Solution

ASSIGNMENT - PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION

Class 11 - Chemistry
Section A
1.
(d) D only
Explanation: Atomic volume is calculated as (atomic weight/density) which is not atomic volume in true sense (
πr ).
4 3
Vatom =
3

2. (a) the square root of the frequencies of characteristic X-rays of elements against their atomic numbers.
Explanation: The square root of the frequencies of characteristic X-rays of elements against their atomic numbers.
3.
(b) principal quantum number
Explanation: In the modern periodic table, each period indicates the value of principal quantum number (n). It also implies the
number of shells or orbits.
4.
(c) f-block, group-3
Explanation: Z = 103 is an actinide
5.
(c) Fr(Z = 87)
Explanation: Fr(Z = 87)
6.
(b) Seven horizontal rows and eighteen vertical columns
Explanation: Seven horizontal rows and eighteen vertical columns
7.
(b) periodic variation in electronic configurations.
Explanation: Modern Periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic functions of
their atomic numbers. It implies that the chemical and physical properties of the elements and any variations in these properties
can easily be predicted via the outermost electronic configuration.
8.
(d) (d), (iv)
Explanation: Unununium (Z = 111) it is Rontgentum (Rg) not darmstadtium.
9.
(b) Uus
Explanation: Uus
10. (a) As
Explanation: As and Br2+ have [Ar]3d104s24p3 configuration.
11.
(c) sixth
Explanation: 16- 1s22s22p63s23p4 there are 6e− in outer most shell therefore its group is VIthA.
12.
(c) 6
Explanation: n = 4, l = 1 for p subshell m = +1.
n+l+m=4+1+1=6
13.
(b) 12
Explanation: 12

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14. (a) 35
Explanation: 35
15.
(d) Many metals with catalytic properties
Explanation: Many metals with catalytic properties because (i) They provide surface area for reaction to occur (ii) They
decreases the ionisation energy. (iii) They have vacant d-orbitals.
16.
(d) p-block
Explanation: p-block
17.
(b) transition elements
Explanation: transition elements
18. (a) Transition element
Explanation: The element is Scandium (Sc) with atomic number (Z) = 21
The electronic configuration of 21Sc s [Ar] 3d1, 4s2. Hence, it is a transition element.

19.
(d) Terbium (Z = 65)
Explanation: Terbium (Z = 65)
20.
(c) S, O, F
Explanation: S, O, F
21.
(c) D only
Explanation: ‘N’ has half-filled E.C.
22.
(d) 1 mole of Be atoms
Explanation: I.E.1 = Be > Li > Na > Cs

23.
(c) Ionisation energy increases
Explanation: Ionisation energy increases
24.
(c)

Cu
Explanation: 10 1
[Ar]3d 4s

Ag

10 1
[K r]4d 5s

Au

14 10 1
[Xe]4f 5d 6s

(Small size and higher I. E. due to the effect of lanthanide contraction)

Size = Cu < Ag > Au
I.E. = Cu > Ag < Au
25.
(d) Atomic radius
Explanation: On moving left to right along a period in the periodic table atomic radius decreases while electronegativity,
electron gain enthalpy, and ionization enthalpy increase, along a period.

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26.
(d) A only
Explanation: The formation of O2-(g) from O(g) is exothermic process
27. (a) B only
32
Explanation: [2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32]; 2
× 3

P = -400 - 50 - 50 + 30 + 100 = -370

28. (a) C only
Explanation: Na2+(g) + e- → Na+(g)
29.
(b) Cl, S and Li
Explanation: Generally, electron affinity decreases on moving down a group. Chlorine has more electron affinity than F
because of the very small size of fluorine. Therefore chlorine, sulphur, and Li have higher electron affinity among given
groups.
30.
(b) 3
−−−−−−−
Explanation: The spin magnetic moment is = √n(n + 2) BM; where n is a number of unpaired electrons. When n =3; then
−−
magnetic moment with be √15 BM.
31.
(b) CO
Explanation: CO(carbon monoxide) has a triple covalent bound between C and O and therefore no ionization of any kind. The
covalent character of carbon means that there is no tendency for carbon to ionize on its own to form C4+ or C4-, hence CO stays
as neutral oxide.
32.
(c) H < S < Cl < O < F
Explanation: Paulings electronegativity of some elements.
H

