DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 7 PAVEMENT DESIGN AND

MAINTENANCE
SECTION 1 PREAMBLE

PART 1

HD 23/99

GENERAL INFORMATION

SUMMARY
This Part is an introduction to the whole of Volume 7. It
updates and replaces HD 23/94.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE

1. Remove HD 23/94 which is superseded by
HD 23/99 and archive as appropriate.

2. Insert HD 23/99 into Volume 7 Section 1 Part 1.

3. Archive this sheet as appropriate.

Note: A quarterly index with a full set of Volume

Contents Pages is available separately from The
Stationery Office Ltd.

February 1999
 DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES HD 23/99

THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY

THE SCOTTISH OFFICE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

THE WELSH OFFICE

Y SWYDDFA GYMREIG

THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR

NORTHERN IRELAND

DESIGN MANUAL FOR

ROADS AND BRIDGES

Volume 7: Pavement Design and

Maintenance

General Information

Summary: This part supersedes HD 23/94

Volume 7 Section 1
Part 1 HD 23/99 Registration of Amendments

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
No incorporation of No incorporation of
amendments amendments

February 1999
 Volume 7 Section 1
Registration of Amendments Part 1 HD 23/99

REGISTRATION OF AMENDMENTS

Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date of
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amendments amendments

February 1999
 DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 7 PAVEMENT DESIGN AND

MAINTENANCE
SECTION 1 PREAMBLE

PART 1

HD 23/99

GENERAL INFORMATION

Contents

Chapter

1. Introduction

2. Background

3. Use of Volume 7

4. Glossary of Terms

5. Principal Abbreviations

6. Enquiries

February 1999
Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 1
Part 1 HD 23/99 Introduction

1. INTRODUCTION
General Mutual Recognition

1.1 This Part is an introduction to the whole Volume. 1.7 Where Parts of Volume 7 give the Overseeing
Organisation’s requirements for products, they make
1.2 Volume 7 of the DMRB consists of a series of provision for the acceptance of equivalent products from
linked documents. Table 3.1 in this Part gives a full list other member states of the European Community.
of the documents and a clear chart of the contents of Reference should be made to the statement in each Part
each Part. Changes to Volume 7 are always in hand, concerned.
Table 3.1 will not necessarily include all the latest
amendments.
Miscellaneous
1.3 The Transport Research Laboratory (TRL),
previously operated as the Transport and Road Research 1.8 Volume 7 does not deal with seasonal or routine
Laboratory (TRRL). Both abbreviations have been used maintenance, safety aspects other than skidding
in Volume 7. resistance, or specialist aspects such as the surfacing of
bridge decks. For advice on these aspects reference
should be made to the Overseeing Organisation.
1.4 Paragraphs of Volume 7 which form part of
1.9 Frequent references are made to documents
the standards that the Overseeing Organisation
contained in the Manual of Contract Documents for
expects are highlighted by being contained in boxes.
Highway Works (MCHW) as follows:
These are the sections with which the designer must
comply. The remainder of the document contains - Specification for Highway Works (MCHW1).
advice and enlargement which is commended to
designers for their consideration. - Notes for Guidance on the Specification for
Highway Works (MCHW2).

- Highway Construction Details (MCHW3).

Implementation
1.10 References are made in the text to other
documents by author and date except for British
1.5 This Part of Volume 7 of the Design Manual
Standards, TRL/TRRL Reports and Overseeing
for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) is provided for Organisation Publications, which are referred to by
general information. Each Part of Volume 7 should number (or name) and date. A full list of References is
be consulted for the relevant Implementation Clause included in each Part.

1.6 The use of Volume 7 is mandatory for trunk roads

including motorways. It is intended to provide more
background, explanation and advice than the superseded
documents. The objective is, however, to provide an
instruction manual, not a full technical review or
textbook. With regard to pavement assessment and
maintenance, it should be read in conjunction with the
Overseeing Organisation’s maintenance instructions.
In England and Wales, these are contained within the
respective Trunk Road Maintenance Manuals

February 1999 1/1

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 2
Part 1 HD 23/99 Background

2. BACKGROUND
2.1 Current UK practice in pavement design and 2.4 Significant developments have also taken place in
maintenance has developed from a combination of other countries, particularly in connection with the
practical experience, laboratory research and full-scale analytical or mechanistic approach to design. This is
road trials. Most of the research has been carried out based on the traditional structural design philosophy,
over a number of years by the Transport Research which requires an understanding of material behaviour
Laboratory (TRL), some with the assistance of external under load and an appropriate theoretical analysis of the
research contracts. design problem.

