LM2500+ Instrumentation

& Alarm Handling

D-R Packages
Turbine Instrumentation
 Turbine Instrumentation

 In general all turbine measurements are handled by the fuel controller except GG
and PT vibration.
 In addition following signals needs to interface the fuel controller:
 Fuel metering valves
 Fuel Pressure
 ESD
Turbine Instrumentation
 Compressor Inlet Total
Pressure and Temperature sensor P2/T2
sensor
Location of P2/T2
probe

The gas turbine is equipped with a probe to measure the compressor inlet temperature (T2)
and pressure (P2). The probe contains a duplex RTD with two independent RTD outputs.
The probe is mounted on the gas turbine front frame.
P2/T2 sensor
Table 1. Dual Element RTD
Characteristic. (100 Pt RTD Type)
Air Temperature Nominal
°C Resistance, Ohms

-53.9 78.4
-40 84.0
-17.8 92.0
0 100.0
10 104.0
Location of T2
port 37.8 115.0
65.6 126.0
93.3 137.0
 P2/T2 sensor
T2 Alarm Handling
T2A Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

T2B Sensor Failed ALARM

-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

T2A/B HI Difference ALARM

-if signals difference more then 18degF/10degC

T2A&B Sensors Failed DECEL TO MIN LOAD

-if both sensors are faulty or not valid

P2 Alarm Handling
P2 Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits
 Compressor Discharge Temperature T3

Location of T3
probes

The turbine has two sensors that consists of a dual element thermocouple probe that provides
two individual outputs at the interface electrical connector. The thermocouples are
chromel-alumel, and output voltage as a function of temperature is in accordance with the ISA K-Type
thermocouple standard.
 T3 Sensor
T3 Alarm Handling
T3A1 Sensor Failed or T3A2 Sensor Failed (T3B1/T3B2) ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

T3A1&T3A2 Sensor Failed (T3B1&T3B2) ALARM

-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

T3A1/T3A2 HI Difference (T3B1/T3B2) ALARM

-if signals difference more then 20degF/11degC

T3A/B HI Difference ALARM

- if signals difference more then 40degF/32degC

T3A&B Sensors Failed SHUTDOWN

-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits
 Compressor Discharge Static Pressure
PS3

Location of PS3
Tap.

Two transducers are required to measure high pressure compressor discharge pressure (PS3)
for engine control.
 PS3 Sensor
PS3 Alarm Handling
PS3A Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

PS3B Sensor Failed ALARM

-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

PS3A/B HI Difference ALARM

-if signals difference more then 10psi/0,68bar

PS3A/B HI HI Difference SHUTDOWN

- if signals difference more then 15psi/1,03bar

PS3 Pressure HI SHUTDOWN

-if selected signal is above 375psi/25,85bar

PS3A&B Sensors Failed SHUTDOWN

-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

PS3 Engine Stall SHUTDOWN

-PS3 signal is also ued to detect engine stall.
-Engine stall is detected based on PS3 derivative value
Flame Detectors

Location of Flame detector

The flame detector system consist of two sensor (ultraviolet or infrared type) assemblies.
For proper use of the redundancy afforded by the two flame detectors, the logic is
designed such that both detectors sense loss of flame before logic or control action
initiates a shutdown.
An additional 300 ms time delay is applied after the simultaneous loss of flame
to prevent shutdown due to momentary flicker or line noise.
Flame Detectors
Flame Detectors Alarm Handling
Flame Detector A Failed ALARM
-detector A detects fail flame or loss of flame

Flame Detector B Failed

ALARM
-detector B detects fail flame or loss of flame

Flame Detectors Failed Overridden ALARM

-detectors failed and wrong configuration

Flame Loss Overidden ALARM

-flame loss and wrong configuration

Flame Detectors Failed (Pre-Start Purge Fuel Off) SHUTDOWN

-detects false false flame before Ignition demand is on

Flame Detectors Failed (Fuel Off) SHUTDOWN

-detects false flame before fuel is on

Flame Loss SHUTDOWN

-both detectors detects flame loss

Fail to Detect Flame SHUTDOWN

-flame not detected within time frame during ignition
Power Turbine Inlet Temperature T48
Also referred to
as T54

Location of T48
elements

The gas turbine is equipped with two harness elements installed in the turbine frame.
Eight thermocouple probes are attached to these harnesses;
each harness has four probes and a connector. .
 T48 Sensors
T4
8H 8A
T4

AFT LOOKING
FORWARD
8F
T4

T4
8E 8D
T4

Location of T48
harness plugs
 T48 Sensors
T48 Alarm Handling
T48A----H Sensor Failed – if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits ALARM

