Assignment - 3

Name - Ravi Ranjan Kumar

Q 1. Plot the curve described by the following parametric equations:-

a. x = t^2-4 , y = t/2 for -2 <=t<=3

In[1122]:=
f[x_] = t^2 - 4
g[y _] = t/2
ParametricPlot[{f[x], g[y]}, {t, - 2, 3}]
Out[1122]=
-4 + t2
Out[1123]=
t
2
Out[1124]=
1.5

1.0

0.5

-4 -2 2 4
-0.5

-1.0

Observations:-
i. This is a parametric equation with x and y dependent upon t. The plot will show a curve resembling
part of a parabola.
ii. As t increases from -2 to 3 , the curve opens to the right (since x = t^2 -4) , while y grows linearly.

Q 1. b. x(t) = sin t
y(t) = cos t
z(t) = t/10 for t € [0,20]
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In[1125]:=
f[x_] = Sin[t]
g[y _] = Cos[t]
h[z_] = t / 10
ParametricPlot3D[{f[x], g[y], h[z]}, {t, 0, 20}]
Out[1125]=
Sin[t]
Out[1126]=
Cos[t]
Out[1127]=
t
10
Out[1128]=

Observations:-
i. This equation shows a helical curve. x and y form a circle because x = sin(t) and y = cos(t), while z
increases linearly with t.
ii. The plot shows a spiral curve stretching upward in z-direction.

Q 1. c. x(u,v) = R + r cos(v) sin(u)

y(u,v) = R + r cos(v) cos(u)
z(u,v) = r sin(v) for u € [0,2 Pi] and v € [0,2 Pi]

Let R = 10 and r = 7
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In[1129]:=
f[x_] = 10 + 7 * Cos[v] * Sin[u]
g[y _] = 10 + 7 * Cos[v] * Cos[u]
h[z_] = 7 * Sin[v]
ParametricPlot3D{f[x], g[y], h[z]}, u, 0, 2 Pi, v, 0, 2 Pi
Out[1129]=
10 + 7 Cos[v] × Sin[u]
Out[1130]=
10 + 7 Cos[u] × Cos[v]
Out[1131]=

7 Sin[v]
Out[1132]=

Observations:-
i. This describes a torus ( a dough-nut shaped surface) with parameters R (major radius) and r(minor
radius). The surface is symmetric and the values of R and r will control the size of outer and inner
rings.
ii. The plot will show a 3D torus with a hollow center.

Q 2. a. Find the arc length of the curve x = e^-t cos t , y = e^-t sin t for 0<=t<=Pi/2.

By integration:-
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In[1133]:=

f[x_] = Exp[- t] * Cos[t]

g[y _] = Exp[- t] * Sin[t]
IntegrateSqrt[D[f[x], t] ^ 2 + (D[g[y], t]) ^ 2], t, 0, Pi  2 // N
Out[1133]=
-t
ⅇ Cos[t]
Out[1134]=
-t
ⅇ Sin[t]
Out[1135]=
1.12023

By arc length command:-

In[1136]:=
ArcLength{f[x], g[y]}, t, 0, Pi  2 // N
Out[1136]=
1.12023

Observations:-
i. The parametric plot involves a combination of exponential decay and trigonometric oscillations.
ii. The arc length decreases over time due to the exponential factor.

Q 2. Find the arc length of the curve y = x^3 from (-1,-1) to (2,8).

By integration:-

In[1137]:=
f[x_] = x^3
Integrate[Sqrt[1 + D[f[x], x] ^ 2], {x, - 1, 2}] // N
Out[1137]=
x3
Out[1138]=
10.1782 - 4.93432 × 10-17 ⅈ

By arc length command:-

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In[1139]:=
ArcLength[{x, x ^ 3}, {x, - 1, 2}] // N
Out[1139]=
10.1782 - 4.93432 × 10-17 ⅈ

Observations:-
i. The curve y = x^3 rises steeply particularly as x ->2, which makes the arc length increase signifi-
cantly.
ii. The arc length reflects the steepness of the curve as you move from x = -1 to x = 2.

Q 3. A particle moves along the path described by x = t^2-4 , y = t/2.

a. Find the distance travelled by the particle over the interval [-3,3].

In[1140]:=

In[1141]:=

f[x_] = t^2 - 4
g[y _] = t/2
Integrate[Sqrt[D[f[x], t] ^ 2 + (D[g[y], t]) ^ 2], {t, - 3, 3}] // N
Out[1141]=

-4 + t2
Out[1142]=
t
2
Out[1143]=
18.4599

In[1144]:=

Observations:-
i. The distance travelled by a particle along a parametric curve is given by

ii. The distance covered in interval [-3,3] is 18.459.

