VIJAY SHEKHAR ACADEMY

NEET | Botany

11th NEET Photosynthesis Date: 25/01/2025

Time: 01 Hour(s) Marks: 180

(1). The process which makes major difference between C3 and C4 plants is (4)

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A. glycolysis B. Calvin cycle

C. photorespiration D. respiration

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Solution (Explanation).
Introduction to Photorespiration -

Photorespiration was first observed by Otto Warbug in 1929 and demonstrated by Decker and Tijo in 1959.
The process of photorespiration creates a big difference between the C3 and C4 plants.

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RuBisCO has a much greater affinity for CO2 when the CO2 : O2 is nearly equal.
It is the relative concentration of O2 and CO2 that determines which of the two will bind to the enzyme.
In C3 plants some O2 does bind to RuBisCO, and hence CO2 fixation is decreased.
Here the RuBP instead of being converted to 2 molecules of PGA binds with O2 to form one molecule of 3 carbon

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phosphoglycerate (PGA) and one molecule of 2 carbon phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration.
In the photorespiratory pathway, there is neither synthesis of sugars, nor of ATP instead this pathway uses 1 molecule of
ATP.
Hence photorespiration is a wasteful process occuring in C3 plants.
In C4 plants photorespiration does not occur as RuBiSCo is present in bundle sheath cells instead of mesophyll cell.
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- The photorespiration observed mostly in C3 plants.
(2). With reference to factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis, which of the following statements is not correct? (4)
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A. Light saturation for CO2 fixation occurs at 10% of B. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration upto
full sunlight 0.05% can enhance CO2 fixation rate

C. C3 plants responds to higher temperatures with D. Tomato is a greenhouse crop which can be grown in
enhanced photosynthesis while C4 plants have CO2 - enriched atmosphere for higher yield
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much lower temperature optimum

Solution (Explanation).

- C4 plants do not perform photorespiration while C3 plants do. Photosynthetic activity is mainly affected by enzymes
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rather than temperatures. High temperature leads to the destruction of photosynthetic pigments. Hence, the correct answer
is option c.
(3). Phosphonol pyruvate (PEP) is the primary CO2 acceptor in : (4)
A. C3 plants B. C4 plants
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C. C2 plants D. C3 and C4 plants

Solution (Explanation).
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The C4 Pathway -

The primary CO2 acceptor is a 3-carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and is present in the mesophyll cells.
The CO2 is received in the form of bicarbonate ions.
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The carbonic anhydrase hydrates CO2 and produce bicarbonate

The enzyme responsible for this fixation is PEP carboxylase or PEPcase.
It is important to register that the mesophyll cells lack RuBisCO enzyme.
The C4 acid OAA is formed in the mesophyll cells.
It then forms other 4-carbon compounds like malic acid or aspartic acid in the mesophyll cells itself, which are
transported to the bundle sheath cells.
In the bundle sheath cells these C4 acids are broken down to release CO2 and a 3-carbon molecule.
The 3-carbon molecule is transported back to the mesophyll where it is converted to PEP again, thus, completing the
cycle
The CO2 released in the bundle sheath cells enters the C3 or the Calvin pathway, a pathway common to all plants.
The bundle sheath cells are rich in an enzyme Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO), but lack
PEPcase.
Thus, the basic pathway that results in the formation of the sugars, the Calvin pathway, is common to the C3 and C4
plants.

-Hence, the correct answer is option (b).

(4). Which of the following is correct for photosynthesis? (4)
A. Biological oxidation process B. Photochemical catabolic process
C. Photo-oxidative metabolism D. Biological photo metabolism

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Solution (Explanation).

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Introduction to Photosynthesis -

Green plants are the producers of the ecosystem.

This is so because they can synthesize organic food through the usage of inorganic ingredients.
The organic food is glucose and it is synthesized by using carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.
There is an involvement of mineral ions.

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Hence, photosynthesis is a Physico-chemical process by which plants use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds.
The use of energy from sunlight by plants during photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth.

