Ans. Qs Ans. Qa Ans. Q5. Ans. Q6. Ans, dy. If aeparticle is repl he 5 enti scattering experiment the dist id by a proton, how m' eae laced By a Betance of closest apPFone® Co (case ¢ pt he same distance In the Rutherford will it require to have 1 9-2) 20 ) (for a-particle, GAO (ox provon,4q = “ = . KE of a-particle. st be half on compat iB on must be hal ae aepesponding to first excited state and ground state, (CBSE Delhi 2010) rison wil KE of prot That the ratio of radii of tht What a hydrogen atom? Find the ratio of energies of photons produced due to transition of an electron of hydrogen atom from its: (i) second permitted ener (ii) the highest permitted energy level to the first I, and rgy level to the first level permitted level. [CBSE (4D 2010) Ratio, State Bohr’s quantisation condition for defining stationary orbits. [CBSE (F) 2010] : The stationary orbits are those in which angular momentum of electron is Quantum Conditior an imegral multiple of # ies h mor = 5 n=1,2,8,.. Inueger 9 i called the principal quantum number. This equation is called Bohr's qu The radius of innermost electron orbit of a a ii pe af ertilt tl the Seceud exciced eiitcs Gone Brdeceen trom is 6.11% 10 In ground state, n = | In second excited state, n = 3 As r,en® fs =9r,= 75= 97 = 9X 5.1 X10" m= 4.59 x 10-10 yy antum m, What is the radivs [CBSE Delhi 20101 Scanned with CamScannerwhit at Boles ple Paper 2021 MOMENTUM at electron ia die see v [CASE “ rant at att orbiting etertuan st ewe tS u _ eh A Apgar aomtertatn =) 4 when tron fills froma higher va any lew rs in the form of electromagnetic: Why ea OF gongies AMP ot fora © | nis is beeatise clectrony interact only clectromayueticall “ the Robe formula for the Harton Wot OF ectnan had a charge (1 where ¢ . . INCERT E. Yessinue the Bole fornnata involves only the product of the changes, Consider two different hydrogen atoms. Th eianite Tossible for the ¢ We different energies but the same oF Mronding to the Bobr model? ING . 36 No. because according to Bohr model, B, © =!"9 snd electrons having different energies Ans. 1” iy K! belong to diferent levels having diflorent values olin, rons to heirangular momenta will be different, as mer Very Short Answer Questions shofthe following questions are of 2 marks. (A. Define the distance of closest approach, An a-particle of kinetic energy ‘A? is bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach is ‘r'. What will be the distance of closest approach for an a-particle of double the kinetic energy? Nuclous [CBSE Delhi 2017, 2022 (55/1/1), Term-2| %% Distance of closest approach is the distance of charged “P8#el® particle from the centre of the nucleus, at which the - catire initial kinetic energy of the changed particles gets ' ay, omerted into the electric potential energy ofthe system. te Distance of closest approach (1,) is given by i rege” Qy, — ‘The electron in each atom is in an excited state, Is ferent energies but same orbital angular momentum ICBSE Sample Paper 2022, Term-2) Consi y lbider two different hydrogen ai Posible for the electrons to hav tg _etting to the Bohr model? Justify your anst Scanned with CamScannerBecause according to Bohr's model, serge been 10 ere TEES Having iy, rent Energi 7 6 and electrons having dillet n values of n. il C ferent, as So, their angular momenta will be dilferer L = mor = engy change when electron in hyd, Migr of the electron but having the sane (CBSE Central 20164 ground state of the hydrogen atom vould the ionization ¢ than Q.3. Define io atom is replaced by a pa charge? mee Jectron from the i aquired to free the ¢ Ans. ‘The minimum energy required to F is known as ionization Ko Therefore, ionization energy J 4e. Draw the graph showing the variation of the BUMS Te clusions from the graph, 2 scattering angle (0) in Geiger ~ Marsden experimen [CBSE 2022 (55/1/1), Term-2) . - ; Rist | ‘Ans. Graph: ee ‘Ss 10° fw & tot i! 5 10 i Te | 3 ae | 3 0 om | i ro i 2 10559 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 | Scattering angle 0 (in degree) j (Give full credit ifaxis are marked and values are not given) Conclusions * Most of the alpha particles pass undeviated through the gold foil. * A few alpha particles, get deflected through 90° or more, * Only about 0.14% of the incident alpha particles are reflected by large angle. * Avery few alpha particles retrace their path. j (Any pther two conclusions) {CBSE Marking Scheme 2022 (55/1/) Q.5. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is -13.6 eV. kinetic energy of an electron in the third excited state? Ans. For ground state, Energy (E) = -13.6 eV What is the potential energy and a "Case 2023 (SSA) For third excited state, n = 213.6 _ -136 me ge = 70.85 eV Scanned with CamScannerKE eB ONS) = 0.85 ov = KE = 2X OK = Ley, wo Jel of hydrogen ater ise Bole’® mod atom to obtain the: relationship between the angular momentum 8 jot magnetic moment of the revalving electron, {CHSE 2020 (55/5/1) qt When is H, line in the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom obtained? Caleulate the frequency of the photon emitted during this transition, us. The line with the longest wavelength of the Balmer series is called H,. dept do x Ge 7) where = wavelength R = 1.097x10" m™ (Rydberg constant) [CBSE North 2016] When the electron jumps from the orbit with n = 3 ton = 2, We have The frequency of photon emitted is given by xr a 36 = 4.57 x 10" Hz {4 Adifference of 2.3 eV separates two energy levels in an atom. Whatis the frequency of radiation ‘emitted when the atom makes transition from the upper level to the lower level? [NCERT] According to Bohr’s postulate E\-E, = hv * Frequency of emitted radiation _23eV h 2.3. 1.6% 1079) 6.63 x 107 J-s ve = 3x 10°xx 1.097 x 10’ Hz = 5.55x10" Hz Scanned with CamScanner2-9 A hydrogen atom is in its third excited state. (4) How many spectral lines can he emitted by i these transitions in the energy level diagram. i (6) In which of the above transitions will the spectral before coming to the ground state? yy Shay I line of shortest, wavelength be. eMitted, [CBSE 2029 59) Ans, (a) For third excited state, n = 4 For ground state, 1 = 1 Hence, the possible transitions are n= Aton, = 3,21 n= Stony = 21 n= Qton=1 + Total number of transitions = 6, as shown in figure. - - (6) The shortest wavelength corresponds to the transition when e" jumps from n = 4 ton =], 10. The energy levels of an atom are given below in the diagram, oev aw —4 ° A 8 e Pr Ee ev - ‘ons belong to Lyman and Balmer series? Calculate the ratio ofthe shortest wavelengths of the Lyman and the Balmer series of the spectra, (CBSE Chennai 2015, CBSE 2019 (5572/3) Ans. Transition C and E belong to Lyman series, Reason: In Lyman series, the electron jumps to lowest energy level from any higher energy level ‘Transition B and D belong to Balmer series. Reason: energy level. ‘The wavelength associated with the transition is given by ote = OE Scanned with CamScannershortest wavelength gai of the “ee Hy ig ven AE A, ao O10) Og) B10 using Boht's atomic model, der ive th in a hydrogen atom, + expree mn for the radiua of n™ orbit of the revolving i i (CASE 2020 (55/1/1), 2023 (55/3/L)) mr stained by certo to revolve » tec troatatic attraction of nucleus and electron ce Fe % (m © tnass of electron) e , t | for Heaton} Ms) Accorting to Boht’s second postulate, Angular momentum of electron, 1 = m4, = ah Ail) ~ \ From (i) x . A photon emitted during the de-excitation of electron from a state n to the first excited state in a hydrogen atom, irradiates a metallic cathode of work function 2 eV, in a photo cell, with a stopping potential of 0.55 V. Obtain the value of the quantum number of the stece =, (CBSE 2019 (55/2/1)} From photoelectric equation, Av = oy + eV, Given, E, The energy difference, AE = - 3.4 -(- 2.55) eV = -0.85 eV 136 © ogs x n=4 oe ; ie kinetic and potential energies . parted of by drogen ve is an arvit Teac iat ate ee 2028 (38193), Tem 2 lectron in this orbit? Scanned with CamScannerhel Target nucious Scanned with CamScanner15. Ws. @ Qe Ans. Qu. Ans. For shortest wave length, | (a) What names are given to the symbols ‘b’ and ‘0° shown here? {p) What can we say about the values of for (i 0 = 0° (i) 0= radians? a) The symbol’ represents impact parameter and 0" represents the seattering angle- () (@) When 00°, the impact parameter will be maximum and represent the atomic size (ii) When O= radi mum and represent the nuclear c chi easier fo remove: orbital electron from an atom or a nucleon from a nucleus? [HOTS] Itis remove an orbital electron from an atom, The reason is the binding energy of