Q 3. b. What is the particle minimum speed over the interval? When does this occur?
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In[1145]:=

f[x_] = t^2 - 4
g[y _] = t/2
Sqrt[D[f[x], t] ^ 2 + (D[g[y], t]) ^ 2]
Out[1145]=

-4 + t2
Out[1146]=
t
2
Out[1147]=
1
+ 4 t2
4

The speed of the particle at any instant is given by formula:-

The speed at any instant is

v(t) = Sqrt[1/4 + 4 t^2]

In[1148]:=
v[t_] = Sqrt1 / 4 + 4 t ^ 2
Table[{v[t], t}, {t, - 3, 3, 0.5}] // TableForm
Out[1148]=
1
+ 4 t2
4
Out[1149]//TableForm=
6.0208 - 3.
5.02494 - 2.5
4.03113 - 2.
3.04138 - 1.5
2.06155 - 1.
1.11803 - 0.5
0.5 0.
1.11803 0.5
2.06155 1.
3.04138 1.5
4.03113 2.
5.02494 2.5
6.0208 3.
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Observations:-
i. From the table it is clear that the particle minimum speed over the interval is 0.5.
ii. It occurs at t = 0.

Q 4. a. The arc of the parabola y = x^2 from (1,1) to (2,4) is rotated about the y-axis. Find the length
of the arc and area of resulting surface . Plot the surface of revolution.

Arc - length about y - axis:-

y = x^2
x = Sqrt(y)

In[1150]:=
f[y _] = Sqrt[y]
ArcLength[{x, f[y]}, {y, 2, 4}] // N
Out[1150]=

y
Out[1151]=
0.585786

Surface area about y - axis:-

y = x^2
x = Sqrt[y]

In[1152]:=
f[y _] = Sqrt[y]
2 * Pi * Integrate[f[y] * Sqrt[1 + D[f[y], y] ^ 2], {y, 2, 4}] // N
Out[1152]=

y
Out[1153]=
22.5633

In[1154]:=

Plot of surface of revolution:-

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In[1155]:=
f[y _] = Sqrt[y]
RevolutionPlot3D[f[y], {y, 2, 4}]
Out[1155]=

y
Out[1156]=

In[1157]:=

Observations:-
i. The length of arc about y - axis is 0.585.
ii. The surface area of revolution about y - axis is 22.56.

Q 4. b. Determine the surface area of the revolution obtained by rotating the region under y = tan x
along the interval [0,Pi/4] about x-axis.

Surface area about x-axis:-

In[1158]:=
f[x_] = Tan[x]
2 * Pi * Integratef[x] * Sqrt[1 + D[f[x], x] ^ 2], x, 0, Pi  4 // N
Out[1158]=

Tan[x]
Out[1159]=

3.83908 + 0. ⅈ

Plot of revolution about x - axis:-

 9

In[1160]:=
f[x_] = Tan[x]
RevolutionPlot3Df[x], x, 0, Pi  4
Out[1160]=
Tan[x]
Out[1161]=

Observations:-
i. The surface area of revolution about x-axis is 3.83.

Q 5. Plot the solid obtained by revolving the region bounded by y = x^1/2 and y = x^4 around x-axis.
Show with the same scale on the both axes. Color the top surface green and bottom surface blue.

Points of intersection:-
The curves y = x^1/2 and y = x^4 intersect at points where x^1/2 = x^4, which occurs at x = 0 and x = 1.
So,region of intersect is between x = 0 and x = 1.

Top Surface region Plot:-

10

In[1162]:=
f[x_] = Sqrt[x]
topSurface = RevolutionPlot3D[f[x], {x, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → Green]
Out[1162]=

x
Out[1163]=

Bottom Surface Plot:-

In[1164]:=
g[x_] = x^4
bottomSurface = RevolutionPlot3D[g[x], {x, 0, 1}, PlotStyle → Blue]
Out[1164]=
x4
Out[1165]=

Combined Plot to Show Solid:-

 11

In[1166]:=
ShowtopSurface, bottomSurface, AxesLabel → {"x,y,z"},
PlotLabel → "Solid of Revolution between y = x^1/2 and y = x^4"
Out[1166]=

Observations:-
i. The solid formed by revolving the two regions creates a visually distinct and symmetrical shape.
ii. The top green surface representing y = x^1/2 forms a rounded outer edge while blue surface from
y = x^4 compresses towards x - axis visually showing the enclosed volume.

Q 6.

In[1167]:=
f[x_] = 2*θ - 4 * Sin[θ ]
g[y _] = 2 - 4 * Cos[θ ]
ParametricPlot{f[x], g[y]}, θ , - 4 Pi, 4 Pi
Out[1167]=
2 θ - 4 Sin[θ]
Out[1168]=
2 - 4 Cos[θ]
Out[1169]=
6
4
2

-20 -10 10 20
-2

Determination of y - intercept:-
Y- intercept is determined by finding where x[Theta] = 0.
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In[1170]:=

y- intercept is at [Theta] = 2 Sin[Theta]

Observations:-
i. The parametric plot produces a spiral like curve as theta increases , due to the linear term 2 theta
in x(theta) combined with the periodic sin and cos terms.
ii. The y - intercept is determined by solving 2 theta - 4 Sin[Theta] = 0 and the curve intersect the
specific values of y[Theta] corresponding to those theta values.