~

.CHAPTER 1: BASIS OF DESIGN !

..;
!
(e) tests during execution in order to take account of actual conditions experienced e.g. post-
.tensioning, soil conditions;
(f) control tests to check the behaviour of the actual structure or structural elements after
completion, e.g. proof loading for the ultimate or serviceability limit states.

(2) For test types (a), (b) and (c), the test results may be available at the time of design; in those cases ,
the design values can be derived from the tests. For test types (d),(e) and (f) the test results may not t
be available at the time of design; in these casesthe design values correspond to that part of the
production that is expected to meet the acceptancecriteria at a later stage.
j'
1.8.3 Derivation of Design Values ij
;:
I.

(1) The derivation of the design values for a material property, a model parameter or a resistance
value from tests can be performed in either of the following two ways:
. (a) by assessinga characteristic value, which is divided by a partial safety factor and possibly
multiplied by an explicit conversion factor;
(b) by direct determination of the design value, implicitly or explicitly accounting for the
conversion aspects and the total reliability required..

(2) In general method (a) above should be used. The derivation of a characteristic value from tests
should be performed taking account of:

.(a) the scatter of test data;

-(b) statistical uncertainty resulting from a limited number of tests;
(c) implicit or explicit conversion factors resulting from influences not sufficiently covered by
.the tests such as:

(i) time and duration effects, not taken care of in the tests;
(ii) scale, volumes and length effects;
(iii) deviating environmental, loading and boundary conditions;
(iv) the way that safety factors as partial factors or additive elements are applied to get
design values.

The partial safety factor used in method (a) above should be chosen in such a way that there is
sufficient similarity
safety factor used inbetween theverifications.
numerical tests under consideration and the 1.3.4).
(see also Section usual application field of the partial ;'

(3) When for special casesmethod (b) above is used, the determination of the design values should
be carried out by considering:

(a)
the relevant limit states;
(b)
the required level of reliability;
(c)
the statistical and model uncertainties;
(d)
the compatibility with the assumptions for the action side;
.(e) the classification of design working life of the relevant structure according to Section 2;
!.-(f) (4) Further
priorinformation
knowledgemayfrombesimilar
found cases
in EBCS
or calculations.
2 to 8. ~

-I ~
..ji'
",,;

EBCS -1 1995 19

"1
 ETHIOPIAN 8UILDING CODE STANDARD FOR LOADING .: ,.

1.9 VERIFICATION BY THE PARTIAL SAFETY FACTOR METHOD .

1.9.1 General

(1) In EBCS 2 to 8 the reliability accordingto the limit state conceptis achievedby applicationof
the partial factor safetymethod. In the partial safetyfactormethod, it is verified that, in all relevant
designsituations,the limit statesare not exceededwhendesignvaluesfor actions,materialproperties
artd geometricaldata are used in the designmodels.

(2),In particular, it shall be verified that:

(a) the effects of design actions do not exceedthe design resistanceof the structure at the
ultimate limit state; and
(b) the effects of designactionsdo notexceedthe performancecriteria.for the serviceabilitylimit
state.

Other verifications may also needto be consideredfor particularstructurese.g. fatigue. Details are
I presentedin EBCS 2 to 8.

. (3) The selecteddesignsituations shall be consideredand critical load casesidentified. For each
critical load case,the designvalues of the effects of actionsin combinationshall be determined.
I

.I (4) A load caseidentifiescompatibleload arrangements,

setsof deformationsand imperfectionswhich .
shouldbe consideredsimultaneouslyfor a particularverification. -

(5) Rules for the combinationof independentactionsin designsituationsare given in this section. .
Actions .which cannot occur simultaneously,for example,due to physical reasons,should not be
consideredtogetherin combination.

(6) A load arrangementidentifies the position, magnitudeand direction of a free action. Rules for
different arrangementswithin a single actionare given in Chapters2 and 3.

(7) Possibledeviationsfrom the assumeddirectionsor positionsof actionsshouldbe considered.

(8) The designvaluesused for different limit statesmaybe different and are specified in this section.

1.9.2 Limitations and Simplifications

(1) Application rules in Chapter1 are limited to ultimateand serviceabilitylimit statesfor structures
subjectto staticloading. rhi~ includescaseswherethe dynamiceffectsare assessed using equivalent
quasi-staticloadsand dynamic amplificationfactors,e.g. wind.

