Solution

10_SCIENCE_SP_3

Class 10 - Science
Section A
1. (a) Lead iodide, Precipitate
Explanation:
The chemical reaction between potassium iodide and lead nitrate is characterized by the formation of a yellow precipitate of
lead iodide.
2. (a) Fe, CuSO4, Cu
Explanation:
Metal X is iron(Fe) which is found in earth’s crust.

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3
2Fe + O2 + xH 2 O → Fe2 O3 . xH 2 O
2
Iron Rust
(X) Moist air
(Reddish brown)

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

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Iron Copper sulphate Iron sulphate Copper
(X) (Blue c oloure d (Gre e n c oloure d (re ddish

solution) (Y) solution) brown) (Z)

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3.
(c) HCl
Explanation:
HCl
CL
4.
(c) Both statements 1 and 2 are true but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1.
Explanation:
A

A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having same functional group thus, they show similar chemical
properties. Successive members of a homologous series differ by -CH2 group and hence differ in mass by 14 u.
H

5.
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(c) Tube A
Explanation:
Iron nails get rusted in test tube A because both air and water are present in it. Iron nails do not get rusted in B because there is
water but no air. In C, rusting will not take place because there is neither air nor water.
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6.
(c) Au, Ag
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Explanation:
Gold and Silver do not react with oxygen. They are less reactive metals and lie at the bottom of the reactivity series.

7.
(d) Both H2C = CH - CH = CH2 and HC ≡ CH
Explanation:
To add two molecules of Br2, a hydrocarbon should have two double bonds or one triple bond.

8. (a) Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus

Explanation:
The upper cup shaped end of a nephron is called Bowman’s capsule. It contains glomerulus which is a group of blood
capillaries.

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 9. (a) Back cross
Explanation:
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to
achieve offspring with a genetic identity which is closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding and in
production of gene knockout organisms.

10. (a)

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Explanation:
These are the correct modes of reproduction of Amoeba and yeast.

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Amoeba is a very good example of the organism which reproduces by binary fission.

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Yeast is an example of unicellular organism which reproduces by budding.
11. (a) This disease is due to an X-linked recessive mutation
Explanation:
Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder that slows down the blood clotting process. People who have haemophilia often have longer
CL
bleeding after an injury or surgery.
Haemophilia is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. A condition is considered X-linked when gene mutation that causes
it is located on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered
copy of the gene in each cell is enough to cause the condition. Since females have two X chromosomes, a mutation must be
present in both copies of the gene to cause haemophilia. Males are affected by X-linked recessive disorders much more
A

frequently than females.

12.
H

(d) Carbon dioxide

Explanation:
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Because of respiration, Carbon dioxide gets accumulated in tissues. Hence, blood leaving the tissues becomes richer in Carbon
dioxide.
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13. (a) V and Y

Explanation:
V and Y
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14.
(c) x × z × y2
Explanation:
x × z × y2

15.
(d) 1%
Explanation:
The percentage of solar radiation absorbed by all the green plants for the process of photosynthesis is about one percent. The
green plants (producers) use this solar energy for the process of photosynthesis, convert it into food energy and make the
energy available to the rest of the ecosystem.

16. (a) Biological magnification

Explanation:

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 The chemicals used to protect crops from diseases and pests are washed down into the soil or the water bodies. From the soil,
these are absorbed by the plants along with water and minerals. From the water bodies, these are taken up by aquatic plants and
animals. The non-biodegradable chemicals thus enter the food chain. They get accumulated progressively at each trophic level.
As human beings occupy the top level in any food chain, the maximum concentration of these chemicals gets accumulated in
human bodies. This phenomenon is known as biological magnification.
17. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
18.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

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19. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
In a rectangular coil carrying a steady current, the direction of current in opposite sides of coil is opposite to each other,

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therefore, forces acting on each pair of the opposite sides of the coil are equal and opposite, i.e., net force on the coil is equal to
zero.

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20. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The flow of energy through different steps in the food chain is unidirectional. This means that energy captured by autotrophs
does not revert back to the solar input and it passes to the herbivores.
CL
Section B
21. i. CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH ⟶ CH3COONa + C2H5OH
ii. CH3COOH + NaOH ⟶ CH3COONa + H2O
conc.
A

iii. C2H5OH + CH3COOH −−−−→ CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

H2 S O4

22. In a flower fertilisation requires both male and female gametes. If pollination does not occur, male gamete is not available hence
H

fertilisation cannot take place.

