● Cilia – ciliates
● Undulating membrane -
Amoeba
flagellates
2. Structures for procurement and
Amebae/Amoeba ingestion of food
- Entamoeba histolytica is morphologically ● taken in any place in the
similar to Entamoeba dispar and cytoplasm
Entamoeba moshkovskii ● Some species – periostome
- Manner of Reporting: E. histolytica/E. dispar → cytostome → cytopharynx
Majority of E. histolytica infections are 3. Structures for discharge of metabolic
ASYMPTOMATIC waste or excretion
● Excretion → Cytopyge
Basics (excretory vacuole or cell
- Commonly found in the lower anus)
gastrointestinal tract Endoplasm
- Many can form non-feeding, non-motile - Inner portion; immediately surround the
cysts nucleus; granular and concerned mainly
- Cysts can be infective in humans with nutrition, food synthesis, storage of
- MOT: ingestion of cysts in food and water food and reproduction
contaminated with cysts 1. Contractile vacuole – regulation of
- Medically important: Entamoeba histolytica osmotic pressure
2. Organelles
What to look for in cyst stage? 3. Nucleus
- Number of nucleus
- Size and shape Cysts
- Inclusion bodies - Transfer or infective stage
- Non-motile and resistant stage
What to look for in trophic stage (vegetative/ - Their reproduction maybe:
feeding stage) ● Asexual or simple fission
- Cytoplasmic inclusion ● Sexual union of 2 cells (syngamy)
- Motility (pseudopodia)
- Size Trophozoite
- Stage where different species of protozoa
General Morphology (Protozoa) varies in size and shape
- Has locomotor apparatus
Protoplasm - Vegetative (feeding) and motile stage
- functional unit; consists of nucleus and - Infective stage for those species that do not
cytoplasm have cystic stage
- Less resistant to unfavorable conditions
Cytoplasm - Maybe found in fluid or watery and soft or
- has ectoplasm and endoplasm semi-formed stool sample
- Encystation: development of cystic stage
Ectoplasm from trophozoite in unfavorable conditions
- Outer portion, less granular, more The factors responsible for encystation are:
homogenous ● Deficiency or abundance of food
1. Locomotor apparatus – movement of supply
protozoa ● Excess catabolic products of the
● Pseudopodia – amoeba organism or of associated bacteria
● Flagella – flagellates ● Marked change in pH
● Desiccation of the medium - an invasive trophozoite form. No host other
● Depletion of excess supply of than humans is implicated in the life cycle
oxygen
● Overpopulation Cyst
- Size: 8 – 22um (ave.: 12-18 um)
2 types of encysment - Cytoplasm: has sausage-shaped or
1. .Protective cigar shaped chromatoidal bar
- Outside the body of - Number of nuclei: 1 – 4
host - Karyosome: small
- Digestive juices
2. Reproduction Trophozoite
- Nuclei divides - Size: 8 – 25 um (ave. :12-25 um)
- Excystation: Cytoplasm: clean looking with
● Osmotic ingested RBC
changes in the - Nucleus: lined with distinct
medium membrane lined by irregularly
● Enzymatic arranged and uniformly sized
action of the chromatin granules
enclosed - Karyosome: small and centrally
organism on located
the inner - Trophozoite: finger-like
surface of the pseudopodia; moves in one direction
cyst wall
● Among the
parasitic
protozoa,
favorable pH
and enzymatic
action of the
host tissue
Entamoeba Histolytica
2 forms:
E. hartmanii (minuta form)
- Nonpathogenic
E. Histolytica
- pathogenic, tissue invading
- Entamoeba histolytica is a pseudopod-
forming nonflagellated protozoan parasite. It
is the most invasive of the Entamoeba
parasites (which includes E. dispar, E.
moshkovskii, E. hartmanni, E. polecki, E.
coli, and E. gingivalis), and the only member
of the family to cause colitis and liver
abscess. The life cycle of E. histolytica
consists of two stages: an infective cyst and
Entamoeba Coli Cysts
- Size: 7 – 10 um
Cyst - Nuclei: 1 – 4
- Size: 8 – 35 um (ave.: 12 – 25um) - Karyosome: large -Cross-eyed cyst: 4 nuclei
- Nuclei: 1 – 8 concentrated at one end, spherical in shape
- Chromatoidal bar: splinter-like ends or
broomstick appearance
Trophozoite
- Size: 18 – 27 um
- Pseudopodia: broad and short with sluggish
motility
- Cytoplasm: dirty looking, presence of
ingested bacteria and food particles
- Nucleus: visible when fresh
- Karyosome: large and eccentric
Iodamoeba Butschili
Trophozoite
- Size: 12 -18 um (8 – 22um variation)
- Leaf-like shape
Endolimax nana - Pseudopodia; round; slow movement
- Karyosome: large oval -Cytoplasm: has
Trophozoite glycogen vacuole
- Size: 5 -12 um (ave.: 7 – 10 um)
- Pseudopodia: plenty small rounded; Cysts
sluggish movement - -Size: 8 – 12 um
- Cytoplasm: granular and vacuolated - Nucleus: 1 (single)
- Karyosome: large, central and eccentric
- Iodine cyst: large glycogen vacuole which - Cytoplasm: contains phagocytosed and
maybe stained brownish red by iodine partially digested host leucocytes and
solution epithelial cells; bacteria sometimes
- Pseudopodia: multiple with vigorous and
movement
Diantamoeba Fragiralis
- No cysts
Trophozoite Diagnosis stool
- Size:
- Pseudopodia: blunt and leaflike with Direct Fecal Smear
sluggish motility - Quensel’s solution – best for trophozoite
- Methylene blue
- Lugol’s iodine – for cyst
- Di antonis – for cyst
Concentration Technique: for formed stool
Entamoeba Gingivalis - FECT
- Oral Parasite - MIFC
- ZSFT
Trophozoite
- Size: 8 – 20 um
Culture
- LES – Locke’s Egg Serum B.
- Boeck’s and Drbohlav’s C.
- RES – Rice Egg Saline D.
- Nutrient Agar Saline E.
- Diamond
Diagnosis - Serum
ELISA
- Indirect hemagglutination test
- Gel – diffusion precipitin
- Indirectimmunofluorescence
DIagnosis - Rectal Biopsy
Extraintestinal Amoeba
- Liver aspirate
- Liver scan
- Serological test
Diagnosis for Non-Pathogenic
- Stool is the specimen of choice except for
E. gingivalis (spx is taken between gums
and between teeth)
Prevention and Control
- Sanitary disposal of human feces
- Provision for safe water supply
- Regulation of food handlers
- Avoid using human excreta as fertilizer