2.1

Li Be B C N O F

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0

33.
(d) K
Explanation: K
34.
(c) Fe2+
Explanation: Mg2+ = 1s22s22p6 = no unpaired electron
Ti3+ = 1s22s2 2p63s23p63d1 = one unpaired electron
V3+ = 1s22s22p63s23p63d2 = two unpaired electrons
Fe2+ = 1s22s22p63s23p63d2 = four unpaired electrons
35. (a) Only D
Explanation: Since all of these ions contain 18 electrons each, so they are isoelectronic. For isoelectronic ions, the smaller the
positive nuclear charge, the greater is the size of the ion.
36.
(c) A and C only

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 Explanation: A and C only
37.
(c) the ratio of their charge to size is nearly the same for ions
Explanation: Similarity between Li and Mg is called diagonal similarity.
Li+ and Mg2+ have similar ratio of charge to size (ϕ).
38.
(d) S2- > Cl- > K+ > Ca2+
Explanation: Among isoelectronic species, ionic radii increase with an increase in a negative charge. This happens because the
effective nuclear charge (Zeff) decreases. Similarly, ionic radii decrease with an increase in positive charge as Zeff increases.

39.
(b) (i) Pb, (ii) Se and (iii) P
Explanation: (i) Pb, (ii) Se and (iii) P
40. There are 118 elements in periodic table. Out of which 114 elements are known at present.
41. Elements in the same vertical column called group have similar valence shell electronic configurations, the same number of
electrons in the outer orbitals, and similar properties. For example; General electronic configuration of 1st group elements is ns1.
42. Group 17 has metal, non–metal, liquid as well as gas at room temperature.
43. The f-block elements are known as inner transition elements. The last electron enters to f-subshell.The general outer electronic
configuration of f – block element is (n – 2) f1-14 (n–1) d0-11 ns2
44. The position of element can be predicted as:
Period number = valence shell
Group Number = number of valence electrons
For electronic configuration: (n-1) d1 ns2 = (4-1) d1 4s2 = 3d1 4s2
Therefore, It lies in the fourth period and III group.
45. Both Na+ and Ne both has 10 electrons but Na+ having, 11 protons in its nucleus but Ne has 10 protons. There, In case of Na+
effective nuclear charge is high and thus Na+ has greater ionisation enthalpy than Ne.
46. Given elements are Se, Br, Te, and I.
Br and I belong to 17 group and fourth and fifth period respectively.
Se and Te belong to 16 group and fourth and fifth period respectively.
We know that, in a period, ionisation energy increases but along a group, ionisation energy decreases.
Thus the order of ionisation enthalpy is:
Te < I < Se < Br.
Hence, Te has IE 869 kJ mol-1 and Br has IE 1142 kJ mol-1.
47. Oxides which behave as acids with bases and as a base with an acid are called amphoteric oxide. For example Al2O3 is an
amphoteric oxide.
48. In a group, the valency of an element remains same because number of valence electrons remains same in a group while in a
period it increases from left to right because number of electrons increases progressively by one unit from left to right.
49. Electronegativity decreases in a group from top to bottom. Since, Francium (87Fr) is radioactive.Thus, caesium (55Cs) is the least
electronegative element.
50. Noble gases are inert gases. These are on the extreme right of periodic table having zero valency.
51. The cations are smaller than their parent atom because they have lesser electron than parent atom but nuclear charge remain same.
Therefore, remaining electrons held more tightly by the nucleus and thus their radii are smaller than parent atoms.
Section B
52. The basic theme of organisation of elements in the periodic table is to classify the elements in periods and groups according to
their properties. This systematic arrangement makes the study of elements and their compounds, simple to understand and easy to
interpert.
53. i. Lawrencium (Lr) with atomic number (Z) 103.
ii. Seaborgium (Sg) with atomic number (Z) 106.

54. i. In 3rd period, 3s and 3p orbitals are filled.

ii. Promethium (61Pm) is a man-made lanthanoid.

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 iii. Man-made elements belong to the Actinoid series (f-block elements).

55. i. Electronic configuration of 13Al is [Ne] 3s2 3p1.

