Urdu Medium Government
PTTI
Nalikul, Hooghly
Name: Arfa Khatoon
Roll No: 01
Part: 2
Session: 2023-25
Topic: circulatory System
Submitted to: Md Yusuf Alam sir
Circulatory System
The circulatory system can be defined as the system
responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, gases
(such as oxygen and carbon dioxide), and waste
products throughout the body. It consists of the
heart, blood vessels, and blood itself.
Key Functions of the Circulatory System:
Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the
cells and tissues.
Transport of nutrients from the digestive
system to body cells.
Removal of waste products, such as carbon
dioxide and urea, from tissues to be excreted
via the lungs and kidneys.
Hormonal transport, where hormones are
transported from glands to target organs.
Regulation of body temperature by
redistributing heat.
Protection against disease, as blood
contains immune cells that fight infections.
Components of the Circulatory System
1. Heart
The heart is the
central organ of the
circulatory system. It
acts as a pump,
propelling blood
throughout the
entire body.
Structurally, the heart is divided into four
chambers:
Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood
from the body through the superior and inferior
vena cava.
Right Ventricle: Pumps the deoxygenated
blood to the lungs for oxygenation via the
pulmonary arteries.
Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
Left Ventricle:
Pumps oxygen-
rich blood to the
body through
the aorta.
The heart is also
equipped with
valves to
ensure one-way
flow of blood:
Tricuspid
Valve: Between
the right atrium and right ventricle.
Pulmonary Valve: Between the right ventricle
and pulmonary artery.
Mitral Valve: Between the left atrium and left
ventricle.
Aortic Valve: Between the left ventricle and the
aorta.
The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of
events that occur when the heart beats,
consisting of two phases:
1) Systole – The phase when the heart
contracts to pump blood.
2) Diastole – The phase when the heart relaxes
and fills with blood.
2. Blood Vessels
Blood vessels form a network through which
blood circulates. The main types of blood vessels
are:
1) Arteries:
Carry oxygenated
blood away from
the heart to
tissues. The
largest artery is
the aorta, which
branches into
smaller arteries
and arterioles.
a.Structure:
Arteries have
thick,
muscular
walls that
help withstand high-pressure blood flow.
b.Function: They transport blood under high
pressure, with the help of the pumping action
of the heart.
2) Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the
heart. The largest veins are the superior and
inferior vena cava.
a.Structure: Veins have thinner walls
compared to arteries and contain valves to
prevent backflow.
b.Function: Veins transport blood at low
pressure and assist in the return of blood to
the heart.
3) Capillaries: Tiny, thin-walled vessels that
allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, and
waste between blood and tissues.
a.Structure: Capillaries are just one cell thick,
facilitating efficient exchange.
b.Function: They form networks that allow
oxygen and nutrients to pass from the blood
into the tissues, and waste products (like
carbon dioxide) to enter the bloodstream for
removal.
4) Lymphatic Vessels: Part of the immune and
circulatory systems, these vessels collect and
return interstitial fluid (lymph) to the
bloodstream
3. Blood
Blood is a fluid connective tissue that transports
gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and
other substances. Blood consists of two main
components:
A. Plasma: The liquid portion of blood, which is
about 55% of blood volume. It is composed
primarily of water, electrolytes, proteins (such as
albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen), hormones,
and waste products.
B. Formed Elements: These include:
a.Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): These
cells
contain
hemoglobin, a protein that binds to oxygen,
allowing its transport to tissues and organs.
b.White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): These
cells are part of the immune system and help
defend the body against infections.
c. Platelets (Thrombocytes): These are
involved in blood clotting, helping to stop
bleeding after injury.
Circulatory Pathways
There are two major circulatory pathways in the
human circulatory system:
A. Systemic Circulation
This pathway carries oxygenated blood from the
heart to the body and returns deoxygenated
blood back to the heart.
Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left ventricle and
travels through the aorta to be distributed to
various organs and tissues.
After oxygen exchange in the tissues, the
deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of
the heart through the veins.
B. Pulmonary Circulation
This pathway carries deoxygenated blood from
the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it
receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricle
and is pumped through the pulmonary arteries to
the lungs.
After oxygenation in the lungs, oxygen-rich blood
returns to the left atrium of the heart through the
pulmonary veins.
Blood Pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on
the walls of blood vessels, particularly arteries. It
is typically measured using two values:
Systolic
Pressure: The
pressure when the
heart contracts
(e.g., 120 mmHg).
Diastolic
Pressure: The
pressure when the
heart relaxes (e.g.,
80 mmHg).
Blood pressure is
regulated by the
autonomic
nervous system,
hormones, and kidneys. Hypertension (high
blood pressure) and hypotension (low blood
pressure) are both conditions that can lead to
serious health issues, such as stroke or heart
failure.
Regulation of Circulatory Functions
The circulatory system is regulated by several
mechanisms to ensure efficient functioning:
Autonomic Nervous System: The sympathetic
nervous system increases heart rate and blood
pressure during stress or exercise, while the
parasympathetic nervous system reduces them
during rest.
Baroreceptors: These are sensors located in the
arteries that detect changes in blood pressure
and send signals to the brain to adjust heart rate
and vessel diameter.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: This
hormonal system regulates blood pressure and
fluid balance by constricting blood vessels and
adjusting sodium and water retention in the
kidneys.
Endocrine Hormones: Various hormones,
including adrenaline, antidiuretic hormone (ADH),
and aldosterone, influence heart rate, vessel
constriction, and blood volume.
Diseases and Disorders of the Circulatory
System
A. Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) refer to a group
of disorders affecting the heart and blood
vessels. Common conditions include:
Atherosclerosis: The buildup of fatty
deposits (plaques) in arteries, leading to
narrowing and reduced blood flow.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Reduced
blood flow to the heart muscle due to blocked
coronary arteries, often leading to angina or
heart attacks.
Heart Failure: A condition where the heart
cannot pump blood effectively to meet the
body’s needs.
Arrhythmias: Abnormal heart rhythms,
including tachycardia (fast heart rate) and
bradycardia (slow heart rate).
Stroke: A sudden interruption of blood flow
to the brain, either due to a blockage
(ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic
stroke).
B. Hypertension
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, can lead to
severe complications such as heart disease,
kidney failure, and stroke. It is often termed a
"silent killer" because it may not show symptoms
until significant damage has occurred.
C. Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
PAD occurs when there is narrowing or blockage
of the peripheral arteries, leading to reduced
blood flow to the limbs, which can result in pain,
gangrene, or even amputation.
D. Varicose Veins
Varicose veins are enlarged veins, often found in
the legs, due to weakened valves that allow
blood to flow backward, causing bulging and
discomfort.
E. Anemia
Anemia is a condition where there is a deficiency
of red blood cells or hemoglobin, leading to
reduced oxygen-carrying capacity and symptoms
such as fatigue, weakness, and shortness of
breath.