ybital electron is a few electron-volts while that of nucleon in a nucleus is quite large (nearly § MeV). This aneans that the removal of an orbital electron requires few electron volt energy while the removal ofa nucleon from a nucleus requires nearly 8 MeV energy. Write shortcomings of Rutherford atomic model. Explain how these were overcome by the postulates of Bohr’s atomic model. [CBSE 2020 (55/5/1)) ‘two important limitations of Rutherford model are: () According to Rutherford model, electron orbiting around the nucleus, continu energy due to the acceleration; hence the atom will not remain stable. {i Aselectron spirals inwards; its angular velocity and frequency change continuous! it should emit a continuous spectrum. But an atom like hydrogen always emits a discrete line spectrum. Hohr’s postulates overcome these limitations by: {i) Bohr stated that negatively charged electrons revolve around positively charged nucleus in certain orbits called stationary orbits. The electrons does not radiate energy when in stationary orbits. (i) The quantum of energy is released or a orbit to another. Find the ratio of the longest and the shortest wavelengths amongst the spectral lines of Balmer series in the spectrum of hydrogen atom. [CBSE 2020 (55/4/1)] ns, the impact parameter b’ will be mi wi ously radiates therefore sorbed when an electron jumps from one stationary ree ny Ge 1 R Xe For longest wave length, (cB. Scanned with CamScannerShort Answer Questions Each of the following questions are of 5 marks. : sonthip f Q.1. () State Bohr postulate of hydrogen atom that gives the relationship for the frequency op emitted photon in a transition. from fourth to first orbit in an atom How many maximum number of. y teal ga be eat by the atom? To which series these lines Conia ; i 2016, ‘Ans. (i) Bohr's third postulate: It states that an electron might us 7 erases fem Ge of ity i -radia pits to another of lower t does s0, a photon i ‘The frequency of the emitted photon is given by hy = B,-Ey : where E, and are the energies of the initial and final states (i) Electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom Maximum number of spectral lines can be 4! 4x3 6 za 2 Je way in which electron can jump (above). ned s and Ej > Ey. 2 In diagram, possib - n | Paschen Series n=2 Lyman Series ‘The line responds to Lyman series (€ jumps to 1* orbit), Balmer series (& jumps to 2” orbit), Paschen series (e jumps to 3™ orbit). 2.2, Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with the electron revolving in the first excited state of hydrogen atom. The ground state energy of the hydrogen atom is ~13.6 eV. [CBSE 2020 (55/5/1)| (Ans. Energy of the electron in the first excited state, 13.6 B= Gy eV = BAeV = 3.4 x 16 X 109} = 5.44 x 10" Associated kinetic energy = - Ey K = 5.44 x 10) +, de-Broglie wavelength, 2. = hip Bpasoee 663x104 An (2x91%10"'x5,44x10-) = 8.63210 (99.008) x 107% = 0.663 x 10°? m = 0.663 nm = 6.63: cara : [CBSE Marks ne 200 Scanned with CamScannerJevels of an atom of element X are shown in the diagram, Which one of the level ene! 4 f g. THe Sons will result in the emission of photons of wavelength 620 nm? Support Your anes QS rans oe sear nthematial calculations. SE Semple Question Paper 2018] o Daecanasmuaieataigenteaiteanas' ote ° 100 Ground stato he ergy of Photon, E = 6. Ans. = 6.6x104x3 x 108 62010 2x 107 3.2x107'% ~ Tex “7% This corresponds to the transition ‘D', Hence level transition D will result in emission of wavelength 620 nm. Q4. The energy level diagram of an element is given below. Identify, by doing necessary calculations, which transition corresponds to the emission of a spectral line of wavelength 102.7 nm. [CBSE Delhi 2008] -0.85 eV A -15eV 138 0 34 is Aas, Wehave, Ag = 6 = 56X10 x9 X10 x 102.7 10" 34 8 = —6:6X 10 X3x10 ey 102.7 x 107° x 1.6 x 10" = 86.3000 _ 19 04 eV 1027 X16 Now, AE =|-1.6 -(-1.50)| = 121eV Hence, transition shown by arrow D corresponds to emission of 4. = 102.7 nm. Scanned with CamScannerAns. 26. Ans. Ans. |. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is ~ 13.6 eV. If an electron makes a tra when an aoa ity direction. jhe alpha partiete ane Determine the distance of elosest approaelt strikes a nucleus of 7 = 80, stops and rev Let r be the centre to centre distance between ‘atthe stopping point then 1 ete) ines 1 ze ane,’ K or r 9x 10 %:2% 80% (16 * 101)? 