Adelicia’s Study Material
Class 10 History- Timelines
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Late 15th century: Greece becomes part of the Ottoman Empire.
1688: English nation-state was formed
1707: Act of Union placed by English upon Scottish
1785-1786: Birth of the Grimm brothers, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm.
1789: The French Revolution begins.
1797: Napoleon invades Italy; Napoleonic wars begin.
1798: Failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen in Ireland.
1798: Andreas Rebmann designs the cover of a German almanac.
1790s: French armies move into Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and much
of Italy.
1801: Ireland is forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804: The Napoleonic Code is introduced.
1807: Birth of Giuseppe Mazzini (in Genoa)
1812: The Grimm brothers publish their first collection of tales.
1813: Napoleon loses the battle of Leipzig.
1814-1815: Fall of Napoleon; the Vienna Peace Settlement.
1815: Congress of Vienna; Treaty of Vienna is drawn up.
1821: Greek struggle for independence begins.
1824: Death of Lord Byron during the Greek war of independence.
1824: ‘The Massacre at Chios’ painted by Delacroix.
July 1830: The first upheaval in France; July Revolution.
1831: Armed rebellion against Russian rule in Poland.
1831: Giuseppe Mazzini attempts a revolution in Liguria and is sent into
exile.
1832: Treaty of Constantinople
1833: Friedrich List writes about the zollverein.
1834: Formation of the zollverein.
1834: Giuseppe Garibaldi participates in a republican uprising in Piedmont.
4th June 1845 (2 p.m. according to Wilhelm Wolff): Weavers in Silesia
lead a revolt against contractors.
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1848: Revolutions in Europe; revolts by artisans, industrial workers, and
peasants; middle classes demand constitutions and representative
governments.
1848: Louis Phillipe forced to flee.
1848: Frédéric Sorrieu prepares a series of prints visualising his dream of
democratic and social Republics.
1848: Events of February in France lead to the abdication of the monarch and
the proclamation of a republic.
1848: Philip Veit paints Germania, the allegory of the German nation.
18 May 1848: Frankfurt parliament convenes in the Church of St Paul.
21 April 1849: Louise Otto-Peters releases the first issue of her newspaper.
25 June 1850: Anonymous comment supporting Louise’s ideas in the same
newspaper.
1850: Julius Hübner paints "The fallen Germania."
1854: Garibaldi supports Victor Emmanuel II in his efforts to unify the
Italian states.
1858: The first region becomes part of unified Italy.
1859: Sardinia-Piedmont defeats Austrian forces.
1859-1870: Unification of Italy.
1860: Garibaldi marches into South Italy and the Kingdom of the Two
Sicilies and drove the Spanish Bourbons with peasants’ support.
1860: Lorenz Clasen paints ‘Germania guarding the Rhine’.
1861: Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of united Italy.
1866: Prussia conquers territories in the Austro-Prussian War.
1866-1871: Unification of Germany.
1867: The Habsburg rulers grant more autonomy to the Hungarians.
1867: Garibaldi leads an army of volunteers to Rome.
1870: The Papal States join Italy.
1870: France withdraws its troops from Rome.
18th January 1871: Proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of
Mirrors at Versailles.
1882: Ernst Renan publishes ‘Qu’est-ce qu’une nation?’ (What is a Nation?)
Last quarter of 19th century: Idea of romantic nationalism diminishes and
takes a different meaning.
1905: Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
1914: Nationalism aligned with imperialism leads Europe to disaster
(beginning of World War I). Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand heats up the situation, becoming immediate cause of the
war.
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Nationalism in India
1. 1859 - Inland Emigration Act
2. 1870s – Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay writes ‘Vande Mataram’.
3. August 7, 1905 – Swadeshi movement launched
4. 1905 - Abanindranath Tagore painted Bharat Mata
5. 1909 - Mahatma Gandhi's book Hind Swaraj
6. 1913 - Indian workers in South Africa march through Volksrust
7. 1913-1918 - Prices doubled during the war years
8. January 1915 - Mahatma Gandhi returned to India
9. 1917 - Satyagraha movements in Champaran and Kheda
10.1918 - Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad
11.1918-1919 - Crop failures and influenza epidemic
12.1918-1919 - Distressed UP peasants organised by Baba Ramchandra
13.1919 - Rowlatt Act passed
[Link] 1919 – Khilafat Committee formed in Bombay.
15.6 April 1919 - Hartal against Rowlatt Act
16.10 April 1919 - Police fired upon a peaceful procession in Amritsar
17.1919 – General Dyer imposes Martial law.
18.13 April 1919 - Jallianwala Bagh massacre
19.1919 – Government introduced the ‘Crawling Orders’ to brutally repress
satyagrahis.
20.1920 - Nai-dhobi bandhs organised by panchayats in Awadh
[Link] of 1920 – Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali on all-India tour to
mobilise support for Non-Cooperation Movement.
[Link] 1920 - Jawaharlal Nehru began touring villages in Awadh
[Link] 1920 - Calcutta session of the Congress; Gandhiji convinces
leaders for launch of Non-Cooperation Movement in support of Khilafat and
Swaraj both.
[Link] 1920 - Oudh Kisan Sabha set up
[Link] 1920 - Congress session at Nagpur; Non-cooperation programme
adopted.
[Link] 1921 - Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movement launched
27.6 January 1921 - Police fired at peasants near Rae Bareli
28.1921- Awadh peasant movement spreads: houses of talukdars and merchants
attacked, bazaars looted and grain hoards taken over.
