FITTING SHOP

The term fitting, is related to assembly of parts, after bringing the dimension or shape to the
required size or form, in order to secure the necessary fit. The operations required for the
same are usually carried out on a work bench, hence the term bench work is also added with
the name fitting.
The bench work and fitting play an important role in engineering. Although in today's
industries most of the work is done by automatic machines which produces the jobs with
good accuracy but still it (job) requires some hand operations called fitting operations. The
person working in the fitting shop is called fitter
FITTING TOOLS:
Fitting shop tools are classified as below:
1. Work Holding Devices/ Clamping Tools.
2. Measuring and Marking Tools.
3. Cutting Tools.
4. Striking Tools.
5. Drilling Tools.
6. Threading Tools.
I. WORK HOLDING DEVICES /CLAMPING TOOLS:-
1. BENCH VICE:- It is firmly fixed to the bench with the help of nuts and bolts. It consists
of a cast Iron body and cast-iron jaws. Two jaw plates are fitted on both the jaws. The holding
surface of the jaw plates is knurled in order to increase the gipping. Jaw plates are made up of
carbon steel and are wear resistant. One jaw is fixed to the body and the second slides on a
square threaded screw with the help of a handle.

The jaws are opened up to required length; job is placed in the two jaws and is fully tightened
with the help of handle. Handle is used to move the movable jaw
2. V Block:- In V Block, V grooves are provided to hold the round objects longitudinally. The
screw of the clamp applies the holding pressure. When the handle is rotated there is
movement in the screw.

II. MEASURING TOOLS -

1. Steel Rule- These are made up of stainless steel and are available in many sizes ranging
from 1/2 ft. to 2 ft. These are marked in inches or millimetres. All the faces are machined
true. The edges of steel rule should be protected from rough handling.

2. Callipers- These are generally used to measure the inside or outside diameters. Different
types are:
i. Outside Calliper:- It is used to measure the outside dimensions.
ii. Inside Calliper:- It is used to measure the inside dimensions.
iii. Spring Calliper:- Spring is provided to apply the pressure and lock nut is provided to
lock any desired position.
iv. Jenny or Odd leg Calliper:- One leg is bent at the tip inwardly and the other has a
straight pointed end. It is used to scribe lines parallel to the straight edges.

III. MARKING TOOLS:-

1. Surface Plate-
It is used for testing the flatness, trueness of the surfaces. It is made up of cast iron or
graphite. Its upper face is plained to form a very smooth surface. It is also used in scribing
work. While not in use, it should be covered with a wooden cover.

2. Angle Plate-
It is made up of cast iron in different sizes; it has two planed surfaces at right angles to each
other and has various slots in each surface to hold the work by means of bolts and clamps.
Never do hammering on the angle plate to fasten (lighten) the nuts and bolts.
3. Scriber and Surface Gauge-
It consists of a cast iron bass on the center of which a steel rod is fixed vertically. Scriber is
made up of high carbon steel and is hardened from the front edge. It is used for locating the
centres of round bars or for marking of the lines.

Surface Gauge Scribers

4. Punches-
These are used for making indentations on the scribed lines, to make them visible clearly.
These are made of high carbon steel. A punch is specified by its length and diameter (say as
150’ 12.5mm). It consists of a cylindrical knurled body, which is plain for some length at the
top of it. At the other end, it is ground to a point. The tapered point of the punch is hardened
over a length of 20 to 30mm.
Dot punch is used to lightly indent along the layout lines, to locate center of holes and to
provide a small center mark for divider point, etc. for this purpose, the punch is ground to a
conical point having 60° included angle.

Center punch is similar to the dot punch, except that it is ground to a conical point having
90° included angle. It is used to mark the location of the holes to be drilled.

5. Try Square-
It is used for checking squareness of two surfaces. It consists of a blade made up of steel,
which is attached to a base at 90 degrees. The base is made up of cast iron or steel. It is also
used to mark the right angles and measuring straightness of surfaces. Never use try square as
a hammer.
IV. CUTTING TOOLS-
1. Hacksaw- Hacksaw is used for cutting of rods, bars, pipes, flats etc. It consists of a frame,
which is made from mild steel. The blade is placed inside the frame and is tightened with the
help of a flange nut. The blade is made up of high carbon steel or high-speed steel.
The points of the teeth are bent in a zig-zag fashion, to cut a wide groove and prevent the
body of the blade from rubbing or jamming in the saw cut. The teeth of the blades are
generally forward cut so in the case, pressure is applied in the forward direction only.

