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DR. (MRS) T-S.M.A. ADJAIDOO
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Encapsulation &
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
Data-Hiding
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Today’s Lesson
UML Class What is Accessors and C++
Data-Hiding
Diagrams Encapsulation? Mutators Implementation
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
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Learning Outcomes
• Be able to design simple class
1 diagrams correctly
• Appreciate the need for data
2 encapsulation and hiding
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
• Learn to use access specifiers and
3 restrict access to data in python
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UML Class Diagrams
UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML)
▪ UML is currently the standard notation for documenting object-oriented
systems
▪ It provides a pictorial or graphical notation for documenting the artefacts
such as classes, objects and packages that make up an object-oriented
system
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
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UML Class Diagrams
UNIFIED MODELING LANGUAGE (UML)
UML diagrams can be divided into three categories.
▪ Structure diagrams: show the static architecture of the system irrespective
of time.
▪ For example, structure diagrams for a university system may include
diagrams that depict the design of classes such as Student, Faculty, etc.
▪ Behaviour diagrams: depict the behaviour of a system or business process.
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
▪ Interaction diagrams: show the methods, interactions and activities of the
objects.
▪ For a university system, a possible behaviour diagram would show how
a student registers for a course.
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UML Class Diagrams
▪ Class diagrams are structured diagrams Student
which show the classes, their methods - name : String
and fields - gender : String
- dateofBirth :String
▪ We will use UML class diagrams to - studentNo : int
- cwa : double
illustrate the classes that we build in this
course so let’s take a look at how we
draw class diagrams + Student ( name : String, gender : String, dateofBirth : String )
+ setName ( name : String ) : void
▪ As we delve more deeply into OO + getName ( ) : String
+ setCWA ( cwa : double ) : void
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
design, these class diagrams will get
+ assignStudentNo ( ) : void
much more sophisticated and convey + showStudent ( ) : String
much more information on how the
different classes interact with each other.
Example of a class diagram
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UML Class Diagrams
▪ Each class is represented by a box, which is
divided into three rectangles. Student
- name : String
▪ The name of the class is given in the top rectangle. - gender : String
- dateofBirth :String
- studentNo : int
▪ The attributes are shown with their names and - cwa : double
their types in the second box.
▪ The third box shows the methods with their return + Student ( name : String, gender : String, dateofBirth : String )
+ setName ( name : String ) : void
types and parameters (names and types) + getName ( ) : String
+ setCWA ( cwa : double ) : void
▪ The access specifier for each field and method is + assignStudentNo ( ) : void
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
+ showStudent ( ) : String
given just in front of the field name or method name.
▪ − (minus) sign indicates private access
▪ + (plus) stands for public access and
▪ # (hash) is used for protected access
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What is Encapsulation?
▪ One of the primary advantages of using objects is that the object need not
reveal all its attributes and behaviours.
▪ Encapsulation is defined by the fact that objects contain both the attributes
and behaviours. A class itself is an example of encapsulation as it captures
attributes and behaviours in objects
▪ Data hiding is a major part of encapsulation
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
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Data-Hiding
▪ Data-hiding involves hiding data or information from users
▪ Object details (data members and implementations) that are not relevant to
the use of an object are hidden from other objects
▪ This makes the program more robust and secures
▪ For instance, in our school management program, a student object has a
method which generates a studentNo. A course object requesting for the
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
studentNo does not need to have access to how that number is generated.
So that aspect is hidden from the course object
▪ To achieve data-hiding we use access specifiers
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Data-Hiding
Access Specifiers
▪ Most O-O programming languages control access to class members using
access modifiers
▪ There are fundamentally three types of access specifiers used:
▪ Public Access Specifier
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▪ Private Access Specifier
▪ Protected Access Specifier
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Data-Hiding
Public Access Specifier
▪ Class members which are specified as public are accessible to all
members of their class and also to objects outside their class
▪ They can be accessed easily for any part of the program
▪ By default all class members are private unless specified otherwise
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
▪ This is the least secure specifier
▪ In C++ public members are written under the label, public:
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Data-Hiding
Private Access Specifier
▪ Class members which are declared as private are accessible to only
members of their class
▪ They cannot be accessed from without the class
▪ This is the most secure type of access specifier
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
▪ In C++ private members are written under the label, private:
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Data-Hiding
Protected Access Specifier
▪ Class members which are declared as protected are accessible to only
members of their derived classes (We will learn about derived classes in
the next chapter)
▪ In C++, protected members are written under the label, protected:
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
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Accessors and Mutators
▪ Recall the getX() and setX() methods we mentioned in the previous chapter
▪ We have just discussed the need to keep internal data of objects private
▪ This means there must be some methods in the class that allow for
controlled access to object data
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▪ These methods are referred to as Accessors and Mutators
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Accessors and Mutators
Accessor Methods
▪ These grant access to internally hidden data in an object for use.
▪ This method cannot be used to change the data values
▪ They are commonly called getters
▪ The methods are prefixed with the word get
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
▪ Eg: getName( ), getId( )
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Accessors and Mutators
Mutator Methods
▪ These grant access to change or modify the values of internally hidden
data in an object.
▪ This method cannot be used to retrieve the data values
▪ They are commonly called setters
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
▪ The methods are prefixed with the word set
▪ Eg: setName( nameValue ), getId( idValue )
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C++
Implementation
Let’s look at encapsulation
in this example.
Pay attention to the access
specifiers
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C++
Implementation
The derived class
accesses the protected
method
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
C++ Implementation
Our Output
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Class Activity
▪ Draw class diagrams for the following program:
▪ An application that lets a user send and receive messages from other users of
the same application
▪ What objects would you need?
▪ What attributes and methods would be required by the objects to
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
accomplish the task?
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Any Questions?
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The End
Contact: [email protected]
Office: Caesar Building, Room 413
COE 254: Object-Oriented Prgramming