9109 2 x BO e! =o 4.5 MeV = rg x 10° X 1.6 X 10 9x 160% 1.6 x 10M = 512% 10m 5 = 5.12 x 107 Derive an expression for the frequency of radiation emitted when a hydrogen atom de-excity from level n to level (n — 1). Also show that for large values of n, this frequency equals to of an electron. [CBSE Sample Paper 2022, Term-2) 1 emitted when an electron dee m classical frequency of revol From Bohr's theory, the frequency fof the radiation evel my to level ny is given as For large n, 2n — 1 = 2n,n — An? mk*et whe which is same as orbital frequency of electron in n' fei = Mente anh Thus, f= " orbit. an energy level - 1.51 eV to - 3.4 eV, calculate the wavelength of the spectral line emit ited and name the series of hydrogen spectrum to which it belongs. [CBSE (Al) 2017| [= =1BG eV = =1eSleV= ad + ae4ey— is Scanned with CamScannerQs Ans. Qo 1908x168 py -80°.84 x15! xO? IL belong ch belongs co fence 658: nm belongs -. Teens _____| [Topper’s Answer 2017 Ground state absorbs a photon and is in the excited state with longest wavelength of the radiation emitted and identify the Abydrogen atom initially in its energy 12.5 eV. Calculate the | series to which it belongs. [Take Rydberg constant R = 1.1 x 10? m7!) Letn, and mare the quantum numbers of initial and final states, mote) [CBSE East 2016} then we have Rmx nen? The energy of the incident photon = 12.5 eV. Energy of ground state = -13.6 eV :. Energy after absorption of photon can be -1.1 eV. This means that electron can go to the ¢ wavelength on going ton, =2, therefore, 1 1 1 Xa Ges x = 36-36 mx BR 5x 1.1107 Itbelongs to Balmer Series. yal ai temperature ii ‘ite a gaseous lrogen atom at room 7 Determine the savelongtin andthe conenponding serie of the ine emitea (CBSE (a) 2017) Itis given that the energy of the electron beam used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature is 12.5 eV. . Also, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen in its ground state at room temperature Ba18.8 ev. When gaseous hydrogen is bombarded with an electron beam, the energy of the gaseous hydrogen becomes -13.6 + 12.5 eV = -1.1 eV. Orbital energy related to orbit level (x) is ted state n; =3. It emits photon of maximum = 6.545 x 107 m = 6545 A -13.6 Scanned with CamScannerdrogen, 1) is approximately equal to the enerBy of BSCS es This implies that the electron has jumped from » = ONS SA) directly, which f During its de-excitation, electrons can jump from ™ = ° forms atin, nan series of the hydrogen spectrum. n for wave number for the Lyman series is peal eof » For first member » Forn Ay =1.215x107m I 11 11 = Rl S-=]=1.097x10" x} --= is le 3] 1.097x10" i ‘] > ds = 6.56 X 107 m Q.10. Obtain the first Bohr’s radius and the ground state energy of a muonic hydrogen atom, ie.,an atom where the electron is replaced by a negatively charged muon (7) of mass about 207 m, that orbits around a proton. (Given for hydrogen atom, radius of first orbit and ground state energy are 0.53 x 10" mand ~ 13.6 eV respectively) (CBSE 2019 (55/5/1)] Ans. In Bolr’s Model ofhydogen atom the radius of nth orbit is given by nthe "ate (for H-atom, Z = 1] 1 nea Similarly, ya 6 an om 10 % my 307 > =a 0.5310 2.56x10-%m 90 Scanned with CamScannerelectron in nth oxbit, y of el poe P 2 med - “= % 4 sme HE,fin? oh, am (raed m, and = 95 8207 207 7 NGG = 2b bey ere ov drogen atom initially in the ground state shorts « pedo, which excites it to the git hh Determine the wavelength and frequency of San (CERT) rhe energy levels of H-atom are given by he For given transition n= 1, ny=4 pag Energy of absorbed photon AE = ki, ~E, = Hel 15 —hi G ig Wavelength of absorbed photon 7. is given by he 2 or m= 972450" m Frequency, = 3.09710" Ha "eho the following questions are of 5 marks. Draw a schematic arrangement of Geiger- Marsden experiment for studying w-particle ecattering 'y a thin foil of gold, Describe briefly, by drawing trajectories of the weattered u-particles, How Ns study can be used to estimate the size of the nucleus? ICESE Delhi 2910} OR ciger-Marsden experiment, What are its observations and conclusions’ Kestion of Rutherford, in 911, 1. Geiger, and E. Marsden performed an iraporane M called Geiger-Marden experimen (or Rutherlord’s watering