2.2 TRRL Report LR 1132 (1984) provides details of

UK research findings in connection with the design and Pavement Components
performance of flexible pavements. The report makes
use of the results of full-scale road experiments and uses 2.5 Figure 2.1 illustrates two typical cross-sections of
analytical techniques to rationalise and extend the data. road pavements in the U.K. The terms used, together
Many of the recommendations have since been adopted with others used in Volume 7 are defined in Chapter 4,
by the Overseeing Organisations. the Glossary of Terms.

2.3 TRRL Report RR 87 (1987) provides comparable 2.6 The underlying subgrade soil (cut or fill), capping
findings in connection with rigid pavements and many of (if used) and sub-base comprises the Foundation, the
the recommendations have also been adopted by the platform upon which the more expensive and
Overseeing Organisations. structurally significant layers are placed. This platform
is designed to be of a certain minimum standard quality
whatever the underlying soil condition. It is not a
drainage layer although it does itself require to be
adequately drained since it is never totally impermeable.

FLEXIBLE, FLEXIBLE COMPOSITE

RIGID
& RIGID COMPOSITE

WEARING COURSE
SURFACING PAVEMENT
BASECOURSE
QUALITY
ROADBASE CONCRETE

FORMATION SUB-BASE

CAPPING FOUNDATION
SUB-FORMATION

SUBGRADE

Figure 2.1 Typical Pavement

February 1999 2/1

Chapter 2 Volume 7 Section 1
Background Part 1 HD 23/99

2.7 The Roadbase is the main structural layer of the by an unacceptable degree of rutting, general
pavement, required to distribute the applied traffic unevenness, cracking, crazing etc. In the case of the
loading so that the underlying materials are not surfacing, loss of skid resistance can be equivalent to
overstressed. It must be able to sustain the stresses and failure.
strains generated within itself without excessive or rapid
deterioration of any kind. 2.11 Some pavements, with thicker bound layers
constructed on a good foundation, maintain their
2.8 The function of the Surfacing is to enable good strength or become stronger over time, rather than
ride quality to be combined with the appropriate gradually weakening with trafficking. Such pavements,
resistance to skidding and to resist crack propagation. built above a threshold strength, will have a very long
For this, texture and durability under traffic are structural service life, provided that distress, in the form
required. In the case of concrete roads, the surfacing and of cracks and ruts appearing at the surface, is treated
roadbase are combined to form a single layer. before it begins to affect the structural integrity of the
road. These are referred to as long-life pavements.

Pavement Types 2.12 It is good practice and the Overseeing

Organisation’s intention to ensure that major
2.9 Four different types of pavement are defined by maintenance or strengthening of the pavement takes
the Overseeing Organisation. place at a point such that the structural contribution of
the existing pavement layers is largely retained.
a) Flexible:
2.13 To monitor the performance of a pavement, the
The surfacing and roadbase materials are bound Overseeing Organisation requires the use of a number of
with bituminous binder. assessment machines and methods. These include the
High speed Road Monitor, the Deflectograph, FWD,
b) Flexible Composite: SCRIM, visual condition surveys, etc. In this way the
appropriate timing can be chosen for the various
The surfacing and upper roadbase (if used) are necessary maintenance processes which all pavements
bound with bituminous binder on a roadbase or eventually require.
lower roadbase of cement bound material.

c) Rigid: Maintenance

Pavement quality concrete is used for the 2.14 Clearly any of the three main components of a
combined surfacing and roadbase. The concrete pavement (Foundation, Roadbase, Surfacing) can
can be:- deteriorate, leading to a reduction in the quality of
performance of the overall structure. Depending upon
Jointed unreinforced (URC) the mode of deterioration, deduced from the various
Jointed reinforced (JRC) pavement assessment processes, maintenance measures
Continuously reinforced (CRCP) ranging from surface treatment through to total
reconstruction may be necessary.
d) Rigid Composite:
2.15 Whichever type of maintenance measure is to be
Continuously reinforced concrete roadbase adopted, it is always of the utmost importance that the
(CRCR) with bituminous surfacing. correct procedures are followed to render the repair/
strengthening as effective and long-lasting as possible.

