East Java

East Java (Indonesian: Jawa Timur, Javanese: ꦙꦮꦶꦮꦺꦠꦤ꧀, romanized: Jawa Wétan, Madurese: Jhâbâ
Tèmor, Pegon: ‫ )جاوا وتان‬is a province of Indonesia located in the easternmost third of Java island. It has a East Java
land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its Jawa Timur
northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali
Province
by around 2.29 kilometres (1.42 mi). Located in eastern Java, the province also includes the island of
Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge), as well as Province of East Java
Provinsi Jawa Timur
the Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in the northern Bali Sea) and the
Masalembu archipelago to the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, a major
industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the
largest on the island of Java.[7]

The province covers an area of 48,036.84 square kilometres (18,547.13 sq mi), and according to the 2010
Census, there were 37,476,757 people residing there,[8] making it Indonesia's second-most-populous Coat of arms
province; the 2020 Census showed an increase to 40,665,696 people,[9] while the official estimate for mid
Motto(s): Jer Basuki Mawa Beya (Javanese)
2023 was 41,527,930 (comprising 20,711,680 males and 20,816,260 females).[1] Almost a quarter of the ꦗꦼꦂꦧꦱꦸꦏꦶꦩꦮꦧꦺꦪ
population lives inside greater Surabaya metropolitan area.[10] East Java is inhabited by many different "Success Requires Sacrifice"
ethnic groups, such as the Javanese, Madurese and Chinese. Most of the people in East Java adheres to
Islam, forming around 94% of the total population. Other religions are also practiced, such as Christianity,
Buddhism and Confucianism which are mostly practised by Tionghoa people and immigrants from Eastern
Indonesia and North Sumatra, and also Hinduism which are practised by the Tenggerese people in the
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park and the Balinese people inhabiting the easternmost part of the
province bordering Bali as well as the dominant minority Indian Indonesians in Surabaya city.
East Java in Indonesia
The Indonesian language is the official language of the province as well as the whole nation, but Javanese
OpenStreetMap
and Madurese are most frequently used, especially the Surabaya dialect (Javanese: Suroboyoan or
Surabayaan — the Javanese dialect of Surabaya) used mainly in the capital Surabaya. Indonesian is only
used for inter-ethnic communication and official purposes.

East Java offers different types of tourist attractions. There are a variety of natural attractions, including
mountains, beaches, caves, and waterfalls. Almost every regency or city in East Java has its own unique
tourist destinations, such as the Ijen volcano in Banyuwangi, Baluran National Park in Situbondo, and
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Malang, Pasuruan, Lumajang, and Probolinggo.

History Coordinates: 7.7°S 112.5°E

Established 25 February 1950

Prehistory Capital Surabaya
and largest city
East Java has been inhabited by humans since prehistoric times. This was proven by the discovery of
Government
fossils remains of the Pithecanthropus mojokertensis in Kepuhlagen, Mojokerto;[11] Pithecanthropus
• Body East Java Provincial
erectus on Trinil, Ngawi;[12] and Homo wajakensis in Wajak, Tulungagung.[13] Government
• Governor Adhy Karyono (acting)
• Vice Governor Vacant
Pre-Islamic era
Area
The Dinoyo inscriptions found near the city of Malang are the oldest written sources in East Java, dating
• Total 48,036.84 km2
from 760 CE. It tells of many political and cultural events in the Kingdom of Kanjuruhan. The name (18,547.13 sq mi)
Malang is thought to come from the name of a sacred building called Malangkuseswara. This name is • Rank 14th in Indonesia
contained in the Mantyasih inscription written in 907 CE.
Highest elevation 3,676 m (12,060 ft)
(Mount Semeru)
In 1222, Ken Arok founded the Kingdom of Singhasari, which he ruled until 1292. Before coming to
power, Ken Arok seized power in Tumapel (Kediri) from Tungul Ametung. Ken Arok's descendants Population (mid 2023 estimate)[1]
became kings of Singhasari and Majapahit from the 13th until the 15th century. • Total 41,527,930
• Rank 2nd in Indonesia
In 1227, Anusapati killed Ken Arok, and later became king of Singhasari. Anusapati's power only lasted 20 • Density 860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
years, before he was killed by Tohjaya. Three years later, Tohjaya was killed in an uprising led by Jaya Demographics
Wisnuwardhana, son of Anusapati. In 1268, Wisnuwardhana died, and he was succeeded by Kertanegara • Ethnic groups
80.69% Javanese
(1268–1292). In 1292 Kertanegara was defeated by a rebel named Jayakatwang, ending the Singhasari.
17.53% Madurese
In 1293, Kublai Khan, founder of the Yuan dynasty, sent a large invasion fleet to Java with 20,000 to 0.66% Chinese
30,000 soldiers, beginning the Mongol invasion of Java.[14] This was a punitive expedition against King 1.12% Others[2]
Kertanegara of Singhasari, who had refused to pay tribute to the Yuan and maimed one of its ministers. • Religion
97.26% Islam
However, it ended with failure for the Mongols.
1.64% Protestanism
0.66% Roman
Catholic
0.25% Hinduism
 In 1294, the Kingdom of Majapahit was founded by Raden Wijaya. The 0.17% Buddhism
Majapahit reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk. He was 0.01% Others
accompanied by the Mahapatih Gajah Mada. Together they managed to (including
Confucianism,
unite the archipelago under the name Dwipantara. Majapahit developed to Kejawen, Kapitayan,
become one of the strongest empires in Southeast Asia. etc.)[3]
• Languages
In 1357, the Battle of Bubat occurred, starting a war between the Sunda Indonesian (official)
Kingdom and the Majapahit. The event stemmed from the desire of king Javanese
Hayam Wuruk to take a Sundanese princess. Dyah Pitaloka as queen. Madurese
However, because of a misunderstanding about the procedure of marriage, Osing
leading to a battle in Bubat. Majapahit troops, under the command of Gajah Tenggerese
Mada, captured and killed the present Members of the Royal Family of Kangean
Pajajaran. In 1389, Hayam Wuruk died, and was succeeded by Time zone UTC+7 (Indonesia
Wikramawardhana. This resulted in the beginning of the decline of the Western Time)
Majapahit Empire. As the Majapahit Empire went into decline in the late ISO 3166 code ID-JI
1300s, Islam moved to fill the vacuum.[15]
GDP (nominal) 2022[4]
- Total Rp 2,730.9 trillion (2nd)
Gadjah Mada is a warlord Islamic era US$ 183.9 billion
and Mahapatih (Prime Int$ 573.9 billion (PPP)
Minister) who was very The precise date when Islam entered Java remains unclear. This is due to the - Per capita Rp 66.37 million (11th)
influential during the absence of a definite source regarding the arrival of Islam in Java. However, US$ 4,469
Majapahit Empire according to some experts, it is estimated that Islam entered Java around the Int$ 13,946 (PPP)
11th century, with the tomb of Fatimah Binti Maimun in the village of - Growth 5.34%[5]
Leran in Gresik Regency which dates from 475 AH (1085 AD). The tomb HDI (2024) 0.754[6] (12th) – high