(2) Simplified verification basedon the limit stateconceptmay be use1:

(a) by consideringonly limit statesand load combinationswhich from experienceor special

criteria are known to be potentially critical for the design; -"
(b) by using the simplified verification for ultimate limit statesand/or serviceability limit states
as specifiedfor buildings in Sections1.9.4.5 and 1.9.5.5; .
(c) by specifyingparticular detailingrulesand/orprovisionsto meetthe safetyand serviceability -
requirementswjthout calculation.

20 EBCS -1 1995 .
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CHAPTER 1: BASIS OF DESIGN (
f'
.1.9.3 Design Values ' I.
l.
1.9.3.1 Design Values of Actions \

(1) The design value F d of an action is expressed in general terms as:

Fd = 'YFF,ep (1.1)

where 'YF is the partial safety factor for the action considered taking account of:

(a) the possibility of unfavourable deviations of the actions;

(b) the possibility of inaccurate modelling of the actions;
(c) uncertainties in the assessmentof effects of actions.
F,epis the representative value of the action.

(2) Depending on the type of verification and combination procedures, design values for particular
actions are expressed as follows:

Gd = 'YGGkor Gk
Qd = 'YQk' 'YQ'¥oQk''¥IQkorQk (1.2)
Ad = 'Y~k or Ad
.Pd = 'Y~k or Pk
-AEd = AEd

.(3) Where distinction has to be made between favourable and unfavourable effects of permanent
-actions, two different partial saftey factors shall be used.

(4) For seismic actions the design value may depend on the structural behaviour characteristics (see
EBCS 8).

1.9.3.2 Design Values of the Effects of Actions

(1) The effects of actions (E) are responses(for example intern~Jforces and moments, stresses, strains
and displacements) of the structure to the actions. For a specific load case the design value of the
effect of actions (Ed) is determined from the design values of the actions, geometrical data and
material properties when relevant:

Ed = E(Fdll Fd2,...adl' adz, ",Xdl' Xdz,"') (1.3)

where Fdl'.'" adl,..' and Xdl' ...are chosen according to Sections 1.9.3.1, 1.9.3.3 and 1.9.3.4,
respectively.

(2) In some cases, in particular for non-linear analysis, the effect of the uncertainties in the models
used in the calculations should be considered explicitly. This may lead to the application of a
-0 coefficient of model uncertainty 'Ysdapplied either to the actions or to the action effects, whichever
is the more conservative. The factor 'Ysdmay refer to uncertainties in the action model and/or the
-action effect model.

(3) For non-linear analysis, i.e. when the effect is not proportional to the action, the following
! simplified rules may be considered in the case of a single predominant action.
I

1 EBCS -1 1995 21

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ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR LOADING &.

(a) When the effect increases more than the action, the partial safety factor is applied to the
representative value of the action. .
(b) When the effect increases less than the action, the partial safety factor is applied to the action
effect of the representative value of the action.

In other cases more refined methods are necessary which are defined in the relevant Codes (e.g. for
prestressedstructures).
,
1.9.3.3 Design Values of Material Properties

(1) The design value Xd of a material or product property is generally defined as:

Xd = l1X/'YMor Xd = X/'YM (1.4)

where 'YM is the partial saftey factor for the material or product property, given in EBCS 2 to
8 which covers
(a) unfavourable deviations from the characteristic values;
(b) inaccuracies in the conversion factors; and
(c) uncertainties in the geometric properties and the resistance model.

11is the conversion factor taking into account the effect of the duration of the load, volume and
scale effects, effects of moisture and temperature and so on.

In some cases the conversion is implicitly taken into account by the characteristic value itself, as
indicated by the definition of 11,or by 11M'

1.9.3.4 Design Values of Geometrical Data

(1) Design values of geometrical data are generally represented by the nominal values:

ad = allOm (1.5)

Where necessary EBCS 2 to 8 may give further specifications.

(2) In some cases when deviations in the geometrical data have a significant effect on the reliability
of a structure, the geometrical design values are defined by: I
i
ad = allOm+~a (1.6)' i

where ~a takes account of the possibility of unfavourable deviations from the characteristic i
values
~a is only introduced where the influence of deviations is critical, e.g. imperfections in
buckling analysis. Values of ~a are given in EBCS 2 to 8.