Pavement Performance

2.10 Pavements do not fail suddenly but gradually

deteriorate in serviceability to a terminal level which
may be defined as failure. The rate of deterioration often
accelerates as failure is approached. This is represented

2/2 February 1999

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 3
Part 1 HD 23/99 Use of Volume 7

3. USE OF VOLUME 7
3.1 The order of the section in Volume 7 is generally Section 3 : Pavement Maintenance Assessment
based on the life cycle of a road pavement, ie. design,
construction, assessment then maintenance (see Table 3.8 Part 1 describes the use and interpretation of
3.1). This starts with consideration of the cumulative SCRIM for monitoring skidding potential.
traffic loading which the pavement is required to carry,
followed by the design of the foundation, the roadbase or 3.9 Part 2 lists the machines and methods used for the
main structural component and the surfacing. There is structural assessment of a pavement. It also describes
then a need to assess the behaviour in service and to the analysis and interpretation associated with each.
design and carry out appropriate maintenance. It must,
however, be emphasised that there is interaction between 3.10 Part 3 details the procedure to be used in
the components and that they cannot always be dealt structural assessment, the appropriate use of each
with in isolation. The following is a brief outline of the method and the overall interpretation. The choice and
contents of each of the sections and parts. design of strengthening measures is also included.

Section 1: Preamble Section 4 : Pavement Maintenance Methods

3.2 Part 1 is this general introduction to Volume 7. 3.11 Part 1 gives details of the techniques for
maintenance of roads containing bituminous materials,
3.3 Part 2 gives technical information on the including advice on recycling.
conservation and use of reclaimed materials.
3.12 Part 2 covers the maintenance of concrete roads
from surface treatments through to reconstruction.
Section 2 : Pavement Design and Construction

3.4 Part 1 describes the calculation of design traffic Section 5: Surfacing and Surfacing Materials
for both new roads and maintenance. It also covers the
calculation of past traffic, needed in pavement 3.13 Part 1 covers the general suitability of materials
assessment analysis. for different uses and other surfacing requirements.

3.5 Part 2 gives details of the design of a pavement 3.14 Part 2 details the various bituminous surfacing
foundation and of tests used for the assessment of materials and processes that are available.
existing subgrade and sub-base materials.
3.15 Part 3 details the various concrete surfacing
3.6 Part 3 covers the design of the roadbase and materials and processes that are available.
surfacing for new roads, including all the various types
of pavement allowed.
Flow Charts
3.7 Part 4 covers particular aspects of the 3.16 Figure 3.1 is a flowchart which is intended to
construction process that are relevant to this Volume but show the interrelations which exist between the section
not covered elsewhere, including pavement widening and and parts in Volume 7.
rapid concrete construction.

February 1999 3/1

Chapter 3 Volume 7 Section 1
Use of Volume 7 Part 1 HD 23/99

SECTION 1. Preamble SECTION 2. Pavement Design and Construction

PART 1 PART 2 PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4

HD 23 HD 35 HD 24 HD 25 HD 26 HD 27
General Technical Information Traffic Assessment Foundations Pavement Design Pavement
Information Construction
Methods

1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

2. Background 2. Conservation and 2. Standard Method 2. Subgrade 2. Design 2. Widening of

use of Reclaimed Assessment Implementation Pavements
materials
3. Use of Volume 7 3. References 3. Structural 3. Capping and 3. Roadbase 3. Rapid
Assessment & Sub-base Materials Construction
Maintenance and Repair of
Concrete Pavements
4. Glossary of 4. Enquiries 4. Lane Distribution 4. In-situ Testing 4. Surfacing 4. Not currently
Terms Materials used
5. Principal 5. References and 5. References and 5. Design Criteria 5. Not currently
Abbreviations Bibliography Bibliography used
6. Enquiries 6. Enquiries 6. Enquiries 6. The Analytical 6. References and
Approach Bibliography
7. References and 7. Enquiries
Bibliography
8. Enquiries