also shows that by the 11th century, the North coast of Java had been frequented by Arab traders from the Website [Link] ([Link]
Middle East. In addition, several Islamic tombs were discovered in Trowulan, located in what is now part [Link])
of the Mojokerto Regency, near the site of the former Majapahit palace.[16]

In the 15th century, a Chinese Hui voyager named Ma Huan visited East Java. He then wrote the book Yingya Shenglan,
which tells the story of the countries he visited over the course of the Ming treasure voyages. He mentioned that at that
time, there were three different peoples inhabiting Eastern Java: Arabs from the Middle East, the ancestor of the modern
Arab Indonesians; Chinese Muslims originating from modern-day Guangdong province, and the native Javanese
people.[17]

By the 16th century, the Majapahit Empire was defeated by Islamic kingdoms in Java, resulting in the exile of many
Majapahit aristocrats to the neighbouring island of Bali.[18] Those who remained in Java were forced to convert to Islam, The Ampel Mosque in Surabaya, the
while a small pocket of isolated people living in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park spread around Pasuruan, oldest surviving mosque in Java and
Probolinggo, Malang, and Lumajang Regencies remains adhered to Hinduism to this day. They are known as the second oldest in Indonesia, was
built in 1421
Tenggerese people. Their population of roughly 100,000 is centered in 30 villages in the isolated Tengger mountains.[19]

When Islamic sultanates started ruling Java, cities in the northern coast started developing, becoming thriving ports. One
of them was the town of Tuban, which was a wealthy and important port with many Chinese settlers. Being a port of the Majapahit and the point of departure
for the Moluccas, it exported an abundant supply of foodstuffs and imported a rich variety of products from the Moluccas.[20] At the end of the 16th century,
Islam had surpassed Hinduism and Buddhism as the dominant religion in Java. At first, the spread of Islam was very rapid and was accepted by ordinary people,
until the da'wah entered and it was carried out by the rulers of the island.

European colonization
The relationship between the Javanese and European colonial powers began in 1522, with the signing of a treaty between the Sunda Kingdom and the
Portuguese Empire in Malacca. After the failure of the treaty, the Portuguese presence was then limited to Malacca in the Malay Peninsula and the Maluku
Islands. An expedition under the leadership of the Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman consisting of four ships in 1596 became the beginning of Dutch
presence in the island.[21] At the end of the 18th century, the Dutch had succeeded in expanding their influence on the Islamic sultanates in the interior of the
island of Java.

At the onset of the Napoleonic Wars, the British conquered Java in 1811. Java briefly became part of the British Empire, with Sir Stamford Raffles as its
Governor-General. In 1814, Britain returned Java to the Netherlands as stipulated in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814.[22]

Japanese occupation and revolution

During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, there was persistent resistance against the Japanese rule. In
Blitar, an uprising by Pembela Tanah Air (PETA) led by Supriyadi, Moeradi, Halir Mangkudijoyo, and Soemarto
occurred in early 1945, but it was crushed by the Japanese.

Two weeks after the proclamation of independence, Surabaya established its own government under, Raden Sudirman.
The formation of government in Surabaya caused disputes between the republican forces and Japanese troops, resulting
in various skirmishes across the city. This was because when the Japanese surrendered, they were obliged to remain in
power until the allied forces arrived. The arrival of allied forces in Surabaya created tensions with the newly established
government of Indonesia, reaching peak on 10 November 1945 where a major battle between the Surabayan residents led
by Sutomo and allied forces.
Operation Transom, destroyed
Tanjung Perak in 1944
The battle forced the governor, Suryo, on the advice of People's Security Army (TKR), to move the seat of the government to Mojokerto. A week later, the
government retreated again to a more secure location in Kediri. However, security situation Kediri worsen until finally, in February 1947, the East Java
provincial government fled to Malang. While the administration was based in Malang, Governor Soerjo was replaced by R.P. Suroso, who was in turn replaced
again by Dr. Moerdjani. On 21 July 1947, although still bound by the Linggadjati Agreement, a ceasefire agreement in effect since 14 October 1946, the Dutch
commenced a military action, Operation Product, which led to deteriorating security conditions in Malang. The East Java provincial government moved again to
Blitar.