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Photosynthesis does not only involve oxidation but reduction as well. It is a redox reaction and the energy for the process
is derived from the sunlight. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
(5). Consider the following statements: Statement I: Photosynthesis occurs to release oxygen. Statement II: Oxygen (4)
is the by-product of photosynthesis.
A. Statement I is correct B. Statement I provides reason for Statement II
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C. Statement II is correct D. Both are correct
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Solution (Explanation).

Photosynthesis is a Physico-chemical process by which plants use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic
compounds.
The use of energy from sunlight by plants during photosynthesis is the basis of life on earth.
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Photosynthesis is important due to three reasons:

It is the primary source of all food on earth.
It is responsible for the release of oxygen into the atmosphere by green plants.
The light energy is converted into chemical energy that can be stored and transported in plants.
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Oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis primarily occurs to fix the inorganic carbon to organic
carbon. Hence, the correct answer is option c.
(6). Chlorophylls are present in (4)
A. Thylakoid membranes B. Stroma
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C. Inner membrane of chloroplast D. All of these

Solution (Explanation).
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Embedded in the thylakoid membrane is chlorophyll, a pigment (a molecule that absorbs light) responsible for the initial
interaction between light and plant material, and numerous proteins that make up the electron transport chain. Hence, the
correct answer is option a.
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(7). Choose the contribution made by Ingenhousz for the understanding of photosynthesis. (4)
A. Green plants purify the air B. Plants obtain nutrients from water and soi

C. Sunlight is required for the purification of air by D. Proposed the term ‘chlorophyll’
the plants
Solution (Explanation).

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Ingenhousz suggested the role of sunlight in the purification process carried out by plants. Hence, the correct answer is
option c.
(8). The light reaction of photosynthesis was explained by (4)
A. Reuben, Hasid and Kamen B. Engelmann

C. Robert Hill D. Leibig

Solution (Explanation).

Robert Hill proposed the Hill’s reaction to explain the light reaction of photosynthesis. Hence, the correct answer is option
c.

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(9). Who proposed the role of water in the release of oxygen? (4)
A. Blackman B. Von Neil

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C. Robert Hill D. Mayer
Solution (Explanation).

Von Neil indicated that photosynthetic bacteria fix in the presence of and is precipitated. Similarly, green

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plants use and is released from water. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(10). What is the contribution of Leibig towards the understanding of photosynthesis? (4)
A. He proposed that plants store energy from sunlight B. He proposed that organic carbon comes from
in the form of chemical energy

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C. He proposed that qir and light are important for the D. He proposed the term ‘chlorophyll’
nourishment of plants
Solution (Explanation).

Liebig proposed that organic carbon comes from . Hence, the correct answer is option b.
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(11). Evolution of oxygen during photosynthesis was discovered by (4)
A. Joseph priestley B. Von Neil
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C. Ingenhousz D. Engelmann
Solution (Explanation).

Exp. 4
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T.W Engelmann used a prism and he split light into its spectral components and then illuminated a green alga,
Cladophora, placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria.
The bacteria were used to detect the sites of O2 evolution.
He observed that the bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of blue and red light of the split spectrum.
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A first action spectrum of photosynthesis was thus described.

It resembles roughly the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b.

Ingenhousz in an elegant experiment with an aquatic plant showed that in bright sunlight, small bubbles were formed
around the green parts while in the dark they did not. Later he identified these bubbles to be of oxygen. Hence, the
correct answer is option c.
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(12). Engelmann showed (4)

A. The wavelength of light at which photosynthesis B. The action spectrum for photosynthesis
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occurs

C. Both a and b D. None of these

Solution (Explanation).
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Exp. 4

T.W Engelmann used a prism and he split light into its spectral components and then illuminated a green alga,
Cladophora, placed in a suspension of aerobic bacteria.
The bacteria were used to detect the sites of O2 evolution.
He observed that the bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of blue and red light of the split spectrum.
A first action spectrum of photosynthesis was thus described.
It resembles roughly the absorption spectra of chlorophyll a and b.
Engelmann observed that the bacteria accumulated mainly in the region of blue and red light of the split spectrum. A first
action spectrum of photosynthesis was thus described. Hence, the correct answer is option c.
(13). Photosynthesis is (4)
A. Oxidative, exergonic, catabolic B. Reductive, endergonic, anabolic
C. Reductive, exergonic, anabolic D. Reductive, endergonic, catabolic
Solution (Explanation).
Requirements:

A healthy plant

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Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Water from the soil

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Light, usually solar radiation from the sun

Products:

Sugars and starches (carbohydrates)

Water

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Oxygen

Reaction:

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Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. Water is oxidised and carbon dioxide is reduced.