23. Pharynx is a common chamber for food and air, but food passes into food pipe through gullet as entry into larynx (wind pipe) is
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checked by epiglottis. It acts like a trap door, shuts the opening of larynx. So, food does not enter the wind pipe.
OR
Photosynthesis is a process that uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and food. The chloroplast is the
organelle and the organs in which photosynthesis take place. The oxygen liberated come from splitting or hydrolysis of water in
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the green plants. Carbohydrates are stored as starch in plants

24. i. From the S. No. 3, we can say that the radius of curvature of the lens is 40 cm as distance of object and the distance of the
image is same.
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R 40
∴ Focal length, f = 2
=
2
= 20 cm
ii. S. No. 6 is not correct as for this observation the object distance is between focus and pole and for such cases, the image
formed is always virtual but in this case a real image is forming as the image distance is positive.

iii.

+30cm
iv. Magnification m = v

u
=
−60cm
= -0.5
25. i. The kitchen garden is known as an artificial ecosystem because they are manmade where specific biotic and abiotic elements
are utilized. A kitchen garden is an ecosystem where the plants such as rice, wheat, vegetables, etc. are cultivated. Farmers
operate the relationship between the abiotic factors and producers

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 ii. When designing an artificial ecosystem at home, there are two important things that need to be kept in mind to convert it into a
self-sustaining system: Balance between biotic and abiotic factors and Recycling of nutrients and waste.
OR
Agriculture is the process of cultivation of food plants, fibre, etc.
Increased use of pesticides and other insect or disease repellents for soils and standting crops is a harmful practice that adversely
affects the environment and its components. These chemicals gets mixed with soil and water and are absorbed by growing plant.
Through food chain they reach all the trophic levels causing various threats to them.
26. Stars twinkle due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The starlight passes through atmospheric medium of gradually changing
refractive index. So, it is refracted multiple times. As the apparent position of star and the physical condition of the earth's
atmosphere are not constant the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers and gives a twinkling effect.
Section C
27. i. KCl form ionic bond
+ ¨ −
K [: C :]

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¨
ii. NH3 forms covalent bond
¨
H: N : H
Ḧ

iii. CaO form ionic bond

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2+ ¨ 2−
Ca [: O :]
¨
iv. N2 form covalent bond

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..
:N :: N:
v. CaCl2 ​form ionic bond
2+ ¨ −
Ca 2[: Cl :]
¨
CL
28. Copper is not affected by dry air at ordinary temperature. On exposure to moist air, it gets covered with a beautiful green coating
of either basic carbonate or basic sulphate.
2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 → CuCO3.Cu(OH)2
8Cu + 6H2+2SO2 + 5O2→ 2[CuSO4.3Cu(OH)2]
A

Copper present in bronze or in utensils is corroded by moist air containing acidic oxides like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide etc.
The greenish layer formed is of basic copper carbonate or basic copper sulphate. This phenomenon is called ‘corrosion of metals’.
OR
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The gas is sulphur-dioxide (SO2)

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i. It will not react with dry litmus paper.

ii. The gas will bleach moist litmus paper.
The balanced chemical equation is
heat
S + O2 ⟶ SO2
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29. i. Unicellular organisms: excrete out wastes accumulated in body through the process of diffusion eg: amoeba
ii. Human beings: excrete out nitrogenous wastes generated by various metabolic activities through urination.
iii. Plants: remove excess water through transpiration, the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small
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pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere.
30. When two plants, A with white flowers and B with red flowers were crossed,
In F1 generation all the plants have red coloured flowers and in F2 generation the ratio of red : white is 3 : 1.
The dominant trait is red colour in flowers.
The recessive trait is white colour in flowers.

Gametes R r

R RR(red) Rr(red)

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 r Rr(red) rr(red)

31.

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Yes, even when one-half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, the lens will produce a complete image.

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Take a live candle, keep it in front of a convex lens mounted on an optical bench.

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Move the candle along the axis of bench and take its full image on a screen. Now cover the lower half of lens with a black paper
without changing the positions of candle, lens and screen.
You will observe that full image of candle is still seen on the screen, but the intensity of image is reduced. The reason is that a
large number of rays incident on the lens are blocked. In the case of covered lower half of lens with black paper, the rays that are
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emerging from candle and incident on lens are refracted from upper part only and form the full image.
32. Resistors 3Ω and 2Ω are in series
The effective resistance of lower arm = 3 + 2 = 5 Ω
Resistance of upper arm is also 5Ω . The lower and upper arms are in parallel to each other.
Therefore, the total resistance is given by
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1 1 1 2 5
= + = , Rt = = 2.5 Ω. . . . . . . . . . . (i)
R 5 5 5 2

The current through ammeter is equal to the total current.

