1.

Difference between administration and management (OCT 2016, April 2019)

Basis of difference Administration Management

Nature of work It is concerned about the It puts into action the policies and
determination of objectives and plans laid down by the
major policies of an organization administration.
Type of function It is a determinative function It is an executive function
Scope It takes major decisions of an It takes decisions within the
enterprise as a whole framework set by the
administration.
Level of authority It is a top-level activity. It is a middle level activity
Nature of status It consists of owners who invest It is a group of managerial
capital in and receive profits from personnel who use their specialized
an enterprise. knowledge to fulfill the objectives
of an enterprise
Nature of usage It is popular with government, It is used in business enterprises.
military, educational, and religious
organizations.
Decision making Its decisions are influenced by Its decisions are influenced by the
public opinion, government values, opinions, and beliefs of the
policies, social, and religious managers.
factors.
Main functions Planning and organizing functions Motivating and controlling
are involved in it. functions are involved in it.
Abilities It needs administrative rather than It requires technical activities
technical abilities.
[Link] between administrator and manager (May 2017)

Someone who coordinates and overseas the work of  Assists Principal in the overall administration
other people so that organizational goals are of the College.
accomplished.  General administrative duties normally
First-line Managers Individuals who manage the entrusted to an Administrative Officer
work of non-managerial employees.  Education administrators set educational
Middle Managers Individuals who manage the work standards and goals and establish the policies
of first-line managers. and procedures required to achieve them.
Top Managers Individuals who are responsible for  They also supervise managers, of office staff,
making organization-wide decisions and establishing teachers, counselors, librarians, coaches, and
plans and goals that affect the entire organization. other employees.
Functions:  They develop academic programs, monitor
• Planning - Defining goals, establishing strategies to students‘ educational progress, train and
achieve goals, developing plans to integrate and motivate teachers and other staff, manage
coordinate activities. career counseling and other student services,
administer recordkeeping, prepare budgets,
• Organizing - Arranging and structuring work to and perform many other duties.
accomplish organizational goals.  Supervision of maintenance College property.
 To ensure delivery of school plans, especially
• Leading - Working with and through people to in areas of maintenance, building and upkeep
accomplish goals. of the assets
 To be the school‘s principal money manager,
• Controlling - Monitoring, comparing, and correcting overseeing the School Accountant and
work. Cashier and ensuring that effective control
over stocks, etc will be achieved
 Assists in preparation and utilization of
budget.

[Link] Vs Decentralization (April 201

[Link] and Gantt chart (September 2018)

 Gantt was concerned with problems related to
PERT is a network system model for planning and efficiency. He contributed to scientific management by
control under certain conditions. It involves refining the previous work of Taylor than introducing
identifying the key activates in a project, sequencing new concepts.
the activities in a flow diagram, and assessing the 1. He studied the amount of work planned or
duration for each phase of work. completed on one axis to the time needed or taken to
complete a task on the other axis.
a. It is appropriate for project work that involves 2. Gantt also developed a task and bonus remuneration
extensive research and development. plan whereby workers received a guaranteed day‗s
wages plus a bonus for production above the standard
b. Helps to predict time. to stimulate higher performance.
3. Gantt recommended to select workers scientifically
c. Helps to determine priorities. and provided with detailed instructions for their tasks.
4. He argued for a more Humanitarian approach by
management, placing emphasis on service rather than
d. Use of recourses can be considered when setting
profit objectives.
priorities.
5. He recognized useful non –monetary incentives
such as job security and encouraging staff
e. Assignment can be changes temporarily. development.

f. Overtime or temporary help can be given to

facilitate the activity flow.

g. Can manipulate the time required to move from one

event to another.

[Link] vs strategic planning (May 2016)

 Operational plans specify details Strategic planning is the process of documenting and
on how individual objectives are to be achieved. establishing a direction of your small business—by
 An operational planning is a subset of assessing both where you are and where you‘re going.
strategic work plan.
 It describes short-term ways of achieving The strategic plan gives you a place to record your
milestones and explains how, or what portion mission, vision, and values, as well as your long-term
of, a strategic plan will be put into operation goals and the action plans you‘ll use to reach them.
during a given operational period, in the case
of commercial application, a fiscal year or A well-written strategic plan can play a pivotal role in
another given budgetary term. your small business‘s growth and success because it
Operational plans should contain: tells you and your employees how best to respond to
 clear objectives opportunities and challenges.
 activities to be delivered
 quality standards Benefits of Strategic Planning
 desired outcomes
 staffing and resource requirements The strategic planning process can take some time, but
 implementation timetables
 a process for monitoring progress. it‘s beneficial for everyone involved. As the small
business owner, you‘ll have a better idea of the goals
and objectives you want to accomplish and a path to
do that. For your employees, the process can foster an
increase in productivity—contributing to the success
of the business.
[Link] leader vs Laissez-faire leader