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It is an anabolic, endothermic and reductive process.

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(14). Which of the following is correct with respect to the raw materials of photosynthesis? (4)
A. Water is taken in via stomata B. is taken in via stomata

C. Oxygen is taken in via stomata D. is taken in via root hair

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Solution (Explanation).

Requirements:

A healthy plant
Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
Water from the soil
Light, usually solar radiation from the sun

Products:
Sugars and starches (carbohydrates)
Water
Oxygen

Carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere via stomata. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(15). Which of the following is obtained due to an oxidation reaction? (4)
A. Glucose B. Water

C. Oxygen D. Carbon dioxide

Solution (Explanation).

Y
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Photosynthesis is a redox reaction. Water is oxidised and carbon dioxide is reduced. Water is oxidized to release oxygen
and hydrogen. Hence, the correct answer is option c.
(16). Why is photosynthesis considered to be a reductive process? (4)
A. The main product, oxygen, is produced due to B. The main product, glucose, is produced due to
reduction oxidation
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C. The main product, carbon dioxide, is produced due D. The main product, glucose, is produced due to
to reduction reduction
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Solution (Explanation).
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Photosynthesis is considered to be a reductive process because the main product, glucose, is produced due to reduction of
carbon dioxide. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
(17). The energy of light is contained in (4)
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A. Electrons B. Neutrons
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C. Bosons D. Photons
Solution (Explanation).
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Photosynthetic Pigments: Pigments are substances that have an ability to absorb light at specific wavelengths

Light is a form of electromagnetic energy that travels in waves.

The energy of light is called Quantum energy contained in packets called photons.
The light reflected by the pigments is the one they do not absorb..

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The energy of light is called Quantum energy contained in packets called photons. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
(18). Chlorophyllase enzyme is (4)
A. Responsible for etiolation B. Present in angiosperms only
 C. Present in gymnosperms only D. Present in both angiosperms and gymnosperms
Solution (Explanation).

Gymnosperms have an enzyme called chlorophyllase which converts protochlorophyll to chlorophyll. Hence, etiolation
does not occur in gymnosperms when kept in the dark. Hence, the correct answer is option c.
(19). The empirical formula for chlorophyll is (4)
A. B.
C. D.

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Solution (Explanation).

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Chlorophyll a is a universal pigment present in all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms. Its chemical formula is
. It has - group. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(20). Chlorophyll molecule at its carbon atom of the pyrrole ring II has one of the following: (4)
A. Aldehyde group B. Methyl group
C. Carboxylic group D. Magnesium

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Solution (Explanation).

Chlorophyll a is a universal pigment present in all oxygen-evolving photosynthetic organisms. Its chemical formula is
. It has group. Hence, the correct answer is option b.

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(21). Lutein is the common type of (4)
A. Carotenes B. Xanthophyll
C. Beta carotenes D. None of these
Solution (Explanation).
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There are two types of carotenoids: Carotenes and Xanthophylls.
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The difference between the two groups is chemical: xanthophylls contain oxygen, while carotenes are
hydrocarbons and do not contain oxygen.
Also, the two absorb different wavelengths of light during a plant’s photosynthesis process, so xanthophylls are more
yellow while carotenes are orange.
The common type of carotene is beta-carotene.
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The common type of xanthophyll is lutein.

The ratio of xanthophyll to carotene in plants is 3:1 or 2:1.