This military action ended after the Renville Agreement. However, this agreement reduced the territory controlled by the East Java provincial government. The
Netherlands then turned the areas under its control into new federal states, the State of Madura and the State of East Java. Amid the difficulties faced by the
government of Indonesia, a left-wing opposition group, Front Demokrasi Rakyat (FDR, People's Democratic Front) launched rebellion in Madiun on 18
September 1948. However, eventually this revolt was defeated by the Indonesian Army. On 19 December 1948, the Dutch launched Operation Kraai. Blitar, the
seat of the East Java provincial government was attacked by the Dutch. Governor Moerdjani and his staff were forced to flee and joined the guerrillas on the
slopes of Mount Wilis. Operation Kraai ended after the Roem–Van Roijen Agreement on 7 May 1949.

Following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, at which the Netherlands agreed to transfer sovereignty to the United States of Indonesia, the Dutch
withdrew its troops from East Java. East Java changed its status from a province into a state. However, on 25 February 1950, this was dissolved and became part
of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The State of Madura also decided to join Indonesia.

Contemporary era
Along with rapid growth of urbanization in East Java, the governments could not satisfy the population's needs for affordable housing, which led to the building
of shanty towns along the rivers and rail tracks. Today, the shanty towns still exist; although some have been transformed into "better" housing.[23]

East Java has twice hosted the Indonesian National Games (Indonesian: Pekan Olahraga Nasional) (PON), the 7th (1969) and 15th PONs (2000), and became
the overall champions in 2000 and 2008.

Geography
East Java province borders the Java Sea in the north, the Strait of Bali in the east, and the Indian Ocean in the south, as
well as the Central Java province in the west. The length of the east–west stretch of about 400 km. The width of the
stretch of the north–south in the west about 200 km, but in the eastern part of narrower by about 60 km. Madura is the
largest island in East Java, separated from the mainland Java by the Strait of Madura. Bawean Island is located about
150 km north of Java. In the east of Madura there are clusters of islands, the easternmost are the Kangean Islands and the
northernmost are the Masalembu Islands. Off the south coast of Java there are two small islands namely Nusa Barong
and Sempu Island.
Eastern Salient of Java mountain
Geology range view from Bromo Tengger
Semeru National Park at early
In physiographic of geology, East Java Province can be grouped into three zones: the southern zone (plato), the middle morning
zone (volcanic), and the northern zone (folds). Lowlands and highlands in the middle (of Ngawi, Blitar, Malang, to
Bondowoso) has a fairly fertile soil. In the northern part ( Bojonegoro, Tuban, Gresik, to Madura Island) lies the Kapur
Utara mountains and the Kendeng mountains which are relatively barren.

In the middle of the province stretch mountain ranges and volcanoes: On the border with Central Java is Mount Lawu (3,265 metres). Southeast from Madiun is
Mount Wilis (2,169 metres), and Mount Liman (2,563 metres). In the middle of the corridor lies the Anjasmoro mountains with peaks Mount Arjuno (3,339
metres), Mount Welirang (3,156 metres), Mount Anjasmoro (2,277 metres), Mount Kawi (2,551 metres), and Mount Kelud (1,731 metres); The mountains are
located in most Kediri, Blitar, Malang, Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Jombang. The group has the peak of Mount Bromo Tengger (2,329 metres), and Mount Semeru
(3,676 metres). Mount Semeru, which is also called Mahameru is the highest mountain in the island of Java. In the easternmost part if the province, there are
two groups of mountains: the Iyang mountains with the peak Mount Argopuro (3,088 metres), the Ijen mountains with the peak Mount Raung (3344 metres) In
the south there is a series of hills, that of the south coast of Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Blitar, Malang. the Kapur Selatan mountains is a continuation of
a series of the Sewu mountains in Yogyakarta.

Water
Two of the most important rivers in East Java are the Brantas River (290 kilometres), and the Solo River
(548 kilometers). The Brantas River has headwaters on the slopes Mount Arjuno near Batu, and flows through most areas
in East Java, like Malang, Blitar, Tulungagung, Kediri, Jombang and Mojokerto. In Mojokerto, the Brantas River split
into two: Kali Mas, and Porong; both empty into the Madura Strait. The Solo River has headwaters on the slopes of
Mount Lawu which lies on the border between East Java and Central Java, and flows through a portion of the eastern
part of Central Java and East Java, which eventually empties into the sea at Gresik. The Brantas River and Bengawan
Solo are managed by Perum Jasa Tirta I. On the slopes of Mount Lawu near the border with Central Java are Sarangan, a
natural lake. The main dam in East Java, among others Ir. Sutami and Selorejo Dam, which is used for irrigation, fish
farming and tourism. Light snow and frost are common at
East Java highlands over 2,000
meters above sea level in middle of
Climate year during late night until morning
East Java has a tropical monsoon and savanna climate at lower elevation and subtropical at higher elevation. Compared
with the western part of Java Island, East Java in general has less rainfall. Average rainfall is 1,900 mm per year, with a
rainy season during the 100 days. The average temperature ranges between 19–34 °C. Temperatures in the lower mountain areas, and even in areas Ranu Pani
(slopes of Mount Semeru), temperatures can reach –4 °C, causing a frost and fall of light snow.[24]
Government and administrative divisions