SECTION 3. Pavement Maintenance Assessment

PART 1 PART 2 PART 3 PART 4

HD 28 HD 29 HD 30 HA 72
Skidding Resistance Structural Assessment Methods Structural Assessment Procedure Use and Limitation of Ground
Radar for Pavement Assessment

1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

2. Not currently used 2. High Speed Road Monitor 2. Routine Structural Assessment 2. Ground Radar for
Non-destructive Testing
3. Use of SCRIM 3. Visual Condition Surveys 3. Collection and Review of 3. Use of Ground Radar
Existing Data
4. References and Bibliography 4. Deflection Testing 4. Planning Detailed Investigation 4. Survey Procedure
5. Enquiries 5. Specialist Test Methods 5. Detailed Investigation 5. Reporting the Results of a
Ground Radar Survey
6. References and Bibliography 6. Interpretation 6. Enquiries
7. Enquiries 7. Strengthening Design
8. References and Bibliography
9. Enquiries
Annex Annex Annex Annex
1. Calibration 1. Deflection Beam A. Flexible Composite Pavements A. Technical Survey Brief
and Pavement Condition Information
2. Operational Procedures 2. Deflectograph B. Quality Control Plan
3. Use of Different Types of Test 3. Deflectograph - Analysis and C. Determination of Layer
in Accident Investigation Interpretation Thickness from a Ground
Radar Waveform
4. FWD Requirements for
Consistency Check

3/2 February 1999

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 3
Part 1 HD 23/99 Use of Volume 7

SECTION 4. Pavement Maintenance SECTION 5. Surfacing and Surfacing Materials

Methods

PART 1 PART 2 PART 1 PART 2 PART 3

HD 31 HD 32 HD 36 HD 37 HD 38
Maintenance of Maintenance of Surfacing for Bituminous Surfacing Concrete Surfacing and
Bituminous Roads Concrete Roads New and Maintenance Materials and Techniques Material
Construction

1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1. Introduction

2. Surface 2. Surface 2. Surfacing Options 2. Bituminous Surfacing 2. Transverse Textured

Treatments Treatments Materials Concrete Surface
3. Minor 3. Joint Repairs 3. Texture and Aggregate 3. Binders and Binder 3. Exposed Aggregate
Maintenance Properties Modifiers Concrete Surface
4. Major 4. Structural Repairs 4. Not currently 4. Hot Rolled Asphalt 4. Retexturing (Concrete)
Maintenance used
5. Recycling 5. Strengthening 5. Tyre/Road 5. Porous Asphalt 5. Not currently used
Surface Noise
6. In-situ hot 6. References and 6. References and 6. Thin Surfacings 6. References and
recycling Bibliography Bibliography Bibliography
7. References and 7. Enquiries 7. Enquiries 7. Stone Mastic Asphalt 7. Enquiries
Bibliography
8. Enquiries 8. Surface Dressing
9. High Friction Surfacing
10. Slurry Surfacing and
Micro-surfacing
11. Retexturing (Bituminous)
12. Not currently used
13. Miscellaneous Surfacing
Materials
14. References and
Bibliography
15. Enquiries
Annex Annex
1. Maintenance and A. Method for Determination
Repair Procedures of Loss of Chippings and
Proportion of Broken
Chippings

TABLE 3.1 Layout of Volume 7 : Pavement Design and Maintenance

February 1999 3/3

 Chapter 3 Volume 7 Section 1

,,,,
Use of Volume 7 Part 1 HD 23/99

,,,,
Section 1, Parts 1 & 2
General and Technical
Information

,,,,
,,,,
,,,,
Section 2, Part 1
Traffic
Assessment

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Section 5
Parts 1, 2 & 3
Surfacing and
Surfacing Materials
Section 2, Part 2
Foundations
reconstruction

option
Section 3, Part 3
Structural
Assessment
Procedure
Section 3, Parts 2 & 4
Structural
Assessment
Methods