experiment). It Desetibe Gy ALthe su Ry Perimes Consists of 1 Source of G-particles Particles, ‘Thereto PHelosy anran, radivactive source poloniuin emits high energetic alpha (ay . polonium is used as a source of a-pasticles, This vource is placed in an Ue Containing a hole and a few shits Ay, Ay. on O., placed in front of the bole. ‘This HEMEL provides a fine bean of a-particles. Scanned with CamScannerQ2. ty 10° m, aeparticles are scattered by gold foil of thickness ne: isfy Be le scattering of a-P* . atom. fa-particles scattered in a given dite 2. Thin gold foil: It i The foil taken is thin to avoid multipl be deflected by a single collision with a gold 3. Scintillation counter: By this the number o Ledeen be counted. The entire apparatus is placed in a acu any en of axparticles due to their collisions with air molecules. ~scanerea Method: When a-particle beam falls on gold foil, the a-particles bie ree tog with gold atoms. This scattering takes place in all possible directions. mber of a. scattered in any direction is counted by scintillation counter. Observations and Conclusions ( Most of a-particles pass through the gold foil undeflected. ‘This implies that “most part of the atom is hollow.” (ii) a-particles are scattered through all angles, Some a-particles (nearly 1 in 2000), suffer scattering through angles more than 90°, while a still smaller number (nearly 1 in 8000) retrace their path. This implies that when fast-moving positively charged a-particles come near gold-atom, then a few of them experience such a strong repulsive force that they turn back. On this basis Rutherford concluded that whole of positive charge of atom is concentrated in a small central core, called the nucleus. The distance of closest approach of a-particle gives the estimate of nuclear size. If Ze is charge of nucleus, E,-kinetic energy of a particle, 2e-charge on a-particle, the size of nucleus 19 is given by 1_ (2) 1222 a i taney 70 0” ane, E, HON may TRY log ollsion Patties, the order of 10°'°m; therefore the size of nucleusis about times the size of atom. (iii) The ne ‘ive . 10,000 0 Sh teen te cei pr, Tsing Dee ees als model of hydrogen atom, obtain an expression for the frequency of tothe lower energy sate wth quanta on om the higher energy state with quantum number aan a Nyy 90°? {CBSE (Fy Why is it that a very small fraction of the particles are seatreree 2013 ; -t6o" 0 188 Scattering angle, ——> «lrogen atom in the ground state is excited by an electron beam of 12.5 eV energy. Find out the E ee oflines emitted by the atom from its excited state. [CBSE 2019 (52m 19, 125 eV electron beam is used to excite a gaseous hydrogen atom at a temperature, Determine the wavelengths and the corresponding series of the lines emitted. 20. “The spectrum ofa stain the visible and the ultraviolet region was observed and the wavelength of some of the lines that could be identified were found to be: 24 4,970 4, 1120 A, 2504 A, 5173 A, 6100 A 8 Which of these lines cannot belong to hydrogen atom spectrum? (Given Rydberg constant. 1 R= 1.03x107 m™! and _ = 970A). Support your answer with suitable calculations, 21. State Bohr's postulate to explain stable orbits in a hydrogen atom, Prove that the speed with which the electron revolves in nth orbit is proportional to (1/n). (CBSE 2022 (55/3/1), Term-2} 22, Given the ground state energy £y = -13.6 eV and Bohr radius a) = 0.53 A. Find out how the de Broglie wavelength associated with the electron orbiting in the ground state would change when it jumps into the first excited state, 23. A 12.3 eV electron beam is used to bombard gaseous hydrogen at room temperature. Upto. which energy level the hydrogen atoms would be excited? Calculate the wavelengths of the second member of Lyman series and second member of Balmer series. [CBSE Delhi 2014] man series of the hydrogen spectrum is 913.4 A. Calculate. ‘er series of the hydrogen spectrum. [CBSE (Al) 2017] 24. The short wavelength limit for the Ly the short wavelength limit for Balm _ Answers 10M iO (ii) (by iv) (a) o@ fez (a) 4:102€V 6, 3.646 x 107 m © 94853 11 24 MeV 12, 13.6ey, © 18, 212% 10m, 4.77 x 10m, | 14, 2.57 x 107 16. 3.32.4 | 23. n= 3, 102.5 nm, 486 nm, 7 ~27.2eV [Forn = 1), 1.5 1eV, -3.02 eV [Forn = 3] 18. 3 24. 3653.6 8 19. 6.54 x 107m Scanned with CamScanner —