East Java is divided into 29 kabupaten (or regencies), and 9 kotamadya (or cities). This division has remained unchanged
since the creation of the province, except for the creation of the new city of Batu on 21 June 2001 (by separation from
Malang Regency). These regencies and cities with their areas and populations at the 2000, 2010[8] and 2020[9] Censuses,
together with the official estimates as at mid 2023,[1] are listed below, grouped geographically into five (unofficial) sub-
regions entirely for convenience of access. The sub-regions have no official status. These regencies and cities are divided
as at 2023 into 666 districts (kecamatan) which are in turn composed of 8,494 administrative villages (rural desa and
urban kelurahan): 2nd-level Administrative map of East
Java Province
 Pop'n Pop'n Pop'n
Name of Area
Region 2000 2010 2020 mid 202
Code
City or Seat (km2)
Regency Census Census Census Estimate

Pacitan
35.01 Pacitan 1,433.59 525,758 540,881 586,110
Regency
Ponorogo
35.02 Ponorogo 1,418.62 841,449 855,281 949,320
Regency

Trenggalek
35.03 Trenggalek 1,249.23 649,883 674,411 731,125
Regency

Tulungagung
35.04 Tulungagung 1,144.53 929,833 990,158 1,089,775
Regency

35.05 Blitar Regency Kanigoro 1,745.16 1,064,643 1,116,639 1,223,745

35.72 Blitar City 33.20 119,372 131,968 149,149

Kediri
35.06 Ngasem 1,523.56 1,408,353 1,499,768 1,635,294
Regency

35.71 Kediri City 67.23 244,519 268,507 286,796

Malang
35.07 Kepanjen 3,473.44 2,412,570 2,446,218 2,654,448
Regency

35.73 Malang City 111.08 756,982 820,243 843,810

35.79 Batu City 194.17 (a) 190,184 213,046

Southern
sub-regional 12,393.81 8,953,362 9,534,258 10,362,618
totals

Lumajang
35.08 Lumajang 1,797.10 965,192 1,006,458 1,119,251
Regency
Jember
35.09 Jember 3,313.46 2,187,657 2,332,726 2,536,729
Regency

Banyuwangi
35.10 Banyuwangi 3,592.90 1,488,791 1,556,078 1,708,114
Regency
Bondowoso
35.11 Bondowoso 1,554.99 688,651 736,772 776,151
Regency

Situbondo
35.12 Situbondo 1,653.72 603,705 647,619 685,967
Regency

Probolinggo
35.13 Kraksaan 1,724.51 1,004,967 1,096,244 1,152,537
Regency

35.74 Probolinggo City 54.68 191,522 217,062 239,649

Tapal Kuda
("horseshoe")
13,691.36 7,130,485 7,592,959 8,218,398
sub-regional
totals

35.78 Surabaya City 350.6 2,599,796 2,765,487 2,874,314

Gresik
Regency
35.25 (includes Gresik 1,256.36 1,005,445 1,177,042 1,311,215
Bawean
Island)

Lamongan
35.24 Lamongan 1,752.71 1,181,660 1,179,059 1,344,170
Regency

Mojokerto
35.16 Mojosari 984.64 908,004 1,025,443 1,119,209
Regency

35.76 Mojokerto City 20.22 108,938 120,196 132,424

Pasuruan
35.14 Bangil 1,493.29 1,366,605 1,512,468 1,605,969
Regency

35.75 Pasuruan City 39.00 168,323 186,262 208,006

Sidoarjo
35.15 Sidoarjo 724.04 1,563,015 1,941,497 2,082,800
Regency

Surabaya
sub-regional 6,606.19 8,901,786 9,907,454 10,664,525
totals

Bojonegoro
35.22 Bojonegoro 2,312.63 1,165,401 1,209,973 1,301,635
Regency
Jombang
35.17 Jombang 1,109.84 1,126,930 1,202,407 1,318,062
Regency
 Madiun
35.19 Caruban 1,113.63 639,825 662,278 744,350
Regency

35.77 Madiun City 36.13 163,956 170,964 195,175

Magetan
35.20 Magetan 706.44 615,254 620,442 670,812
Regency

Nganjuk
35.18 Nganjuk 1,289.07 973,472 1,017,030 1,103,902
Regency
Ngawi
35.21 Ngawi 1,395.80 813,228 817,765 870,057
Regency

Tuban
35.23 Tuban 1,973.50 1,051,999 1,118,464 1,198,072
Regency

Northwest
sub-regional 9,937.04 6,550,065 6,819,323 7,402,065
totals
East Java
(excluding
42,628.39 31,535,693 33,853,994 36,661,132
Madura)
Totals

Bangkalan
35.26 Bangkalan 1,301.03 805,048 906,761 1,060,377
Regency

Sampang
35.27 Sampang 1,228.25 750,046 877,772 969,694
Regency
Pamekasan
35.28 Pamekasan 795.15 689,225 795,918 850,057
Regency

Sumenep
35.29 Sumenep 2,084.02 985,981 1,042,312 1,124,436
Regency

Madura
5,408.45 3,230,300 3,622,763 4,004,564
Totals
Total for
48,036.84 34,765,993 37,476,757 40,665,696
Province

Note: (a) the 2000 population of Batu City is included in the total for Malang Regency, from which it was separated on 21 June 2001.