The common type of xanthophyll is lutein. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(22). Which of the following lack phytol tail? (4)
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A. Phycobilins B. Chlorophyll
C. Bacteriochlorophyll D. More than one correct
Solution (Explanation).
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Both the phycobilins and chlorophyll c lack phytol tail. Phycobilins lack magnesium ions too. Hence, the correct answer
is option d.
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(23). How many turns of the Calvin cycle are needed to make one molecule of glucose? (4)
A. B.
C. D.
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Solution (Explanation).

Dark Reaction: Calvin Cycle -

It occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

It involves the action of many enzymes, hence it is an enzymatic reaction.
It is slower than the photochemical or light reaction.

In order to make one molecule of glucose, turns of the Calvin cycle are needed. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(24). The correct sequence of steps of dark reaction are (4)
 A. Regeneration - carboxylation - reduction B. Reduction - oxidation - hydrogenation

C. Carboxylation - reduction - regeneration D. Reduction - carboxylation - regeneration.

Solution (Explanation).

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Calvin cycle is completed in three steps as follows:

1. Carboxylation
2. Reduction

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3. Regeneration

Hence, the correct answer is c.

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(25). combines with a acceptor to form Phosphoglyceric acid which is (4)
A. carbon compound B. carbon compound
C. carbon compound D. carbon compound
Solution (Explanation).

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combines with a acceptor to form Phosphoglyceric acid which is a Carbon
compound. Hence, the correct answer is c.
(26). Which of the following processes is called reverse of glycolysis? (4)

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A. reduction B. carboxylation

C. synthesis D. regeneration
Solution (Explanation).
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The reactions taking place during reduction are reverse of reactions taking place during glycolysis. Thus, this process
is called glycolytic reversal. Hence, the correct answer is a.
(27). The scientist who first worked out the pathway is (4)
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A. Melvin Calvin B. Robin Hill

C. Linnaeus D. Hatch and Slack
Solution (Explanation).
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The C4 Plants -

Plants that are adapted to dry tropical regions have the C4 pathway.
Though these plants have the C4 oxaloacetic acid as the first CO2 fixation product the use the C3 pathway or the Calvin
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cycle as the main biosynthetic pathway.

This pathway that has been named the Hatch and Slack Pathway (on the name of scientists), is again a cyclic process.
C4 plants are found in hot dry places like plains and savannas.

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Pathway was discovered by Hatch and Slack in . Due to this, it is also known as Hatch- Slack pathway. Hence, the
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correct answer is option d.

(28). Kranz anatomy is characteristic to (4)
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A. plants B. plants

C. CAM plants D. Both and plants

Solution (Explanation).
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Speciality of C4 plants:

They have a special type of leaf anatomy, they tolerate higher temperatures, they show a response to high light intensities,
they lack a process called photorespiration and have greater productivity of biomass.
The particularly large cells around the vascular bundles of the C4 plants are called bundle sheath cells, and the leaves
which have such anatomy are said to have ‘Kranz’ anatomy.
‘Kranz’ means ‘wreath’ and is a reflection of the arrangement of cells.
The bundle sheath cells may form several layers around the vascular bundles; they are characterised by having a large
number of chloroplasts, thick walls impervious to gaseous exchange and no intercellular spaces.
The chloroplasts of bundle sheath cells lack grana.
Kranz anatomy is a characteristic feature of plants. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(29). The primary acceptor in fixation in pathway is (4)
A. Oxaloacetic acid B. Citric acid
C. D. Phosphoenol pyruvate
Solution (Explanation).

-During pathway, combines with carbon compound phosphoenol pyruvate to form carbon compound
oxaloacetic acid. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
(30). Which of the following enzymes catalyses primary fixation in pathway? (4)

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A. Aldolase B. carboxylase

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C. carboxylase D. Isomerase
Solution (Explanation).

During pathway, combines with carbon compound phosphoenol pyruvate to form carbon compound
oxaloacetic acid. This reaction is catalysed by PEP carboxylase. Hence, the correct answer is option b.

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(31). The plant family that does not show CAM pathway is (4)
A. Crassulaceae B. Euphorbiaceae
C. Cactaceae D. Gramineae

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Solution (Explanation).