As the last electron enters into p - subshell, it belongs to the 3rd period, 13th group and p-block.
ii. Electronic configuration of 24Cr is [Ar] 4s13d5 .
As the last electron enters into d - subshell, it belongs to the 4th period, 6th group and d-block.
iii. Electronic configuration of 29Cu is [Ar]4s13d10.
As the last electron enters into d - subshell, it belongs to the 11th period, 13th group and d-block.
iv. Electronic configuration of 11Na is [Ne] 3s1.
As the last electron enters into s - subshell, it belongs to the 3rd period, 1st group and s-block.
56. The general outermost electronic configuration of f-block elements is (n–2)f1-14(n–1)d0-1ns2. Specifically, the electronic
configuration for Lanthanides is [Xe]4f1-145d0-16s2 and for Actinides is [Rn]5f1-146d0-17s2.
57. Lanthanoids, Ce(Z = 58) – Lu(Z = 71) and Actinoids, Th(Z = 90) – Lr (Z = 103) are characterised by the outer electronic
configuration (n-2)f1-14 (n-1)d0-1ns2. In these two series the last electron is added to each element in a f-orbital which is two level
below the outermost s-orbital. Therefore these two series of elements are called the Inner-Transition Elements.
A rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metal (REM), as defined by IUPAC, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the
periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium. These metals are not especially rare (available
in low amount), but they tend to occur together in nature and are difficult to separate from one another.
58. i. As we know Along a period, ionisation enthalpy increases and decreases down a group. Hence, C has the highest first
ionisation enthalpy.
ii. The metallic character increases down the group and decreases along a period due to increase in nuclear charge, So, Al has the
most metallic character.
59. i. As we know, the ionization energy increases as we move from left to right in the periodic table while it decrease when we
move from top to bottom in the periodic table. Therefore, Carbon has the highest first ionization enthalpy.
ii. Aluminum has the largest atomic radius as atomic radius increases down the group and decreases along the period.
60. Generally, in a group, atomic and ionic radii increases with increase in atomic number.
Ionization enthalpy is inversely proportional to atomic and ionic radii.
So, the ionization enthalpy gradually decreases in a group.
61. Electronegativity is directly related to the non – metallic character of elements.
Therefore, the rise in electronegativities across the period is followed by an increase in non – metallic properties of elements.
Consequently, the decrease in electronegativities down the group is accompanied by an decrease in non – metallic properties of
elements.
62. Exothermic reaction : The reaction accompanied by release of energy in the form of light or heat is called exothermic reaction.
ΔH is negative for exothermic reaction.

Example: C+ O2 → CO2 ; ΔH = -178.3 kJmol-1.

Endothermic reactions : The reaction accompanied by absorption of energy is called endothermic reaction. ΔH is positive
for endothermic reaction.
Example: 2NH3 → N2 +3H2. ΔH = +91.8kJmol-1.
63. Lithium forms covalent bond which is different from its group members because of its anomalous behaviour Li is small in size,
large charge / radius ratio and has high electro negativity value. Also, it has only 1s2 2s1 orbital for bonding.
64. The reactivity of non – metals is measured in terms of its tendency to gain electrons to form an ion. The reactivity of non – metals
increases from left to right in a period because of increase in nuclear charge due to succesive addition of electron in same shell
whereas reactivity decreases in a group as we go down the group because of increase in atomic size and decrease in nuclear
charge. Therefore, the tendency to accept electrons decreases down the group.
65. A variation in size of a cation or anion is due the difference in effective nuclear charge on the outermost electrons. In cation, on
loss of an electron the effective nuclear charge experienced is more by the remaining valence electrons. They are more tightly held
towards centre, thereby the size of the cation decreases. On the other hand in anion, the effective nuclear charge on valence
electrons decrease with addition of each new electron. Moreover, there are more inter-electron repulsions in the valence shell. The
combination of these two effects eventually increase the size of anion.
Section C