The province comprises eleven of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council.[26] The province's 87
elected members are comprised as follows:

The East Java I Electoral District consists of the regency of Sidoarjo and the city of Surabaya, and elects 10 members to the People's
Representative Council.
The East Java II Electoral District consists of the regencies of Probolinggo and Pasuruan, together with the cities of Probolinggo and
Pasuruan, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council.
The East Java III Electoral District consists of the regencies of Banyuwangi, Bondowoso and Situbondo, and elects 7 members to the
People's Representative Council.
The East Java IV Electoral District consists of the regencies of Lumajang and Jember, and elects 8 members to the People's
Representative Council.
The East Java V Electoral District consists of the regency of Malang, together with the cities of Batu and Malang, and elects 8 members to
the People's Representative Council.
The East Java VI Electoral District consists of the regencies of Blitar, Kediri and Tulungagung, together with the cities of Blitar and Kediri,
and elects 9 members to the People's Representative Council.
The East Java VII Electoral District consists of the regencies of Pacitan, Ponorogo, Trenggalek, Magetan and Ngawi, and elects 8 members
to the People's Representative Council.
The East Java VIII Electoral District consists of the regencies of Mojokerto, Jombang, Nganjuk and Madiun, together with the cities of
Madiun and Mojokerto, and elects 10 members to the People's Representative Council.
The East Java IX Electoral District consists of the regencies of Bojonegoro and Tuban, and elects 6 members to the People's
Representative Council.
The East Java X Electoral District consists of the regencies of Gresik and Lamongan, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative
Council.
The East Java XI Electoral District consists of the regencies of Bangkalan, Pamekasan, Sampang and Sumenep (all on Madura Island),
and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.

Demography
According to the 2000 census, East Java had 34,765,993 people, which increased to 37,476,757 people at the 2010
Historical population
Census,[27] and to 40,665,595 at the 2020 Census,[9] making it the second most populous Indonesian province after West
Java. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 41,527,930.[1] Year Pop. ±%
1971 25,516,999 —
Akin to Central Java, the region's birth rates are not necessarily any lower than the rest of Java, however due to net 1980 29,188,852 +14.4%
population outflows, especially in times of calamity, not limited to volcanic eruptions or droughts, the region has varying 1990 32,503,991 +11.4%
rates of population growth that are generally lower than national average. Ethnic Javanese dominate the Java mainland as 1995 33,844,002 +4.1%
well as the total population of the province overall, while ethnic Madurese inhabit Madura and the Kangean and 2000 34,783,640 +2.8%
Masalembu archipelagos, though centuries of migrations have led the Java mainland to have a larger proportion of 2010 37,476,757 +7.7%
Madurese people than Madura itself. Minorities include distinct Javanese ethnicities such as the Tengger people in the 2015 38,828,061 +3.6%
2020 40,665,696 +4.7%
Mount Bromo region, and the Samin and the Osing people in Banyuwangi. East Java also hosts a significant population
2023 41,527,930 +2.1%
of foreign ethnic groups, such as Chinese, Indians, and Arabs.
Ethnic and linguistic composition Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2011,
2021 and 2024.[1]
Besides the national language (Indonesian), the people of East Java predominantly use the Javanese in daily life.
Javanese as spoken in the western part of East Java (Kulonan) is a similar dialect to the one spoken in Central Java, with
its hierarchy of high, medium, and low registers. In the eastern part, such as Surabaya, Malang, and others, a more
egalitarian version of Javanese is spoken, with less regard of hierarchy and a richer vocabulary for vulgarity. The dialect is
notable for its roughness compared to other dialects spoken elsewhere in Java (especially the Mataram dialect spoken
around Surakarta and Yogyakarta, which is renowned for its smoothness) and contributes to the stereotype among Javanese
people of East Javanese being "blunt" and "loud".[29] Variants of Javanese are also used by Osing and Tengger minorities,
the former utilizing a Balinese-influenced Javanese by virtue of its closeness with Bali island, and the latter speaking an
archaic form of the language that retains many features now lost in other more-innovative Javanese dialects.[30] Other than
Javanese, minority language includes Madurese, spoken by around 4 million ethnic Madurese people inhabiting the Madura
Islands; though they live practically next door with the Javanese, the language is actually more closer genetically to
Balinese, and Sundanese.[31]
Ethnic Groups in East
Java[28]
Religion
Javanese (80.69%)
A long time ago, Hinduism and Buddhism dominated the island until Islam gradually supplanted Hinduism in the 14th and Madurese (17.53%)
15th century. The last nobles and people of the fallen Majapahit fled to Bali. Islam spread from northern cities in Java Chinese (0.66%)
where many Muslim traders from Gujarat, India stopped by. The eastern part of East Java, from Surabaya to Pasuruan, and Others (1.12%)
the cities along the coast, and back to Banyuwangi to Jember, are known as the eastern salient, or "Kawasan Tapal Kuda"
(the Horseshoe Region).

A remnant of Hindu tradition and syncretic abangan exists because of Islamic and Hinduism acculturation in Java.

Islamic Ampel Kayutangan Catholic Traditional East Java Tengger (Hindu Buddhist Maha Kwan Sing Bio
Mosque, Surabaya Church, Downtown Christian Church, temple) Pura Luhur Vihara Mojopahit, Chinese Temple,
(circa 1920s) Malang (circa 1935) Mojowarno, Jombang Poten, near Bromo Trowulan, Mojokerto Tuban
Crater

Economy
East Java is known as the hub and center economy of Central and Eastern Indonesia,[33] and has a high economic
significance, which contributes over 15% to the Gross Domestic Product of Indonesia.[34]

Industry
East Java has a number of large industries,[35] including the largest shipbuilding shipyard in Indonesia, PT PAL in
Surabaya, military industrial by Pindad in Southern Malang, largest railway industry in Southeast Asia, Industri Kereta Api
(INKA) in Madiun, PT Tjiwi Kimia, a paper mill company based in Sidoarjo, Kertas Leces based in Probolinggo); cigarette
factories (Wismilak in Surabaya, Gudang Garam in Kediri, Sampoerna in Surabaya and Bentoel in Malang). In Gresik there
are Semen Gresik, and Petrokimia Gresik. In Tuban there are the largest cement factories in Indonesia, namely Semen
Indonesia (ex-Semen Gresik), and Semen Holcim and the Petrochemical Refinery Area. The government has established 12
East Java GDP share by
industrial estate companies, including Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) in Surabaya, Pasuruan Industrial Estate
sector (2022)[32]
Rembang (PIER) in Pasuruan Regency, Madiun Industrial Estate Balerejo (MIEB) in Madiun, Ngoro Industrial Park (NIP)
in the Mojokerto Regency, Jabon Industrial Zone in Sidoarjo Regency, and Lamongan Integrated Shorebase (LIS) in Agriculture (11.11%)
Lamongan Regency. Small industrial centers are spread throughout the districts / cities, and some of them have penetrated Manufacturing (30.60%)
exports; The leather craft industry in the form of bags and shoes at Tanggulangin, Sidoarjo is one of the very famous small Other Industrial (13.78%)
industries.[35] Service (44.51%)