, 1.9.3.5 Design Resistance

~

(1) Design values for the material properties, geometrical data and effects of actions, when relevant,
shall be used to determine the design resistance Rd from:

Rd = R(ad/,ad2' ",Xd/l Xd2' ...J (1.7)

where ad/, ...is defined in Section 1.9.3.4 and ~/, ...in Section.1.9.3.3. -

:~c:IIIIIIIIII.!,J5~
'. \,1. :2 EBCS.1 1995
.
,...
-CHAPTE:'~"~:~:~::.."__.'
(2) Operational verification formulae, based on the principle of expression (1.7), may have one of
.the following forms:

Rd = R{Xk !-YM'anom} (1.7a)

Rd = R{Xk, anom}/"IR (1.7b)
Rd = R{Xk /"Im' anom}/"I1ri (1.7c)

where "IR is a partial safety factor for the resistance;

"1m is a material safety factor;
"Ilri covers uncertainties in the resistance model and in the geometrical properties.

(3) The design resistance may also be obtained directly from the characteristic value of a product
resistance, without explicit determination of design values for individual basic variables, from:

Rd = R/"IR (1.7d)

This is applicable for steel members, p'iles, etc. and is often used in connection with design by testing.

1.9.4 Ultimate Limit States

1.9.4.1 Verifications of Static Equilibrium and Strength

(1) When considering a limit state of static equilibrium or of gross displacement of the structure as
.a rigid body, it shall be verified that:

Ed,d.sl
oSEd,slb (1.8)
.
where Ed,dsl is the design value of the effect of destabilizing actions;
Ed,sib is the design value of the effect of stabilizing actions.

In some cases if may be necessaryto replace eq. (1.8) by an interaction formula.

(2) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a section, member or
connection it shall be verified that:

Ed oSRd (1..9)

where Ed is the design value c.f the effect of actions such as internal force, moment or a vector
representing several internal forces or moments;
Rd is the corresponding design resistance, associating all structural properties with the
respective design values.

In some cases it may be necessary to replace'eq. (1.9) by an interaction formula. The required load
casesare identified as described in Section 1.9.1.

.1.9.4.2 Combination of Actions

i (1) For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed) should be determined
;; by combining the values of actions which occur simultaneously, as follows:

(a) Persistent and transient situations: Design values of the dominant variable actions and the
combination design values of other actions.

EBCS -1 1995 23
 ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR LOADING .

(b) Accidental situations: Design values of pennanent actions together with the frequent value
of the dominant variable action and the quasi-pennanent values of other variable actions and -

the design value of one accidental action.

(c) Seismic situations: Characteristic values of the pennanent actions together with the quasi-
pennanent values of the other variable actions and the design value of the seismic actions.

(2) When the dominant action is not obvious, eachvariable action should be considered in turn as the
dominant action.

(3) The above combination process is represented in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Design Values of Actions for use in the Combination of Actions

Single variable actions Qd Ac~idental

D -..Pennanent actIons or
esIgn sItuatIon .
actIons
G
d
...
seIsmIc actIons
Dominant Others Ad

Persistent and
transient 'YGGk('Y~J 17QIQkl 17Ql'l'QiQkj

Accidental 'YGAGk
('YPAPJ 'l'llQkl 'l' 2iQki 'Y~k or Ad

Seismic Gk 'l' 2iQkj AEd .

Symbolically the combinations may be representedas follows

(a) persistent and transient design situations for ultimate limit states verification other than those -I
relating to fatigueI,

L 'YGkj + 'YPI+'Yqi+ L 'YQiIt-oiQkj (1.10)

j ~1 i >/

Note: This combination rule is an amalgamation of two separate load combinations:

L 'YGkj + 'YP,+'Yqi+ L It-OIQk/ + L 'YQiIt-OIQkj (1.10a)

j ~ I i >/

Lj ~I 'YGkj + 'YP,+'Yqi + Llt-ol Qk/ + i~/'YQiIt-OI Qkj (1.10b)

~ is a reduction factor for 'YGjwithin the range 0.85 and 1.

(b) Combinations for accidental design situations

1:: L 'YGAjGkj + 'YPAPk + Ad + It-il Qk/ + L 1t-2iQkj (1.11)

.
(c) Combination for the seismic design situation

24 EBCS -1 1995
 .CO",; " 0/ " .., ,

--CHAPTER 1.. BASIS OF DESIGN

.LGkj + Pk + A&f + L1/I2i Qkj (1.12)

"+" "implies" to be combined with"

E implies "the combined effect of";
Gkj is the characteristic value of permanent actions;
Pk is the characteristic value of a prestressing action;
QkJ is the characteristic value of the variable action;
Qkj is the characteristic value of the variable actions;
Ad is the design value of the accidental action;
A&f is the design value of seismic action;
'YGj is the partial factor for permanent action j;
'YGAj is the same as 'YGj'but for accidental design situations;
'YPA is the same as 'Yp' but for accidental actions;
'Yp is the partial factor for prestressing actions;
'YQi is the partial factor for variable action i;
'¥ are combination coefficients (see 1.4.3).