T48A---H Signal Difference – if sensor value is differs more then ±600degF/315degC ALARM
from average calculation
ALARM
T48 3 Adjacent Sensors Failed – if three adjacent sensors failed or differs from average

T48 Ring Spread – if (highest – lowest) > 200degF/93degC ALARM

T48 Steady State Overtemp – if average is above 1550degF/843degC in Steady state ALARM
condition (overridden during staging)
ALARM
T48 Overtemp – if average is above 1600degF/871degC

T48 Any 4 Sensor Failed – self explaning ALARM

T48 All Sensors Failed – self explaning SHUTDOWN

T48 Under Temp – if average falls below 400degF/204degC SHUTDOWN

T48 Start Overtemp – if average is above 1500degF/815degC and
NGG < 5000 rpm SHUTDOWN
Power Turbine Inlet Total Pressure P48
and High Pressure Recoup

Location of P48 &

HP Recoup ports

In the control system both P48 and HP Recoup pressure are used to monitor
and adjust the HP Recoup orifice. The HP recoup orifice must be correctly sized in order
to maintain gas generator thrust balance
P48 & HP Recoup
P48 Alarm Handling
P48 Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

Loss of P48 Pressure Tap ALARM

-if (P2+0,5psi) >P48 and NGG>7200rpm

HP Recoup Pressure Alarm Handling

HP Recoup Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or signal outside valid limits

HP Recoup Pressure High/Low ALARM

-alarm limit according to P48/NGG load
-alarm is optional in fuel controller
 Gas Generator Speed NGG

Location of Gas
Generator Speed Sensors

Two reluctance type sensors are provided in the accessory gearbox to monitor
gas generator speed. These sensors provide the NGG signals for the
fuel control system and monitoring system.
 NGG Sensors The magnetic pickup
produce a waveform
output of sinusoidal type.

Speed Calculation:
6800rpm  6800rpm  0.78329 Hz / rpm  5326,37 Hz

7989,558 Hz
7989,558Hz   10200rpm
0,78329 Hz / rpm
 NGG Sensors
NGG Alarm Handling
NGGA Sensor Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or outside valid limits

NGGB Sensor Failed ALARM

-if sensor signal is faulty or outside valid limits

NGG A&B Sensors Failed SHUTDOWN

- if both sensor signals are faulty or outside valid limits

NGG Overspeed SHUTDOWN

-if speed raises above 10200rpm
 Variable Stator Vanes VSV

Location of VSV

Position of the high pressure compressor VSV (variable stator vanes) is provided by an
LVDT (linear variable differential transformer). The VSV position is supplied by an LVDT
located on each of the two VSV actuators (torque shafts).
Signals from these LVDT's are provided for use in the control of the gas turbine variable geometry.
Variable Stator Vanes VSV

Position sleeve
is fully
extracted

indication plate on GG
VSV physsical
Position sleeve
is fully retracted

This is a linearity check table used during calibration of VSV.

After a calibration it’s recommended to stroke the VSV and
check the stroke against this table.
 Variable Stator Vanes VSV
VSV Schedule

45
Fully Closed Fully Closed: Need less air
40
VSV Position deg

35
30
25
VSV Schedule
20
15
10
5 Fully Open Fully Open: Need more air
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

NGGR (rpm)

NGGR = Corrected Gas Generator Speed

NGG T 2  273,15
NGGR  
 273,15  15
 Variable Stator Vanes VSV
VSV Alarm Handling
VSV Feedback A or B Failed ALARM
-if open wire
-if feedbak voltage range is outside limits
-ifposition range is outside limits

VSV vs Feedback Error ALARM

-if demand and feedback differ more then 6% for 5sec

VSV vs Feedback Error STEP TO IDLE

-if demand and feedback differ more then 10%

VSV Feedback A&B Failed STEP TO IDLE

-if open wire
-if feedbak voltage range is outside limits
-ifposition range is outside limits

VSV Driver Fault STEP TO IDLE

-if actuator is open or shorted
-if input module is faulty
 Variable Stator Vanes VSV
VSV Alarm Handling
VSV Null Shift High ALARM
-if actuator null current(working current) differs from calibrated
value set during calibration by more then 10mA

VSV Null Shift High High DECEL TO MIN LOAD

-if actuator null current(working current) differs from calibrated
value set during calibration by more then 15mA

VSV Fault @ Idle NORMAL STOP

-if alarm ”VSV Feedback A&B Failed” active or
-if alarm ”VSV Driver Fault” active or
-if alarm ”VSV vs Feedback Error” (STI-action)

VSV Feedback A/B Hi Diff STEP TO IDLE

-if feedback A/B difers more then 6%
 Fuel Metering Valves

GS6

The GS6 gas valve is designed for metering gaseous fuel to

industrial gas turbine engines.
 Fuel Metering Valves

+24 Power & Exc.