Autocratic Leader Laissez-faire leader

• Power steps from outside the group  Also known as the ―hands-off¨ style
 • The leader determine policies and make plans  Little or no direction
• The authoritarian leader exploits regressive,  Gives followers as much freedom as possible
primitive unconscious needs and makes the  All authority or power is given to the
group dependent on him. followers
• Authoritarian leader seeks to monopolize all  Followers must determine goals, make
knowledge and initiative decisions, and resolve problems on their own.
• Allowed One way communication. When to use:
When to use:  Employees are highly skilled, experienced,
 New, untrained employees and educated
 Employees are motivated  Employees have pride in their work and the
 Employees do not respond to any other drive to do it successfully on their own
leadership style  Outside experts, such as staff specialists or
 High-volume production needs consultants are being used
 Limited time for decision making  Employees are trustworthy and experienced
 Manager‘s power is challenged by an
employee

[Link] vs Controlling

It is that part of managerial function which actuates It implies measurement of accomplishment against the
the organizational methods to work efficiently for standards and correction of deviation if any to ensure
achievement of organizational purposes. It is achievement of organizational goals.
considered life-spark of the enterprise which sets it in
motion the action of people because planning, The purpose of controlling is to ensure that everything

organizing and staffing are the mere preparations for occurs in conformities with the standards. An efficient

doing the work. system of control helps to predict deviations before

they actually occur.
Direction is that inert-personnel aspect of management
which deals directly with influencing, guiding, According to Theo Haimann, ―Controlling is the

supervising, motivating sub-ordinate for the process of checking whether or not proper progress is

achievement of organizational goals. being made towards the objectives and goals and
acting if necessary, to correct any deviation‖.
Direction has following elements:
According to Koontz & O‘Donell ―Controlling is the
 Supervision measurement & correction of performance activities of
 Motivation subordinates in order to make sure that the enterprise
 Leadership objectives and plans desired to obtain them as being

 Communication accomplished‖.

 Therefore controlling has following steps:

 Establishment of standard performance.
 Measurement of actual performance.
 Comparison of actual performance with the
standards and finding out deviation if any.
 Corrective action.

[Link] Vs Extrinsic Motivation

 • Intrinsic motivation is something within the • Extrinsic motivation is something outside the
person that energizes behavior. E.g., Interest, person that energizes behavior. E.g.,
curiosity, personal challenge and Money, fame, power
improvement

8. Job description Vs Job Specification

Job description is a list of the general tasks, or It is a standard of personnel and designates the
functions, and responsibilities of a position. Typically,
it also includes to whom the position reports, qualities required for an acceptable performance, it is
specifications such as the qualifications needed by the written record of the requirements sought in an
person in the job, salary range for the position, etc.
individual worker for a given job.

A job description is usually developed by conducting a The job specification takes the job description and
job analysis, which includes examining the tasks and answers the question. "What human traits and
sequences of tasks necessary to perform the job.
experience are needed to do the job well?" It tells
The analysis looks at the areas of knowledge and skills what kind of person to recruit and for what qualities
needed by the job. that person should be tested.

Job specifications translate the job description into

terms of the human qualifications which are required
for a successful performance of a job. They are
intended to serve as a guide in hiring and job
evaluation. As a guide in hiring, they deal with such
characteristics as are available in an application bank,
with testing, interviews, and checking of references.

1. Team nursing and modular nursing (2014)

Team nursing Modular nursing

 RN as team leader coordinates care for a  Modification of team nursing
group of patients.  Patient unit is divided into modules or units
 Goal was to reduce fragmented care with an RN as team leader
 Common use areas—most inpatient and  The same team of caregivers is assigned
outpatient areas consistently to the same geographic area
 Concept evolved to increase RN
involvement in care
Functional assignment and case method assignment (2015)

Functional assignment Case method assignment

 Functional nursing is efficiency –based;  A collaborative process of assessment ,
tasks are completed quickly, with little planning , facilitation and advocacy for
confusion regarding responsibilities. options and services to meet an
 Allow care to be provided with a minimal individual‘s health needs through
number of RNs. communication and available resources to
promote quality cost- effective outcomes
 Nurses address each patient individually,
identifying the most cost – effective
providers, treatments, and care settings
possible.
Functional method and team method (2017)