CAM Pathway -

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants are found in xerophytic conditions.

CAM pathway is exhibited by Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cactaceae etc.
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Their stomata open only during the night, fixing carbon onto different compounds and then releasing the fixed carbon into
the C3 cycle during the day when plants perform photosynthesis.
The CO2 taken up by succulent plants at night is fixed in a similar way as it takes place in C4 plants to form malic acid,
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which is being stored in the vacuole.

These acids are decarboxylated and the CO2 released is fixed to produce PGA.

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CAM pathway is exhibited by plant families like Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cactaceae etc. Hence, the correct answer is
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option d.
(32). The enzyme that converts oxaloacetate into malic acid is (4)
A. Malic dehydrogenase B. Oxalophosphatase

C. Malic phosphatase D. carboxylase

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Solution (Explanation).
CAM Pathway -

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants are found in xerophytic conditions.

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CAM pathway is exhibited by Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cactaceae etc.

Their stomata open only during the night, fixing carbon onto different compounds and then releasing the fixed carbon into
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the C3 cycle during the day when plants perform photosynthesis.

The CO2 taken up by succulent plants at night is fixed in a similar way as it takes place in C4 plants to form malic acid,
which is being stored in the vacuole.
These acids are decarboxylated and the CO2 released is fixed to produce PGA.
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Malic dehydrogenase converts oxaloacetate into malic acid. Hence, the correct answer is option a.
(33). CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants are found in (4)
A. Mesophytic conditions B. Hydrophytic conditions
C. Xerophytic conditions D. Both a and b
Solution (Explanation).
CAM Pathway -

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants are found in xerophytic conditions.

CAM pathway is exhibited by Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Cactaceae etc.
Their stomata open only during the night, fixing carbon onto different compounds and then releasing the fixed carbon into
the C3 cycle during the day when plants perform photosynthesis.
The CO2 taken up by succulent plants at night is fixed in a similar way as it takes place in C4 plants to form malic acid,
which is being stored in the vacuole.
These acids are decarboxylated and the CO2 released is fixed to produce PGA.

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) plants are found in xerophytic conditions. Hence, the correct answer is option c.
(34). Which of the following is an advantage of CAM pathway? (4)
A. CAM pathway minimises photorespiration B. CAM pathway can reduce water loss

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C. CAM pathway has the ability to leave stomata closed D. All of these
during the day to reduce evapotranspiration

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Solution (Explanation).

Comparison of the Photosynthetic Pathways: C3, C4 and CAM -

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AC
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- CAM pathway minimizes photorespiration and water loss. It can leave stomata closed during the day to reduce
evapotranspiration. Hence, the correct answer is option d.
(35). Choose the incorrect statement (4)
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A. cycle is energeticelly more efficient than B. cycle minimizes photorespiration by using a more
cycle efficient enzyme to fix
C. cycle reduces water loss because PEP carboxylase D. CAM pathway is energetically an expensive process
brings in faster leaving the stomata not much
open
Y

Solution (Explanation).
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 Y
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cycle is energetically more efficient than cycle. Hence, the correct answer is option a.

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(36). Choose the correct statement (4)
A. Photorespirtaion is also known as pathway B. Photorespiration occurs when there is a high
concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.
C. In the photorespiratory pathway, there is synthesis of D. During photorespiration, the is converted to
sugars, and molecules each of and phosphoglycolate.
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Solution (Explanation).
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Photorespiration is also known as pathway. It occurs when there is a high concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.
It does not lead to synthesis of sugars, and . During photorespiration, instead of being converted
to 2 molecules of binds with to form one molecule of carbon phosphoglycerate and one molecule of
carbon phosphoglycolate. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(37). Photorespiration is known as a waste process because (4)
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A. It results in the release of with the utilisation B. It leads to a loss of the fixed
of
C. It does not involve synthesis of sugars or D. All of the above
Solution (Explanation).
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Photorespiration is known as a waste process because it results in the release of with the utilisation of , it leads
to a loss of the fixed and it does not involve synthesis of sugars or . Hence, the correct answer is option
d.
(38). The organelle in which glycolate is converted into glycine during photorespiration is (4)
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A. Chloroplast B. Mitochondria
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C. Peroxisome D. Nucleus
Solution (Explanation).
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 Y
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Glycolate is converted into glycine during photorespiration in the peroxisome. Hence, the correct answer is option c.

