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Skeletal system
Site: KWASU-Virtual Printed by: Abdulazeez ADEREMI
Course: UG2425GNS309 - Issues in Physical and Life Sciences Date: Friday, 7 February 2025, 10:22 PM
Book: Skeletal system
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Function of Skeletal System
1. Introduction
Protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
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2. Function of Skeletal System
1. The skull is formed by 22 bones. The cranium forms the vault and base of the skull, which protect the brain. The facial skeleton provides
openings for the respiratory and digestive passages and attachment points for facial muscles.
2. Except for the temporamoandibular joints, all bones of the adult are joined by immovable sutures.
3. Cranium. The eight bones of the cranium include the parietal and temporal bones and the single frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoird
bones.
4. Facial Bone. The 14 bones of the face include the paired maxillae, zygomatics, masals, lacrimals, palatines, and inferior conchae and the single
mandible and vomer bones.
5. Orbits and nasal cavity. Both the orbits and the nasal cavities are complicated bony regions formed or several bones.
6. Paransal sinuses. Paranasal sinuses occur in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones.
7. Hyoid bone. The hyoid bone, supported in the neck by ligaments, serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.
The vertebral column
1. General characteristics. The vertebral column includes 24 movable vertebrae (7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar) and the sacrum and coccyx.
2. The fibro cartilage intervertebral disc act as shock absorbers and provide flexibility to the vertebral column.
3. The primary curvatures of the vertebral column are the thoracic and sacral, the secondary curvatures are the cervical and lumbar. Curvatures
increase spine flexibility.
4. General structure of vertebrae. With the exception of C1 and C2, all vertebrae have a body, two transverse processes, two superior and two
inferior articular processes, a spinous process, and a vertebral arch.
5. Regional vertebral characteristics. Special features distinguish the regional vertebrae.
The vertebral column.
1. The bones of the thorax include the 12 rib pairs, the sternum, and the thoracic vertebrae. The bony thorax protects the organs of the thoracic
cavity.
2. Sternum. The sternum consists of the fused manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
3. Ribs. The first seven ribs pairs are called true ribs, the rest are called false ribs. Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs.
The pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
1. Each pectoral girdle consists of one clavicle and one scapula. The pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
2. Clavicles. The clavicles hold the scapular laterally away from the thorax. The sternoclavicular joints are the only attachment points of the
pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton.
3. Scapulae. The scapulae articulate with the clavicles and with the humerus bones of the arms.
The Upper Limb
1. Each upper limb consists of 30 bones and is specialized for mobility.
2. Arm/forearm/hand. The skeleton of the arm is composed solely of the humerus, the skeleton of the forearm is composed of the radius and ulna;
and the skeleton of the hand consists of the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
The human skeleton is divided into:
A. The axial skeleton made of:
(i) The skull
(ii) The vertebral column
B. The appendicular skeleton consisting of
(i) Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder): Scapula and clavicle
(ii) The upper limb (arm, forearm, hand)
(iii) The pelvic girdle
(iv) The lower (Thig, Leg, Foot)
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