29.1921 – Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag.
30.1921-1922 - Import of foreign cloth halved
31.1922 - Boycott of foreign cloth
(Contd…)
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1. February 1922 - Chauri Chaura incident; Gandhiji withdraws Non-
Cooperation movement
2. 1924 - Alluri Sitarama Raju arrested
3. May 1924 - Alluri Sitarama Raju's arrest ended a two-year armed tribal
struggle.
4. 1926 - Agricultural prices began to fall
5. 1927 - Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress formed
6. 1927 - Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries
(FICCI) formed
7. 1928 - Vallabhbhai Patel led the Bardoli Satyagraha
8. 1928 - Simon Commission arrived in India
9. 1928 – Negotiations in All Parties Conference regarding representation of
Muslims, opposition from Hindu Mahasabha.
10.1928 - Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA) founded
[Link] 1929 - Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutta threw a bomb in the
Legislative Assembly
[Link] 1929 - Lahore Congress; Congress adopts the demand for 'Purna
Swaraj'
13.1930 – Sir Mohammed Iqbal’s speech, expressing the need for separate
electorates for Muslims.
14.26 January 1930 - Independence Day celebrated
15.31 January 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin
16.11 March 1930 - Deadline for the demands in Gandhi's letter
[Link] 1930 - Gandhiji begins Civil Disobedience Movement by breaking
salt law at Dandi
18.6 April 1930 - Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi and violated the salt law
[Link] 1930 – Formation of Depressed Classes Association by B.R
Ambedkar.
[Link] 1931 - Gandhiji ends Civil Disobedience Movement
21.5 March 1931 - Gandhi-Irwin Pact signed
[Link] 1931 - Second Round Table Conference
23.1932 - Civil Disobedience re-launched
[Link] 1932 - Poona Pact signed between Gandhi and Ambedkar.
25.1935 – Photo taken of Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Maulana
Azad at Sevagram Ashram, Wardha.
26.14 July 1942 - Congress Working Committee passed the 'Quit India'
resolution in Wardha.
27.8 August 1942 - All India Congress Committee endorsed the 'Quit India'
resolution.
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Print Culture and the Modern World
AD 594: Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked
surface of woodblocks.
AD 768-770: Hand-printing technology introduced into Japan by Buddhist
missionaries from China.
AD 868: The oldest Japanese book, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, was printed.
Late 13th century: Printing woodblocks of the Tripitaka Koreana in Korea.
1295: Marco Polo returned to Italy with knowledge of Chinese woodblock
printing.
1430s: Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press in
Strasbourg, Germany.
1448: Gutenberg perfected the printing system.
1450-1550: Printing presses were set up in most countries of Europe.
1455: Gutenberg printed the Bible.
1508: Erasmus expressed anxiety about printing in Adages.
1517: Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses.
1558: The Roman Catholic Church began maintaining an Index of Prohibited
Books.
1579: The first Tamil book was printed in Cochin by Catholic priests.
1595: Book making before the age of print depicted in Akhlaq-i-Nasiri.
1674: About 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages by
Portuguese missionaries.
1710: Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts.
1713: The first Malayalam book was printed by Catholic priests.
1768: William Bolts affixed a notice in Calcutta about the need for a printing
press.
1780: James Augustus Hickey began editing the Bengal Gazette, a weekly
magazine.
1780s: Outpouring of literature mocking royalty in France.
1791: James Lackington wrote about the increase in book sales in his diary.
1798: The colonial state under the East India Company began to control printed
matter.
1810: The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas came out
from Calcutta.
1812: The Grimm Brothers published a collection of traditional folk tales.
1816 or 1818: First Indian newspaper The Bengal Gazetti brought out by
Gangadhar Bhattacharya.
1821: Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi, and Hindu orthodoxy
commissioned Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.
1822: Persian newspapers Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar, and
Gujarati newspaper Bombay Samachar were published.
1820s: The Calcutta Supreme Court passed regulations to control press
freedom.
(Contd…)
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1835: Governor-General Bentinck revised press laws.
1832-1835: Penny Magazine was published in England.
Mid-19th century: Richard M. Hoe of New York perfected the power-
driven cylindrical press.
1857: The revolt of 1857 changed the attitude to freedom of the press.
1857: Children’s press set up in France.
1867: The Deoband Seminary was founded.
1870s: Caricatures and cartoons published in newspapers and journals
commenting on social and political issues.
1870s: Hindi printing starts off full-fledged.
1871: Jyotiba Phule wrote Gulamgiri.
1876: Rashsundari Debi's autobiography Amar Jiban was published.
1878: The Vernacular Press Act was passed.
1880s: Naval Kishore Press and Shri Venkateshwar Press published
numerous religious texts.
1880s: Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote about the lives of
upper-caste Hindu women.
1907: Punjab revolutionaries were deported, and Balgangadhar Tilak wrote
with sympathy about them in Kesari.
1908: Balgangadhar Tilak was imprisoned.
1920s: Shilling series are sold in England.
1922: Gandhi spoke about the fight for liberty of speech, press, and
association.
1926: Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein addressed the Bengal Women’s
Education Conference.
1930s: Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries.
1938: Kashibaba published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal.
1935-1955: Sudarshan Chakr wrote poems collected in Sacchi Kavitayan.
1942: About 90 newspapers were suppressed during the Quit India
movement.
2001: The Jikji of Korea was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the
World Register.
2007: The Tripitaka Koreana was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of
the World Register.
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