Energy and power plant

The Cepu Block, one of the largest oil producers in Indonesia, is refined in Bojonegoro. The power plant in East Java is
managed by PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali (PJB), which includes hydroelectricity power plant (Ir. Sutami, Selorejo, Bening),
thermal power station in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency; which provides electricity to the Java-Bali system. Some regions
develop micro hydro power plants, and solar energy.[36]
Surabaya is one of the industrial,
transportational, commercial, and
Transportation financial center of Indonesia.

Roads
East Java is crossed by several national roads as primary arterial roads, including the northern coastal national road or
locally known as pantura road (Anyer-Jakarta-Surabaya-Banyuwangi),[37] and inland national roads (Jakarta-Bandung-
Yogyakarta-Surabaya). The expressway network in East Java covers the Surabaya-Gempol Toll Road; Gempol-Pandaan;
Pandaan-Malang; Gempol-Pasuruan; and Pasuruan-Probolinggo which connects the northern and middle East Java regions
with the southern and eastern salient (tapal kuda), the Surabaya-Gresik Toll Road that connects the middle and southern
East Java to the north, and the Surabaya-Mojokerto Toll Road; Mojokerto-Kertosono; Ngawi-Kertosono; and Solo-Ngawi
which connects East Java with Central Java. Suramadu Bridge that crosses the Madura Strait connects Surabaya and
Madura Island. In the near future, the construction of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi Toll Road will be realized, which is the
final segment of the Trans Java Toll Road, the Krian-Legundi-Bunder-Manyar Toll Road that connects the industrial The Highway of Surabaya–
estates in the city of Surabaya; Sidoarjo Regency; and Gresik Regency, as well as plans for the Gresik-Tuban Toll Road Mojokerto Toll Road
that connects East Java with cities on the northern coast of Java.[38]

Railways
The railway system in East Java has been built since the colonial era of the Dutch East Indies. The railway line in East
Java consists Surabaya Commuterline of the northern line (Surabaya Pasar Turi-Semarang-Cirebon-Jakarta), the middle
lane (Surabaya Gubeng-Yogyakarta-Bandung-Jakarta), the southern ring railway line (Surabaya Gubeng-Malang-Blitar-
Kertosono-Surabaya), and east line (Surabaya Gubeng-Probolinggo-Jember-Ketapang). East Java also has a commuter
train transportation system with Bojonegoro-Surabaya-Sidoarjo, Surabaya-Sidoarjo-Porong, Surabaya-Lamongan,
Surabaya-Mojokerto, Surabaya-Malang, and Jember-Banyuwangi routes.[39]

At present, the Surabaya Gubeng-Kertosono-Madiun line is being developed into a double track and is planned to be
Jenggala train of Greater Surabaya
completed by the end of 2018 or early 2019 and ready for use in mid-2019.[40] Commuter Line passing by Sidoarjo
station. This train serves the
easternmost rail route in East Java
Harbors
specially in Greater Surabaya
Tanjung Perak International Port is Indonesia's main hub port in Northern Surabaya.[41] Other international ports in East
Java include Gresik Port and Java Integrated Industrial and Port Estate in Gresik Regency, Tanjung Tembaga
Probolinggo Port and Banyuwangi Port.[42] National ports are Bawean Port in Gresik Regency, Pasuruan Port in
Pasuruan City, Sapudi Port in Sumenep Regency, Kalbut Port and Anchor Port in Situbondo Regency, Sapeken Port in
Sumenep Regency, Kangean Port in Sumenep Regency, and Muncar Port in Banyuwangi Regency. East Java has a
number of ferry ports, including Ujung Port (Surabaya), Kamal (Bangkalan, Madura) Port, Ketapang Port
(Banyuwangi), Kalianget Port (Sumenep), and Jangkar Port (Situbondo). Ujung-Kamal route connects Java island
(Surabaya) with Madura island, Ketapang Ferry Port connects Java Island with Bali, Jangkar-Kalianget Route
connects Java (Situbondo) with Madura Island, and Kalianget also connects Madura Island with small islands in the Tanjung Perak is the second busiest
Java Sea (Kangean and Masalembu).[42] sea port in Indonesia after Tanjung
Priok

Airports
Juanda International Airport in Sidoarjo Regency, located in the suburb of Surabaya and connects the city with major
cities in Indonesia and most major cities outside Indonesia. Other international airport is Banyuwangi International
Airport and Dhoho International Airport, which connects the city in Indonesia. In Malang, there is a regional airport that
connects the city with Jakarta and Bali, namely Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport. In addition, there are other public airports
in the province such as Notohadinegoro Airport in Jember Regency, Iswahyudi Air Force Base in Madiun Regency,
Dhoho Airport in Kediri Regency, and Trunojoyo Airport in Sumenep Regency.[43]
Terminal 1 of Juanda International
Airport
Art and culture

Art
East Java has a number of distinctive art. Ludruk is one of the East Javanese art is quite well known, namely the art of
the stage that generally all the players are male. Unlike the Ketoprak which tells the life of the palace, ludruk tells the
daily life of ordinary people, often spiced with humor and social criticism, and generally opened with Dance Remo, and
parikan. Currently traditional ludruk groups can be found in the area of Surabaya, Mojokerto and Jombang; although its
presence increasingly defeated by modernization.