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66. Atomic size. With the increase in atomic size, the number of electron shells increase.Therefore, the force that binds the electrons
with the nucleus decreases.Therefore ionization enthalpy decreases with the increase in atomic size.
Screening or shielding effect of inner shell electron. With the addition of new shells, the number of inner electron shells which
shield the valence electrons increases. As a result, the force of attraction of the nucleus for the valence electrons further decreases
so less amount of energy is requied to remove the valence electron and hence the ionization enthalpy decreases.
67. i. Atomic size. With the increase in the atomic size, the number of electron shells increases. Therefore, the force that binds the
electrons with the nucleus decreases. Thus the ionization enthalpy decreases with increase in atomic size.
ii. Nuclear charge. As the magnitude of the positive charge on the nucleus of an atom increases, the attraction with the electrons
also increases. Therefore, the ionization enthalpy increases with the increase in the magnitude of the nuclear charge.
iii. Screening or shielding effect. Greater the magnitude of the screening effect less will be the value of ionization enthalpy or
potential.
68. The decrease in Δ H value from B to Al is due to the bigger size of Al. In Ga there is 10 , 3d electrons which do not screen as is
i 1

done by S and P electrons. Therefore, there is an unexpected increase in the magnitude of effective nuclear charge resulting in
increased Δ H values. The same is with Ti. The later has fourteen Δf electrons with very poor shielding effect. This also
i 1

increases, the effective nuclear charge thus the value of Δ H increases.

i 1

69. This is because of extra stability of half-filled 2p orbital of nitrogen than Oxygen as oxygen has four electrons in 2p-orbital with
two electrons in same orbital which increased electron-electron repulsion. When electrons adds to half filled 2p-orbital of nitrogen
energy is required. Therefore, nitrogen has positive electron gain enthalpy.
On the other hand, on removing one electron from the 2p-orbital makes half filled stable 2p-orbital but in case of nitrogen it
becomes less stable. Therefore, Ist ionisation enthalpy of oxygen is less than nitrogen.
70. The major difference between metals and non-metals is their ionization eneregies. Metals have low ionization energies and due to
this they have a strong tendency to lose electrons to form cations. Also, metals are strong reducing agents and form basic oxides
and ionic compounds. Non-metals prefer to accept electrons to form anions i.e. they have high electron affinity. Moreover, non-
metals are strong oxidizing agent and form acidic oxides and covalent compounds.
71. The atomic radius increases as we move down in a group from top to bottom. This is due to combined effect of the increase in
number of shells and subsequent shielding effect. In atoms with higher atomic number, the inner electrons partially shield the
attractive force of the nucleus. So the valence electrons do not experience the full attraction of the nucleus and this is results in
increase of atomic radii.
72. No, it is not correct to say that the electronegativity of nitrogen in all the compounds is 3. It depends upon nitrogens's state of
hybridisation in a particular compound. In principle, greater the percentage of s-character, more will be the electronegativity of the
element. Thus, the electronegativity of nitrogen increases in moving from sp3 to sp hybridised orbitals in the following manner,
sp3 < sp2 < sp.
73. Atomic radius increases down the group and decreases across the period. This is due to the continuous increase in the number of
electronic shells or orbit numbers in the structure of atoms of the elements down the group.
From left to right across a period atomic radii generally decrease due to an increase in effective nuclear charge.
74. Elements on extremes ends of a period easily combines with oxygen to form oxides. The elements present on the extreme left of a
period are metals and formed basic oxides ( e.g. Na2O, MgO, CaO, K2O etc.) with ionic nature whereas the element present on
extreme right are non- metals formed the most acidic oxides (e.g. Cl2 O7 , CO2, SO2, N2O3 etc.). The non-metallic oxides are
covalent in nature. Oxides of middle elements of a period are however amphoteric in nature (eg. Al2 O3) or neutral (eg. CO).
75. The p-block elements consist of all three types metallic, non-metallic and metalloids. Therefore, the oxides of p-block elements
show acidic, basic and amphoteric properties. This is due to the following factors.
i. Ionisation enthalpy: As the ionisation enthalpy goes increasing as we move left to right in the period and decreases as we
move top to bottom in a group. Higher the ionisation enthalpy, stronger will be the acidic oxide and vice-versa and if
intermediate, its oxide will be amphoteric. For example,

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 ii. Electronegativity: Higher the electronegativity of the element, more acidic is its oxide. Example, N2O3 is more acidic than
B2O3
iii. Oxidation states: Higher the oxidation state of the elements, stronger is the acid. Example, SO3 is stronger acid than SO2
Reaction with water:
B2 O3 + 3H2 O ⇌ 2H3 B O3
Boron trioxide Orthoboric acid

P4 OH + 6H2 O ⇌ 4H3 PO4

Phosphorous pentoxide Orthophosphoric acid

C l2 O7 + H2 O ⇌ 2HClO4
Dichlorine heptoxide perchloric acid

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