LQ25

The LQ25 gas valve is designed for metering liquid fuel to

industrial gas turbine engines.
Fuel Metering Valves
 Fuel Metering Valves
FMV’s Alarm Handling (all alarms apply for all three valves)
FMV Resolver A or B Failed ALARM
-if open wire or shorted resolver
-if R/D converter fails
-if position is outside normal range

FMV Demand vs Feedback Error ALARM

-if demand and feedback differ more then 0,5% for 250msec

FMV Demand vs Feedback Error SHUTDOWN

-if demand and feedback differ more then 1% for 500msec

FMV Resolver A&B Failed SHUTDOWN

-if open wire or shorted resolver
-if R/D converter fails
-if position is outside normal range

FMV Driver Failure SHUTDOWN

-if any shutdown is active on the driver
Fuel Metering Valves

FMV’s Alarm Handling (apply for liquid and gaseous valves)

FMV Demand vs Feedback Error ALARM

-if demand and feedback differ more then 0,3% for 500msec

FMV Demand vs Feedback Error DECEL TO MIN

-if demand and feedback differ more then 0,6% for 500msec

FMV Feedback Failed EMERGENCY

-if open wire or shorted resolver SHUTDOWN
-if R/D converter fails
-if position is outside normal range

FMV Driver Failure EMERGENCY

-if any shutdown is active on the driver SHUTDOWN
Fuel Metering Valves
FMV’s Alarm Handling (all alarms apply for all three valves)
FMV Resolver A/B HI Diff ALARM
-if demand and feedback differ more then 0,75% for 80msec

FMV Ring Flow Error SHUTDOWN

-if calculated flow demand differ from actual flow demand
by more then 10%

FMV Resolver A/B HI HI Diff SHUTDOWN

-if demand and feedback differ more then 1,5% for 80msec

FMV Type Mismatch SHUTDOWN

-if configured type of fuel metering valve do not match
type in valve file

FMV S/N Mismatch SHUTDOWN

-if configured S/N do not match the valve file
Turbine Instrumentation
FMV’s Alarm Handling (all alarms apply for all three valves)
FMV Resolver A/B HI Diff ALARM
-if demand and feedback differ more then 0,75% for 80msec

FMV Ring Flow Error SHUTDOWN

-if calculated flow demand differ from actual flow demand
by more then 10%

FMV Resolver A/B HI HI Diff SHUTDOWN

-if demand and feedback differ more then 1,5% for 80msec

FMV Type Mismatch SHUTDOWN

-if configured type of fuel metering valve do not match
type in valve file

FMV S/N Mismatch SHUTDOWN

-if configured S/N do not match the valve file
 Accelerometers

Compressor rear frame (GG) Power Turbine

accelerometer accelerometer

The Gas Turbine is equipped with two accelerometers. One accelerometer is mounted on
the compressor rear frame. One is mounted on the Power Turbine rear frame.

The gas generator and power turbine accelerometers are oriented to sense vibration in the
vertical direction at the compressor rear frame and the vertical direction at power turbine.
 Accelerometers

The accelerometers are piezoelectric

elements. Uses an internal mass reference
to measure external vibration.
GG Accm. Signal

PT Accm. Signal

Vibration
Monitor
 Accelerometers
PT Speed

PT Speed
PT Accm. Signal
PT
GG Speed
GG Accm. Signal Vibration

Tracking Filter
Vibration
Monitor

GG Speed

PT Accm. Signal PT Accm. Signal

GG
GG Accm. Signal GG Accm. Signal Vibration

This means that we can detect Power Turbine vibration from

the accelerometer located on GG and oposite,
GG Vibration from the accelerometer located on PT.
 Accelerometers
GG & PT Vibration Alarm Handling
GG Accelerometer Failed ALARM
-if sensor signal is faulty or outside valid limits

PT Accelerometer Failed ALARM

-if sensor signal is faulty or outside valid limits

GG Vibration High ALARM

-if vibration level is above 102um

PT Vibration High ALARM

-if vibration level is above 112um

GG Vibration High High SHUTDOWN

-if vibration level is above 178um

PT Vibration High High SHUTDOWN

-if vibration level is above 152um
Perguntas ???