(4) Combinations for accidental design situations either involve and explicit accidental action (A (e.g.
fire or impact )or refer to a situation after an accidental event (A=O). For fire situations, apart from
the temperature effect on the material properties, Ad refers to the design value of the indirect thermal
action.

--(5) Equations (1.10) and (1.11) may refer to either actions or action effects; for non-linear analysis,
see Section 1.9.3.2 (3).

-.(6) Where components of a vectorial force are partially correlated, the factors to any favourable
component may be reduced by 20 %.

(7) Imposed deformations should be considered where relevant.

(8) In some caseseqs. (9.10) to (9.12) need modification; detailed rules are given in the relevant parts
of EBCS 1 to 8.

1.9.4.3 Partial Safety Factors

(1) In the relevant load cases, those permanent actions that increase the effect of the variable actions
(i.e. produce unfavourable effects) shall be represented by their upper design values, those that
decrease the effect of the variable actions (i.e. produce favourable effects) by their lower design
values.

(2) Where the result of a verification may be very sensitive to variations of the magnitude of a
permanent action from place to place in the structure, the unfavourable and the favourable parts of
this action shall be considered as individual actions. This applies in particular to the verification of

. static equilibrium.

(3) For building structures, the partial safety factors for ultimate limit statesin the persistent, transient
and accidental design situations are given in Table 1.2. The values have been based on theoretical"
.: considerations, experience and back calculations on existing designs.

.EBCS -1 1995 25 J

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ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD FOR LOADING

Table 1.2 Partial Safety Factors: Ultimate Limit States for Buildings -,.
f':"-
Situations
Case!) Action Symbol
PIT A
Case A Permanent actions: self weight
Loss of static of structural and non-structural
equilibrium;strength of components, permanent actions
structural material or caused by ground, ground-
ground insignificant (see water and free water
Section 1.9.4.1 -unfavourable 'YGsup4) 1.102) 1.00
-favourable 'YGinf4) 0.902) 1.00

Variable actions
-unfavourable 'YQ 1.60 1.00
1.00
Accidental actions 'YA
Case BS) Permanent actions 6)
Failure of structure or (see above)
structural elements, inclu- -unfavourable 'YGsup4) 1.303) 1.00
ding those of the footing, -favourable 'YGinf4) 1.003) 1.00
piles, basementwalls etc., Variable actions ,
governed by strength of -unfavourable 'YQ 1.60 1.00 -
structural material (see
Section 1.9.4.1) Accidental actions 'YA 1.00 .

Case CS) Permanent actions (see above)

Failure in the ground -unfavourable 'YGsup4) 1.00 1.00
-favourable 'YGinf4) 1.00 1.00

Variable actions
-unfavourable 'YQ 1.30 1.00 '

Accidental actions 'YA 1.00

P: Persistent situation T: Transient situation A: Accidental situation

(1) The design should be verified for each A, B and C separately as relevant.
(2) In this verification the characteristic value of the unfavourable part of the permanent action
is multiplied by the factor 1.1 and the favourable part by the factor 0.9. More refined
rules are given in EBCS 3 and EBCS 4.
(3) In this verification the characteristic values of all permanent actions from one source are
multiplied by 1.3 if the total resulting action effect is unfavourable and by 1,0 if th~ total
:iJ'C ,,~~ resulting action effect is favourable.
(4) In caseswhen the limit state is very sensitive to variation of permanent actions, the upper
and lower characteristic values of these actions should be taken according to Section 1,4.2
(3),
(5) For casesBand C the design ground properties may be different, see EBCS 7.
(6). Instead of using 'YG(1.30 and 'YQ= (1.60) for lateral earth pressure actions the design c,.
ground properties may be introduced in accordance with EBCS 7 and a model factor 'Ysdis t:
applied.

~ 26 E8CS
-1 1995 -
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CHAPTER 1: BASIS OF DESIGN

:-
1.9.4.4 'if Factors

(1) '¥ factors for buildings are given in Table 1.3. For other applicationsseerelevantChapterof
this code.