V 4 40 8
∴ Total current = Rt
=
2.5
=
25
=
5
= 1.6 A

33. a. (i) Join the three resistors R1, R2 and R3 of different values in series connected to a battery of V volt.
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(ii) Connect them with battery, an ammeter (A) and plug key (K).
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(iii) Plug the key and note the ammeter reading

(iv) Change the position of the ammeter to anywhere in between the resistors and note the ammeter reading each time.
(v) The ammeter reading will remain the same every time.
Therefore when resistors are connected in series same current flows through all resistors.
R
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b. Given: R1 = 5Ω , R2 = 10Ω , R3 = 15Ω and V = 30V

Total resistance of the circuit, R = R1 + R2 + R3
R = 5 + 10 + 15
R = 30 Ω
Potential difference across the circuit, by ohm’s law,
V = IR
or I = = V

R
30
= 1A
30

Potential difference across 15 ohm Resistor = 1 × 15 = 15 volt

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 Section D
34. The compounds that have identical molecular formula but different structures are called structural isomers characteristics
i. They have some molecular formula
ii. Their structures are different
iii. Different physical and chemical properties.
iv. Same molecular mass and number of atoms
Butane (C4H10)

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OR

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a. i. Butanol, C4H9OH
ii. Butanal, CH3CH2CH2CHO / C4H8O

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b. Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturated hydrocarbon

have single bond between two carbon atoms CL have double or triple bond between two carbon atoms

They do not decolourise bromine water They decolourise bromine water

35. i.
H A
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ii. Pollen tubes act as conduits to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain-either from the stigma to the ovules at the
base of the pistil or directly through ovule tissue in some gymnosperms.
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iii. After fertilization

a. Ovules develop into Seed
b. The ovary develops into a Fruit​​
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OR
i. The brain and the spinal cord constitute the central nervous system (CNS).
ii. The spinal cord is concerned with spinal reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the brain.
iii. The spinal cord is enclosed in a bony cage called vertebral column and is surrounded by membranes called meninges which
protects it.
iv. All the nerves of the body together make up the peripheral nervous system. It consists of three types of nerves that are spinal
nerves, cranial nerves, and visceral nerves.
v. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) means a self-governing nervous system. Its function is to control and regulate the
functions of the internal organs of our body involuntarily.
36. a. A concave mirror of focal length f = 10 cm can produce a magnified real image if an object is placed between F and C (i.e.,
when 20 cm > u > 10 cm) as shown in Fig. (a). However, the same mirror may form a magnified virtual image when object is

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 placed between P and F (i.e., u < 10 cm) as shown in Fig. (b).

b. Here focal length of convex mirror f= + 10 cm, distance of the object from the pole u = -10 cm
As per formula,
1 1 1

v
+
u
=
f
, wehave
1 1 1 1 1
= − = −
v f u +10 −10

1 1 1
= + =
10 10 5

⇒ v = +5 cm

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Thus, image is formed behind the mirror at 5 cm from the pole of mirror.
OR

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a. CL
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b. Given that f = -15 cm ; u = -25 cm; ho = 4 cm; v = ?

The mirror formula is
1 1 1
= +
f u v

1 1 1
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= +
−15 −25 v

1 1 1
= −
v
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25 15

1 3−5 −2
= =
v 75 75

⇒ v = -37.5 cm
The screen should be placed 37.5 cm from the people of mirror and the image is real.
R

magnification
hi −v
m = =
u
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ho

hi −(−37.5)
=
4 −25

⇒ hi = −
37.5

25
× 4 = -6 cm
So the image is enlarged and inverted.
c. Uses of concave mirror:
It is used as a shaving mirror.
​It is used as reflector in torch, head light of automobiles etc.
Section E
37. i. Carbonic acid does not form an acidic salt.
ii. Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda or bicarbonate of soda, is a chemical compound with the formula
NaHCO3.
iii. Ca(OH)2 treatment with chlorine to obtain bleaching powder.
OR

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 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ⟶ CaOCl2 + H2O
Washing soda is used for removing the permanent hardness of the water.
38. i. At the synapse, (functional junction between neurons) axon terminal comes in close proximity to the dendron terminal of next
neuron. Axon terminal is expanded to form pre-synaptic knob and the other dendrite terminal forms post- synaptic depression.
ii. The electrical impulse travels form the dendrite to the cell body, then along the axon to its end.
iii. Acetylcholine is released at the end of the axon to transmit the signal to the other neuron.
OR
A synapse is a gap between two neurons. At the synapse, the electrical signals are converted into chemicals that can easily
cross over the gap and pass on to the next neurons where it again converted into electrical signals.
39. i. When current is passed through the rod is produces magnetic field due to which feels a force and due to it rod displaces from
its position.
ii. Fleming's left hand rule gives the direction of force experienced by current carrying conductor placed in an external magnetic
field. According to Fleming's left hand rule if we arrange our thumb, forefinger and middle finger of the left hand

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perpendicular to each other, then the thumb points towards the direction of the magnetic force, the forefinger points towards
the direction of the magnetic field and the middle finger points towards the direction of the current.
iii. a. According to Fleming's left-hand rule, the rod will get displaced upwards.

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b. Devices that use current-carrying conductors and magnetic fields are electric motors, electric generators, loudspeakers, and
microphones.

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OR

CL
S HA
R IK
PA

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