,,,,,,,,,,,
n
io
ct
tru
ns
co
re
n
tio
op

,,,,,,,,,,,
Section 2, Part 3 Section 4, Parts Section 3, Part 1
1&2
Pavement Skidding
Design Maintenance Resistance

,,,, ,,,
In
fo
rm
at
n io
io n
at
m
for
Im

,,,, ,,,,
,,
Section 2, Part 4 Section 5
Pavement Parts 1, 2 & 3
Construction Surfacing and
Methods Surfacing Materials

FIGURE 3.1 Use of Volume 7

3/4 February 1999

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 4
Part 1 HD 23/99 Glossary of Terms

4. GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Capping : A subgrade improvement layer, Foundation : All materials up to the top of sub-
protecting the subgrade from base.
damage.
Growth Factor : The proportional increase/
Chainage : Distance along a carriageway decrease between the average
from a reference point. ‘whole life’ traffic flow on a road
and the flow at opening (or
Crack and Seat : Process whereby a failed concrete present flow).
pavement is broken into relatively
small slabs and compacted prior Growth Rate : The annual percentage increase in
to overlaying. vehicle flow.

Deflection : The recoverable movement of the Inlay : The replacement of some of the
surface of a pavement under a layers of an existing pavement
transient load. with new materials, ie. a form of
partial reconstruction to existing
Deformation : The irreversible movement/ or to different levels.
compression of pavement layers,
leading to rutting and settlement. Macro-Texture : The visible roughness of a
surfacing material, enabling
Design Period : The number of years for which a drainage of water etc.
pavement is designed.
Mega-Texture : The degree of smoothness of the
Design Traffic : The predicted traffic occurring surface with wavelength between
over the design period: usually 50 and 500mm.
expressed in terms of millions of
standard axles (msa). Micro-Texture : The microscopic properties of the
surface which enable it to develop
Elastic Modulus : A measure of the material friction and thus to provide
stiffness properties. skidding resistance.

Fatigue : The formation of cracks in Modulus : The ratio, stress/strain.

pavement materials under
repeated loading. Overlay : The placement of new material
directly onto the surface of an
Flexible : Bituminous roadbase and existing pavement.
surfacing.
Pavement : All layers above formation.
Flexible Composite : Cement bound roadbase,
bituminous surfacing. Profile : The variation of the longitudinal
level along the length of a
Formation : Level upon which sub-base is carriageway.
placed.

February 1999 4/1

Chapter 4 Volume 7 Section 1
Glossary of Terms Part 1 HD 23/99

Reconstruction : The replacement of some or all Vehicle Category : Description of vehicle by general
layers of an existing pavement weight/damaging power, eg,
with new (or recycled) materials. ‘Other goods vehicle category 2
(OGV2)’.
Rigid : Concrete roadbase and surfacing.
Vehicle Class : Description of vehicle by type
Rigid Composite : Concrete roadbase, bituminous and number of axles eg. ‘3 axle
surfacing. Articulated’ or ‘Buses and
Coaches’.
Roadbase : Main structural layer of
pavement; placed above sub-base.

Standard Axle : An axle with an 80kN total force.

Stiffness Modulus : The equivalent of elastic modulus

but for materials whose stiffness
varies (eg. with temperature,
stress state etc.)

Sub-base : A platform layer upon which the

main structure of a pavement may
be laid.

Sub-Formation : Top of subgrade level if a capping

is used.

Subgrade : Soil underlying a pavement (may

be fill material).

Surface Dressing : A single/double/triple layer of

aggregate combined with one or
more layers of binder to form a
running surface.

Surfacing : Upper layers designed to carry

traffic directly.

Thin Surfacing : Thin surfacing systems are

machine-laid proprietary mixes
that have the capability to
regulate and smooth surface
profile, restoring surface texture
and skid resistance.