Table 1.3 'if Factors for Buildings

Action '¥ 0 '¥ I '¥ 2
Imposedloads in buildings 1)
categoryA: domestic,residential 0.7 0.5 0.3
categoryB: offices. 0.7 0.5 0.3
categoryC: congregationareas 0.7 0.7 0.6
categoryD: shopping 0.7 0.7 0.6
categoryE: storage 1.0 0.9 0.8
Traffic loads in buildings
categoryF: vehicle weight ~ 30kN 0.7 0.7 0.6
categoryG: 30kN < vehicle weight ~ 160kN 0.7 0.5 0..3
categoryH: roofs 0 .0 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.6 0.5 0
Temperature(non-fire) in buildings 0.6 0.5 0
(1) For combinationof imposedloads in multistoreybuildings, see Chapter2.

1.9.4.5 SimplifiedVerificationfor BuildingStructures

(1) The process for the persistentand transient situations described in Section 1.9.4.2 may be
simplified by consideringthe mostunfavourablefor the following combinations:

(a) Designsituationswith only one variable action Qkl

E 'YGiGkj + 1.6 Qkl (1.13)

j ~I

(b) Designsituationswith two or more variable actions Qk,i

E 'YGj + 1.35 E Qkj (1.14)

j ~I

In this case the effect of actionsshould also be verified for the dominantvariable actions using
Eq. (1.13).

(2) The 'YGvaluesare given in Table 1.2.

1.9.4.6 Partial Safety Factorsfor Materials

Partial safetyfactors for propertiesof materialsand productsare given in EBCS2 to 8.

EBCS -1 1995 27
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.
ETHIOPIAN BUILDING CODE STANDARD F(}R LOADING

1.9.5 ServiceabilityLimit States

1.9.5.1 Verification of Serviceability

(1)- It Shall be verified that:

, ,,'-.y Ed~ Cd (1.15)

~-
where Cd is a nominal value or a function of certain design properties of materials related to
the design effects of actions considered; and
Ed is the design value of the action effect (e.g. displacement, acceleration), detennined
on the basis of one of the combinations defined in Section 1.9.5.2.

1.9.5.2 Combination of Actions

(1) The combination of actions to be considered for serviceability limit states depends on the nature
of the effect of actions being checked, e.g. irreversible, reversible or long tenn. Three combinations
designated by the representative value of the dominant action are given in Table 1.4.

Table 1.4 Design Values of Actions for use in the

Combination of Actions

Permanent Variable actions Qd -

Combination actions -
Gd Dominant Others

Characteristic (rare) Gk (PJ Qkl 1/I0iQki

Frequent Gk (PJ '¥ IIQkl '¥'¥ 2iQki
4
Quasi-permanent Gk (PJ '¥21Qkl '¥2iQki
Note: For serviceability limit states, the partial factors (serviceability) "fa
"fQ are taken as 1.0 except where specified otherwise.

(2) Three combinations of actions for serviceability limit states are defined symbolically by the
following expressions:

(a) Characteristic (rare) combination

E Gki "+" Pk "+" Qkl "+" E'¥olQki (1.16)

(b) Frequent combination

E Gkj "+" Pk"+" '¥lIQkl"+" E'iI.'iQki (1.17)

(c) Quasi-permanent combinati<;>n

r G "+ "
i.J kj Pk "+" E '¥ 2iQki ( lIB
. )

Where the notation is as given in Sections 1.1.6 and 1.9.4.2 :-

(3) Loads due to imposed deformations shoul"dbe considered where relevant.

28 EBCS -1 1995
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CHAPTER 1: SA SIS OF DESIGN

.(4) In some casesEqs. (1.16) to (1.18) may require a modification; dttailed rules are given in
EBCS 1 to 8.

1.9.5.3 Partial Safety Factors

The partial safety factors for serviceability limit statesare equal to 1.0 except where specified
otherwise,e.g. in EBCS2 to 8.

1.9.5.4 'l' Factors

Values of '¥ factors are given in Table 1.3

1.9.5.5 Simplified Verification for Building Structures

(1) For building structuresthe characteristic(rare) combinationmay be simplified to the following

expressions,which may also be usedas a substitutefor the frequentcombination.

(a) Designsituationswith only one variable action Qkl

'\:'"'
L.,
Gkj +
Qkl (1.19)
j ~I

(b) Designsituationswith two or more variable actions, Qkl

~;,.i! L Gkj + 0.9 E Qkj (1.20)
j ~l j ~I

In this case the effect of actionsshould also be verified for the dominant variable action using
Eq. (1.19).

(2) Where simplified prescriptiverules are given for serviceabilitylimit states,detailedcalculations

using combinationsof actionsare not required.

1.9.5.6 Partial Safety Factorsfor Materials

Partial safetyfactorsfor the propertiesof materialsand productsare given in EBCS2 to 8.

EBCS~ 1 1995 29

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