFRAME
A DataFrame is a two-dimensional data
structure, i.e., data is aligned in a tabular fashion in
rows and columns.
Features of DataFrame
• Potentially columns are of different types
• Size – Mutable
• Labelled axes (rows and columns)
• Can Perform Arithmetic operations on rows and columns
Structure
Let us assume that we are creating a data frame with student’s data.
pandas.DataFrame
A pandas DataFrame can be created using the following constructor −
pandas.DataFrame( data, index, columns, dtype, copy)
The parameters of the constructor are as follows −
Sr.No Parameter & Description
1 data
data takes various forms like ndarray, series, map, lists, dict,
constants and also another DataFrame.
2 index
For the row labels, the Index to be used for the resulting frame is
Optional Default np.arange(n) if no index is passed.
3 columns
For column labels, the optional default syntax is - np.arange(n).
This is only true if no index is passed.
4 dtype
Data type of each column.
5 copy
This command (or whatever it is) is used for copying of data, if the
default is False.
Create DataFrame
A pandas DataFrame can be created using various inputs like −
• Lists
• dict
• Series
• Numpy ndarrays
• Another DataFrame
In the subsequent sections of this chapter, we will see how to create a
DataFrame using these inputs.
Create an Empty DataFrame
A basic DataFrame, which can be created is an Empty Dataframe.
Example
Live Demo
#import the pandas library and aliasing as pd
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame()
print df
Its output is as follows −
Empty DataFrame
Columns: []
Index: []
Create a DataFrame from Lists
The DataFrame can be created using a single list or a list of lists.
Example 1
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [1,2,3,4,5]
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print df
Its output is as follows −
0
0 1
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 5
Example 2
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [['Alka',10],['Sonia',12],['Charu',13]]
df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=['Name','Age'])
print df
Its output is as follows −
Name Age
0 Alka 10
1 Sonia 12
2 Charu 13
Example 3
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [['Alex',10],['Bob',12],['Clarke',13]]
df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=['Name','Age'],dtype=float)
print df
Its output is as follows −
Name Age
0 Alex 10.0
1 Bob 12.0
2 Clarke 13.0
Note − Observe, the dtype parameter changes the type of Age column
to floating point.
Create a DataFrame from Dict of ndarrays / Lists
All the ndarrays must be of same length. If index is passed, then the
length of the index should equal to the length of the arrays.
If no index is passed, then by default, index will be range(n),
where n is the array length.
Example 1
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = {'Name':['Tom', 'Jack', 'Steve', 'Ricky'],'Age':[28,34,29,42]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print df
Its output is as follows −
Age Name
0 28 Tom
1 34 Jack
2 29 Steve
3 42 Ricky
Note − Observe the values 0,1,2,3. They are the default index assigned to each
using the function range(n).
Example 2
Let us now create an indexed DataFrame using arrays.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = {'Name':['Tom', 'Jack', 'Steve', 'Ricky'],'Age':[28,34,29,42]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['rank1','rank2','rank3','rank4'])
print df
Its output is as follows −
Age Name
rank1 28 Tom
rank2 34 Jack
rank3 29 Steve
rank4 42 Ricky
Note − Observe, the index parameter assigns an index to each row.
Example 3:
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = {'Name':['Tom', 'Jack', 'Steve', 'Ricky'],'Age':[28,34,29,42]}
df = pd.DataFrame(data,columns=['Name','Age'])
print df
Its output is as follows −
Name Age
0 Tom 28
1 Jack 34
2 Steve 29
3 Ricky 42
Create a DataFrame from List of Dicts
List of Dictionaries can be passed as input data to create a DataFrame.
The dictionary keys are by default taken as column names.
Example 1
The following example shows how to create a DataFrame by passing
a list of dictionaries.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2},{'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 20}]
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
print df
Its output is as follows −
a b c
0 1 2 NaN
1 5 10 20.0
Note − Observe, NaN (Not a Number) is appended in missing areas.
Example 2
The following example shows how to create a DataFrame by passing
a list of dictionaries and the row indices.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2},{'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 20}]
df = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'])
print df
Its output is as follows −
a b c
first 1 2 NaN
second 5 10 20.0
Example 3
The following example shows how to create a DataFrame with a list
of dictionaries, row indices, and column indices.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2},{'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 20}]
#With two column indices, values same as dictionary keys
df1 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a', 'b'])
#With two column indices with one index with other name
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a', 'b1'])
print df1
print df2
Its output is as follows −
#df1 output
a b
first 1 2
second 5 10
#df2 output
a b1
first 1 NaN
second 5 NaN
Note − Observe, df2 DataFrame is created with a column index other
than the dictionary key; thus, appended the NaN’s in place. Whereas,
df1 is created with column indices same as dictionary keys, so NaN’s
appended.
Example 4
The following example shows how to create a DataFrame with a list
of dictionaries, row indices, and column indices.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
data = [{'a': 1, 'b': 2},{'a': 5, 'b': 10, 'c': 20}]
#With two column indices, values same as dictionary keys
df1 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a',
'b','c'])
#With two column indices with one index with other name
df2 = pd.DataFrame(data, index=['first', 'second'], columns=['a',
'b1','b'])
print df1
print df2
Output
a b c
first 1 2 NaN
second 5 10 20.0
a b1 b
first 1 NaN 2
second 5 NaN 10
Create a DataFrame from Dict of Series
Dictionary of Series can be passed to form a DataFrame. The resultant
index is the union of all the series indexes passed.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c'],dtype = float),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'],dtype = float)}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print df
Its output is as follows −
one two
a 1.0 1.0
b 2.0 2.0
c 3.0 3.0
d NaN 4.0
Note − Observe, for the series one, there is no
label ‘d’ passed, but in the result, for
the d label, NaN is appended with NaN.