4/2 February 1999

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 5
Part 1 HD 23/99 Principal Abbreviations

5. PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS
AADF Annual Average Daily Flow HDM Heavy Duty Macadam

AAV Aggregate Abrasion Value HMB High Modulus Base

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle

BS British Standard HRA Hot Rolled Asphalt

BSI British Standards Institution HRM High speed Road Monitor

CBM Cement Bound Material HSTM High Speed Texture Meter

CBR California Bearing Ratio ITSM Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus

CHART Computerised Highway Assessment of JRC Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement

Ratings and Treatments
LL Liquid Limit
COBA Cost Benefit Analysis
LLAMA Long LIfe Approach to Maintenance
CRCP Continuously Reinforced Concrete Assessmemt
Pavement
MARCH Maintenance Assessment Rating and
CRCR Continuously Reinforced Concrete Costing for Highways
Roadbase
MCHW Manual of Contract documents for
Cu Concrete Cube Strength Highway Works

cv/d Commercial Vehicles per Day MCV Moisture Condition Value

DBM Dense Bitumen Macadam msa Millions of Standard Axles

DBM50 Dense Bitumen Macadam MSSC Mean Summer SCRIM Coefficient

- 50 Penetration Grade Binder
MTM Mini Texture Meter
DCP Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
NAMAS National Measurement Accreditation
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges Service

DSR Dynamic Shear Rheometer NDT Non Destructive Testing/Nuclear Density

Test
EVA Ethylene Vinyl Acetate
NESA Network Evaluation from Surveys and
FWD Falling Weight Deflectometer Assignments (Scotland)

GGBS Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag NRTF National Road Traffic Forecast

GPR Ground Probing Radar NSRS National Skidding Resistance Survey

HAPAS Highway Authorities Products Approval OGV1 Other Goods Vehicle - Category 1
Scheme
OGV2 Other Goods Vehicle - Category 2
HAPMS Highways Agency Pavement Management
System

February 1999 5/1

Chapter 5 Volume 7 Section 1
Principal Abbreviations Part 1 HD 23/99

OSGR Ordnance Survey Grid Reference SMA Stone Mastic Asphalt / Splitt Mastix
Asphalt (Germany) / Stone Matrix Asphalt
Pa.s Pascal second (viscosity) (USA)

PA Porous Asphalt SMTD Sensor Measured Texture Depth

PAV Pressurised Ageing Vessel SRV Skidding Resistance Value

PANDEF Processing and Analysis of Deflections STEAM Scottish Traffic and Environmental
Appraisal Manual
PCV Proportional Change in Variance
TAM Traffic Appraisal Manual
PDPBT Portable Dynamic Plate Bearing Test
TRL Transport Research Laboratory
PFA Pulverised Fuel Ash
TRMM Trunk Road Maintenance Manual
PI Plasticity Index
TRRL Transport and Road Research Laboratory
PQC Pavement Quality Concrete
TFV Ten Percent Fines Value
PRD Percentage Refusal Density
URC Unreinforced Concrete Pavement
PSV Public Service Vehicle
UKPMS United Kingdom Pavement Management
PSV Polished Stone Value System

PVA Poly Vinyl Acetate VCS Visual Condition Survey (for concrete
surfaced roads)
QUADRO Queues and Delays at Roadworks
WLC Whole Life Cost
RTFOT Rolling Thin Film Oven Test

SAMI Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer

SBR Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber

SBS Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene

SCRIM Sideway force Coefficient Routine

Investigation Machine

SFC Sideway Force Coefficient

5/2 February 1999

Volume 7 Section 1 Chapter 6
Part 1 HD 23/99 Enquiries

6. ENQUIRIES
Approval of this document for publication is given by the undersigned:

Quality Services Director

The Highways Agency
St Christopher House
Southwark Street J Kerman
London SE1 0TE Quality Services Director

The Deputy Chief Engineer

The Scottish Office Development Department
National Roads Directorate
Victoria Quay N B MACKENZIE
Edinburgh EH6 6QQ Deputy Chief Engineer

The Director of Highways

Welsh Office
Highways Directorate
Cathays Park K J THOMAS
Cardiff CF1 3NQ Director of Highways

The Technical Director

Department of the Environment for
Northern Ireland
Roads Service
Clarence Court
10-18 Adelaide Street V Crawford
Belfast BT2 8GB Technical Director

All technical enquiries or comments on this document should be sent in writing as appropriate to the above.

February 1999 6/1