Fixed frame hacksaw

Adjustable Frame hacksaw

A. Depending upon the direction of cut, blades are classified as:
1. Forward cut
2. Backward cut.
B. Depending upon the pitch of the teeth (Distance between the two consecutive teeth)
blades is classified as:
1. Coarse (8-14 teeth per Inch)
2. Medium (16-20 teeth per inch)
3. Fine (24-32 teeth per inch)
2. Files-
Files are multi points cutting tools. It is used to remove the material by rubbing it on the
metals. Files are available in a number of sizes, shapes and degree of coarseness.

Classification of files
A. On the basis of length
4”,6”,8”,12”
B. On the basis of grade:
1. Rough (R)(20 teeth per inch)
2. Bastard (B)(30 teeth per inch)
3. Second cut (Sc) (40 teeth per inch)
4. Smooth file (S)(50 teeth per inch)
5. Dead smooth (DS)(100 teeth per inch)
Rough and bastard files are the big cut files. When the material removal is more, these files
are used. These files have bigger cut but the surface produced Is rough.
Dead smooth and smooth files have smaller teeth and used for finishing work. Second cut file
has degree of finish in between bastard and smooth file.
3. On the basis of number of cuts:
A. Single cut files.
B. Double cut files.
C. Rasp files.
In single cut files the teeth are cut in parallel rows at an angle of 60 degree to the face.
Another row of teeth is added in opposite direction in case of double cut files. Material
removal is more in case of double cut files.

4. On the basis of shape and size:

The length of the files varies from 4' to 14*. The various shapes of cross-section available are
hand file, flat file, triangular, round; square, half round, knife-edge, pillar, needle and mill
file.
a. Flat file: This file has parallel edges for about two-thirds of the length and then it tapers in
width and thickness. The faces are double cut while the edges are single cut.

b. Hand file: for a hand file the width is constant throughout, but the thickness tapers as
given in flat file. Both faces are double cut and one edge is single cut. The remaining edge is
kept uncut in order to use for filing a right-angled corner on one side only.

c. Square file: It has a square cross-section. It is parallel for two-thirds of its length and then
tapers towards the tip. It is double cut on all sides. It is used for filing square corners and
slots.
d. Triangular file: It has width either parallel throughout or up to middle and then tapered
towards the tip. Its section is triangular (equilateral) and the three faces are double cut and the
edges single cut. It is used for filing square shoulders or comers and for sharpening wood
working saws.

e. Round file: It has round cross-section. It carries single cut teeth all round its surface. It is
normally made tapered towards the tip and is frequently known as rat-tail file. Parallel round
files having same diameter throughout the length are also available. The round files are used
for opening out holes, producing round comers, round-ended slots etc.

f. Half-round file: Its cross-section is not a true half circle but is only about one-third of a
circle. The width of the file is either parallel throughout or up to middle and then tapered
towards the tip. The flat side of this file is always a double cut and curved side has single cut.
It is used for filing curved surfaces.

g. Knife edge file: It has a width tapered like a knife blade and it is also tapered towards the
tip and thickness. It carries double cut teeth on the two broad faces and single cut teeth on the
edge. It is used for finishing sharp corners of grooves and slots.
h. Diamond file: Its cross-section is like a diamond. It is used for special work.

i. Needle file: These are thin small files having a parallel tang and a thin, narrow
and pointed blade made in different shapes of its cross-section to suit the
particular need of the work. These are available in sizes from 100 mm to 200 mm
of various shapes and cuts. These files are used for filing very thin and delicate
work.
Twist Drill
Twist drills are used for making holes. These are made of High-speed steel. Both straight and
taper shank twist drills are used. The parallel shank twist drill can be held in an ordinary self
–centring drill check. The tapper shank twist drill fits into a corresponding tapered bore
provided in the drilling machine spindle.

Taps and Tap wrenches

 A tap is a hardened and steel tool, used for cutting internal thread in a drill hole. Hand Taps
are usually supplied in sets of three in each diameter and thread size. Each set consists of a
tapper tap, intermediate tap and plug or bottoming tap. Taps are made of high carbon steel or
high-speed steel.

Dies and die‐holders

Dies are the cutting tools used for making external thread. Dies are made either solid or split
type. They are fixed in a die stock for holding and adjusting the die gap. They are made of
Steel or High Carbon Steel.

Ball‐ Peen Hammer

Ball‐ Peen Hammers are named, depending upon their shape and material and specified by
their weight. A ball peen hammer has a flat face which is used for general work and a ball
end, particularly used for riveting.
Cross‐Peen Hammer
It is similar to ball peen hammer, except the shape of the peen. This is used for chipping,
riveting, bending and stretching metals and hammering inside the curves and shoulders.

Straight‐Peen Hammer
This is similar to cross peen hammer, but its peen is in‐line with the hammer handle. It is
used for swaging, riveting in restricted places and stretching metals.