Functional method Team method

  Functional nursing is efficiency –based;  RN as team leader coordinates care for a
tasks are completed quickly, with little group of patients.
confusion regarding responsibilities.  Goal was to reduce fragmented care
 Allow care to be provided with a minimal  Common use areas—most inpatient and
number of RNs outpatient areas
Nursing audit and nursing standards (2018)

Nursing audit Nursing standards

 Nursing audit is a way of ensuring quality  Nursing practice standard are descriptive
nursingcare. statements that affect the nature of current
 Nursing audit is a detailed review and nursing practice current knowledge and
evaluationof selected clinical records by current quality of nursing care. As such
qualifiedprofessional personnel to identify, they are a means of establishing
examine, or verify the performance of accountability of nursing care rendered by
certain specified aspectsof nursing care by the professional nurse.
using established criteria.  It give direction and provide guidelines for
performance of nursing staff

[Link] and negligence (Ans. Key: offence, damage to the patient, examples, punishment)

Malpractice is defined as improper or negligent

practice by a lawyer, physician, or other Negligence refers to the act of doing something
professional who injures a client or patient. or refraining from doing something that any
other reasonable medical professional would do
The fields in which a judgment of malpractice can or refrain from doing in a similar situation.
be made are those that require training and skills
beyond the level of most people's abilities. It goes without saying that every situation is
different, and that is where the law becomes
Medical malpractice is defined as a wrongful act somewhat cloudy.
by a physician, nurse, or other medical professional
in the administration of treatment— or at times, the However, when reviewing a nursing negligence
omission of medical treatment, to a patient under case, assumptions and circumstantial evidence
his or her care. are taken into account to determine if there was
negligence.
Although dentists, architects, accountants, and
engineers are also liable to malpractice suits, most
lawsuits of this type in the United States involve
medical malpractice.

Types of Nursing Malpractice

Nursing malpractice takes many forms, including: -
 Medication errors
 giving a patient the wrong medication or
the wrong dose, or dispensing medication
to the wrong patient
 Failure to follow a physician‗s orders
 Delaying patient care and/or failure to
monitor a patient
 Incorrectly performing a procedure, or
trying to perform a procedure without
training
 Documentation error -Failure to get
informed patient consent
[Link] of ethics and code of professional conduct
Ethics:- Ethics is the study of good conduct, character  Professional responsibility and accountability To
and motives. It is concerned with determining what is maintain professional responsibility and
good or valuable for all people. Act that are ethical accountability, the nurse.
often reflect a commitment to standards beyond
personal preference standards on which individuals,  Nursing Practice In the course of practice of
professions and societies agree. nursing, the nurse.

Code of ethics:- Code of ethics is the providing  Communication and interpersonal relationships
guidelines for safe and compassionate care. Nurse‗s This plays a key role in the interaction of the
commitment to a code of ethics guarantees the public nurse with his or her clients. To effect optimal
that nurses adhere to professional practice standards. interaction the nurse.

Elements:  . Valuing human being The nurse values human

Nurse and people life. He or she.
Nurse and practice
Nurse and society  Management Proper management of resources
Nurse and co-worker and unfortunate is essential for improving the over
all efficiency of the nurse. Hence the nurses
 Professional Advancement

[Link] vs Affiliation

Accreditation is vital of the welfare of an institution of The relationship resulting from affiliating one thing
higher education. Those institutions that fail to attain with another.
accreditation or are removed from the list of an
accrediting agency may be handicapped in a number Formal relationships established between otherwise
of ways. independent organizations. These include affiliation
Definition: agreements, interlocking boards, common controls,
Accreditation as a process of whereby any agency hospital medical school affiliations, etc.
recognizes a college or school program of study as
having met certain predetermined qualification or An example of affiliation is being a member of a
standards. community organization.

Purposes:
Adequate admission requirement
Minimum academic standard
Institutional self improvement
Protection of institutions of higher education against
educationally and socially harmful pressures.
Agencies :
NAAC, AICTE, UGC, CABE

IN-SERVICE EDUCATION CONTINUING EDUCATION

[Link] within the organisation 1. Given within and outside the organisation.
[Link] planned and ongoing Covers
[Link] designed to meet the demands of Extension courses
changing needs Includes Post diploma
Orientation Post graduate courses in other institutions
Skill training Field observations and other experiences
Leadership and management Workshops
development training Exchange programmes
On the job training Seminars
Professional conferences
Educational activities outside the
Organisation.