Reog from Ponorogo is a typical art that has been patented since 2001, and has now also become the icon of East
Javanese art. Staging reog accompanied by horse braid (kuda lumping) are accompanied by elements of the occult.[44]
Reog, famous Ponorogoan dance
Famous arts of East Java include puppet purwa East Javanese style, mask mastermind in Madura, and made. In the area
Mataraman Middle Javanese arts such as Ketoprak, and shadow puppets are quite popular. Famous legend of East Java,
among others Damarwulan, Angling Darma, and Sarip Tambak-Oso.

Traditional dance in East Java can be generally grouped into Middle Javanese style, East Javanese style, Osing style and Madurese styles. Classical dances
include gandrung, gambyong dance, dance srimpi, dance bondan, and wanderer. There is also a sort of lion dance culture in East Java. Art exists in two districts
namely, Bondowoso, and Jember. Singo Wulung is a distinctive culture Bondowoso. While Jember have the tiger kadhuk. Both are art that is rarely
encountered.

Culture
Culture and customs of Javanese in the western part of East Java received a lot of influence from the Middle Javanese, so
this area is known as Mataraman, indicating that the area was once the territory of the Sultanate of Mataram. The area
includes the former residency of Madiun (Madiun, Ngawi, Magetan, Ponorogo, Pacitan), ex-residency Kediri (Kediri,
Tulungagung, Blitar, Trenggalek, Nganjuk), and part of Bojonegoro. As is the case in Central Java, wayang kulit, and
Ketoprak quite popular in this region.

East Java's west coast region is heavily influenced by the Islamic culture. This area covers an area of Tuban, Lamongan
and Gresik. In the past the north coast of East Java is the entry area, and the center of the development of Islam. Five of
the nine members of the walisongo are buried in this area. Gandrung, iconic Banyuwangi
dance
In the area of ex-residency of Surabaya (including Sidoarjo, Mojokerto and Jombang), and ex-residency Malang, had
little cultural influence Mataraman, considering this region is an area arek (the term for offspring Kenarok), especially in
the area of Malang that make this area difficult to be affected by Mataraman culture.

Customs in horse hooves region heavily influenced by the culture of Madura, given the magnitude of Madura tribe
population in the region. Osing social mores of the culture is a blend of Java, Madura and Bali. While the Tenggerese
tribe is heavily influenced by Hindu culture.[45]

Villagers in East Java, as well as in Central Java, has ties based on friendship, and territorial. Various ceremonies were
held, among others: tingkepan (ceremony gestational age of seven months for the first child), babaran (ceremony before Islamic Santri students celebrate
the birth of the baby), sepasaran (ceremony after the baby was five days), Pitonan (ceremony after the baby was seven Santri day in Southern Malang
months old), circumcision, fiancé.

East Java's population generally embraced monogamy. Prior to application, the men doing the show nako'ake (ask if the girl already had a husband), once that is
done peningsetan (application). The wedding ceremony was preceded by a gathering or kepanggih. Communities on the west coast: Tuban, Lamongan, Gresik,
even Bojonegoro has a habit of women's families applying common man (Ganjuran), different from the usual habits of other regions in Indonesia, where the
men apply for women. And generally men will then be entered into the family of the woman.

To pray for the deceased person, usually a family party did send donga on day 1, 3rd, 7th, 40th, 100th, 1 year and 3 years after death.

Education
East Java is the province with the highest number of public universities in Indonesia.[46] Three major cities for universities
are Surabaya, Malang, and Jember; there is also a university at Bangkalan on Madura island. Among them, notable
university which are:

Airlangga University
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Brawijaya University
State University of Surabaya
State University of Malang Airlangga University

Trunojoyo University
University of Jember
UIN Sunan Ampel
UIN Malang
University of Surabaya
Wijaya Kusuma University
Widya Mandala Catholic University
Petra Christian University Brawijaya University

Another important form of education that is available in most cities in East Java is the pesantren. This is a kind of socio-
education organized by Islamic clerics, and associated with local or national Muslim organizations. Jombang and Ponorogo
is a famous region for its pesantren.[47] and the Indonesian Naval Academy (Akademi Angkatan Laut) located in Surabaya.

Media
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of
East Java supports several regional media outlets. Local newspapers with provincial news reach their readers earlier than Technology
their competitors from Jakarta. In the spirit of "providing more news from around readers", most newspapers even issue
Campus Building
municipal sections which are different among their distribution areas. More startups media also develop for younger
generation.

Jawa Pos Group, one of the major newspaper groups in Indonesia, based in Surabaya
Surya, newspaper based in Surabaya (owned by Kompas Group)
Suara Surabaya (E100 FM), most famous local radio and internet news in Surabaya and East Java
IDN Times ([Link] multiplatform media for millennials and generation z people

Tourism
Malang metropolitan region is a famous tourist destination in Indonesia with the City of Batu as its center.[48]
East Java has a number of interesting sights. One of the tourist icon is Mount Bromo in East Java, which is inhabited by the Tengger tribe, where the ceremony
is held every year Kasada. In the mountainous region of Tengger also there is a waterfall that is Madakaripura which is the last hermitage Mahapatih Gajah
Mada before serving in the kingdom of Majapahit. Madakaripura Waterfall has a height of about 200 meters, which makes it the highest waterfall on the island
of Java and the second highest in Indonesia. East Java also has some other mountainous tourist area of which is Malang Raya mountainous area known as the
natural mountain tourist area that includes Malang and Batu. Tretes and Trawas mountainous areas, are also known to have characteristics such as Puncak area
in West Java province. Other natural attractions in East Java is the National Park (4 of 12 National Parks in Java) and Taman Safari Indonesia II in Prigen.