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(39). The substrate for the process of photorespiration is (4)
A. Glycerate B. Phospoglycolate

C. Glycine D. Phosphoglycerate
Solution (Explanation).
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Phosphoglycolate is the substrate for the photorespiration process.
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The process requires three cell organelles: chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

Phosphoglycolate is the substrate for the photorespiration process. Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(40). The sequence of organelles in which photorespiration occurs is (4)
A. Mitochondria - peroxisome - chloroplast B. Chloroplast - peroxisome - mitochondria
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C. Peroxisome - Chloroplast - mitochondria D. Peroxisome -mitochondria - chloroplast

Solution (Explanation).
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Phosphoglycolate is the substrate for the photorespiration process.

The process requires three cell organelles: chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria.

The process of respiration requires three cell organelles i.n. chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria. Hence, the
correct answer is option b.
(41). The law of limiting factors was proposed by (4)
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A. Warburg B. Blackman
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C. Liederburg D. Decker and Tijo

Solution (Explanation).
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Factors Affecting Photosynthesis –

Law of Limiting Factors: When several factors affect any biochemical process, Law of Limiting Factors comes into
effect. It was given by Blackman in 1905. This states the following:
If a chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then its rate will be determined by the factor which is nearest to
its minimal value: it is the factor which directly affects the process if its quantity is changed.

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When several factors affect any biochemical process, Law of Limiting Factors comes into effect. It was given by Blackman
in . Hence, the correct answer is option b.
(42). Physiological process affected by light is (4)
 A. movement of stomata B. chlorophyll synthesis
C. formation of anthocyanin D. All of these
Solution (Explanation).

Light affects the growth and development of the plant. Several factors of light like light intensity, duration of light and
quality of light influences several physiological processes like the movement of stomata, chlorophyll synthesis, the
temperature of aerial organs, formation of anthocyanin, absorption of minerals streaming of protoplasm and rate of
transpiration.
Hence, the correct answer is all of these.

Y
(43). Duration of light affects plant growth as it is responsible for controlling (4)
A. Rate of nutrient uptake B. Rate of photosynthesis

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C. Rate of elimination of products D. Rate of reproduction
Solution (Explanation).

Duration of light affects plant growth as it affects the rate of photosynthesis. For instance, during winter when the days

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are short, the growth is very slow, while, it increases during summers when the days are longer.

(44). Which of the following statements is incorrect? (4)

A. During aerobic respiration, role of oxygen is limited B. In ETC (Electron Transport Chain), one molecule
to the terminal stage. of NADH + H+ gives rise to 2 ATP molecules, and

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FADH2 gives rise to 3 ATP molecules.
C. ATP is synthesized through complex V. D. Oxidation - reduction reactions produces proton
gradient in respiration.
Solution (Explanation).
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Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to 3 molecules of ATP while that
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of one molecule of FADH2 produces 2 molecules of ATP.

(45). Given below are two statements: (4)

Statement I : The primary acceptor in plants is phosphoenolpyruvate and is found in the mesophyll cells.
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Statement II : Mesophyll cells of plants lack RuBisCo enzyme. In the light of the above statements, choose the
correct answer from the options given below :
A. Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect B. Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
C. Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct D. Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
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Solution (Explanation).
C4 plants are evolved C3 plants to avoid the process of photorespiration. C4 plants have mesophyll cells and bundle sheath
cells. In mesophyll cells, primary acceptor is PEP (Phosphoenolpyruvate), whereas the Rubisco enzyme is present in
the bundle sheath cells. Due to the impervious walls of bundle sheath cells, cannot reach Rubisco and
photorespiration does not occur.
Y
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Hence, the correct option is (4)