Let us now understand column selection, addition,
and deletion through examples.
Column Selection
We will understand this by selecting a particular column (like first
column) from the DataFrame.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print df ['one']
Its output is as follows −
a 1.0
b 2.0
c 3.0
d NaN
Name: one, dtype: float64
Columns can also be displayed using iloc()
method.
Eg. 1 To access the elements of second and third column of the
dataframe.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([56, 2, 67, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'three' : pd.Series([10, 20, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'e'])
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print df.iloc[:,[1,2]]
Its output is as follows –
three two
a 10.0 56.0
b 20.0 2.0
c 3.0 67.0
d NaN 4.0
e 4.0 NaN
Eg . 2 To access the elements of first and third column of the
dataframe.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([56, 2, 67, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'three' : pd.Series([10, 20, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'e'])
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d,columns=['one','two','three'])
print df.iloc[:,[0,2]]
Output :
one three
a 1.0 10.0
b 15.0 20.0
c 3.0 3.0
d NaN NaN
e NaN 4.0
Eg.3 To access the second and third column of the dataframe.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'three' : pd.Series([56, 2, 67, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'four' : pd.Series([10, 20, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'e'])
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d,columns=['one','two','three','four'])
print df.iloc[:,[1,2]]
Its output is as follows −
two three
a 1.0 56.0
b 15.0 2.0
c 3.0 67.0
d NaN 4.0
e NaN NaN
Eg.4. To access first three columns of the dataframe.
To select range we need to use : (colon) sign and remember in the
range (start value : last value-1)
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'three' : pd.Series([56, 2, 67, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'four' : pd.Series([10, 20, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'e'])
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d,columns=['one','two','three','four'])
print df.iloc[:,0:3]
Its output is as follows −
one two three
a 1.0 1.0 56.0
b 15.0 15.0 2.0
c 3.0 3.0 67.0
d NaN NaN 4.0
e NaN NaN NaN
Eg.5.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 15, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'three' : pd.Series([56, 2, 67, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'four' : pd.Series([10, 20, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'e'])
}
df = pd.DataFrame(d,columns=['one','two','three','four'])
print df.iloc[:,1:2]
Its output is as follows −
two
a 1.0
b 15.0
c 3.0
d NaN
e NaN
Column Addition
We will understand this by adding a new column to an existing data
frame.
Example
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
# Adding a new column to an existing DataFrame object with column
label by passing new series
print ("Adding a new column by passing as Series:")
df['three']=pd.Series([10,20,30],index=['a','b','c'])
print df
print ("Adding a new column using the existing columns in
DataFrame:")
df['four']=df['one']+df['three']
print df
Its output is as follows −
Adding a new column by passing as Series:
one two three
a 1.0 1 10.0
b 2.0 2 20.0
c 3.0 3 30.0
d NaN 4 NaN
Adding a new column using the existing columns in DataFrame:
one two three four
a 1.0 1 10.0 11.0
b 2.0 2 20.0 22.0
c 3.0 3 30.0 33.0
d NaN 4 NaN NaN
Column Deletion
Columns can be deleted or popped; let us take an example to
understand how.
Example
Live Demo
# Using the previous DataFrame, we will delete a column
# using del function and pop function
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']),
'three' : pd.Series([10,20,30], index=['a','b','c'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print ("Our dataframe is:")
print df
# using del keyword
print ("Deleting the first column using DEL function:")
del df['one']
print df
# using pop function
print ("Deleting another column using POP function:")
df.pop('two')
print df
Its output is as follows −
Our dataframe is:
one three two
a 1.0 10.0 1
b 2.0 20.0 2
c 3.0 30.0 3
d NaN NaN 4
Deleting the first column using DEL function:
three two
a 10.0 1
b 20.0 2
c 30.0 3
d NaN 4
Deleting another column using POP function:
three
a 10.0
b 20.0
c 30.0
d NaN
Row Selection, Addition, and Deletion
We will now understand row selection, addition and deletion through
examples. Let us begin with the concept of selection.
Selection by Label
Rows can be selected by passing row label to a loc function.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
#print df
print df.loc['b']
Its output is as follows −
one 2.0
two 2.0
Name: b, dtype: float64
The result is a series with labels as column names of the DataFrame.
And, the Name of the series is the label with which it is retrieved.
Selection by integer location
Rows can be selected by passing integer location to an iloc function.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 6], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 20, 30, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print df.iloc[3]
Its output is as follows −
one NaN
two 4.0
Name: d, dtype: float64
Slice Rows
Multiple rows can be selected using ‘ : ’ operator.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
d = {'one' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3], index=['a', 'b', 'c']),
'two' : pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])}
df = pd.DataFrame(d)
print df[2:4]
Its output is as follows −
one two
c 3.0 3
d NaN 4
Addition of Rows
Add new rows to a DataFrame using the append function. This
function will append the rows at the end.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns = ['a','b'])
#print df
df2 = pd.DataFrame([[5, 6], [7, 8]], columns = ['a','b'])
df = df.append(df2)
print df
Its output is as follows −
a b
0 1 2
1 3 4
0 5 6
1 7 8
Deletion of Rows
Use index label to delete or drop rows from a DataFrame. If label is
duplicated, then multiple rows will be dropped.
If you observe, in the above example, the labels are duplicate. Let us
drop a label and will see how many rows will get dropped.
Live Demo
import pandas as pd
df = pd.DataFrame([[1, 2], [3, 4]], columns = ['a','b'])
df2 = pd.DataFrame([[5, 6], [7, 8]], columns = ['a','b'])
df = df.append(df2)
# Drop rows with label 0
df = df.drop(0)
print df
Its output is as follows −
ab
134
178
In the above example, two rows were dropped because those two
contain the same label 0.