East Java is also contained relics of history in the classical era. Trowulan sites in Mojokerto, once the center of the Majapahit Kingdom, there are dozens of
temples and tombs of the kings of Majapahit. Other temples spread throughout much of East Java, including Penataran temple in Blitar.[49] In Madura, Sumenep
is the center of the kingdom of Madura, where there are Kraton Sumenep, museums, and the tombs of the kings of Madura (Asta Tinggi Sumenep).

East Java is known for its coastal scenery.[50] On the south coast there is the Prigi Beach, Pelang Beach and Pasir Putih Beach in Trenggalek, Popoh Beach in
Tulungagung, Ngliyep Beach, and tourism areas such as the Jatim Park, Museum Angkut, Batu Secret Zoo, Batu Night Spectacular, Eco Green Park in Batu,
and the Watu Ulo Beach in Jember. East Java also has a beach that the waves is one of the best in the world, namely the Plengkung Beach located in
Banyuwangi. In addition there Kenjeran Beach in Surabaya, and the White Sand Beach in Situbondo. Lake in East Java, among others Sarangan in Magetan, Ir.
Sutami Dam in Malang, and Selorejo Dam in Blitar.

In the coastal area of the north there are a number of tombs of the saints, which are places of pilgrimage for Muslims.[51] Five of the nine walisongo are buried
in East Java: Sunan Ampel in Surabaya, Sunan Giri, and Maulana Malik Ibrahim in Gresik, Sunan Drajat in Paciran (Lamongan), and Sunan Bonang in Tuban.
In the northern coastal region, there are a number of caves, including Maharani Cave in Lamongan and Tuban Akbar Cave and Cave Gong located in Pacitan.
Other pilgrimage sites include the tomb of Indonesia's first president Sukarno, in Blitar, as well as the tomb of the fourth Indonesian president Abdurrahman
Wahid, known as Gus Dur, in Jombang.

Malang Metropolitan Region is a leading tourist destination in Indonesia with the City of Batu as its center. Malang has various tourist areas including
volcanoes to beaches, as well as man-made tour of the history of travel to an international-class theme park with the support of inter-provincial transportation
via trains, buses, and airplanes are available in Malang. Surabaya is the center of government, entertainment, financial, and business center of East Java, where
there are Tugu Pahlawan, the Museum MPU Tantular, Surabaya Zoo, Submarine Monument, Ampel Region, and the Downtown Tunjungan area.

Jawa Timur Park in Madakaripura Ijen crater in Kedung Tumpang House of Sampoerna, Trowulan, the capital
Batu waterfall in Banyuwangi beach in Surabaya of the Majapahit
Probolinggo Tulungagung Empire, is one of the
largest archaeological
sites in East Java

Maulana Malik Sempu Island, a

Ibrahim tomb tourist island in
complex Malang Regency

National parks
Meru Betiri National Park – Between Jember and Banyuwangi districts, this park covers 580 km2
(224 sq mi). Hard to get to, it contains coastal rainforest and scenery and is home to abundant wildlife.
Alas Purwo National Park – This 434 km2 (168 sq mi) park is formed by the Blambangan Peninsula
(southeastern Java). Comprising mangrove, savanna, lowland monsoon forests and beaches, the park's
name means First Forest in Javanese. Javanese legend says that the earth first emerged from the ocean
here.
Baluran National Park – This 250 km2 (97 sq mi) national park is located in northeastern Java, known as
The Little Africa, formerly extensive savanna has been largely replaced by Acacia.
Deer in Baluran National Park
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park – Located in East Java at the region of Probolinggo and Pasuruan,
70 km (43 mi) from Surabaya the capital city of East Java province. Mount Bromo is one of the great
hiking and trekking destinations for overseas tourists. The scenic view of Bromo also attracts hundreds of
photo enthusiasts to see the views there.
Raden Soerjo Grand Forest Park—This is located between Pasuruan, Mojokerto and Batu. Covered Mount Arjuna, Mount Welirang, Mount
Penanggungan, Mount Anjasmoro, Mount Kawi, and Mt. Kelud.
Purwodadi Botanical Garden is a research centre in Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia. It has an area of 85 hectares (210 acres) and more than
10,000 types of trees and many plant collections. Callus cultures of Agave amaniensis by Setia Dewi were taken in 1988.[52]
Cuisine
Some typical East Javanese dishes include Bakso Malang, Rawon, and Tahu Campur Lamongan.[53] Surabaya is famous
for Rojak Cingur, Semanggi, Lontong Balap, clam satay, mussels, and rice cakes.[54] Malang is popular for a variety of
processed fruits (especially apples), tempeh crisps, Bakpao telo, Bakso Malang, rawon, and Cwie noodles.[55] Kediri is
famous for tahu takwa, tahu pong, tungku fried rice and getuk pisang.[56][57] Madiun is known for pecel madiun, and as a
producer of Brem.[58] The subdistrict of Babat, Lamongan is famous as a producer of wingko.[59] Bondowoso is also
well known as a producer of tape. Gresik famous is for nasi krawu, otak-otak bandeng, and bonggolan. Sidoarjo is
famous for shrimp crackers, shrimp paste, and petis. Ngawi is famous[60] for tempeh chips, tahu tepo, and nasi lethok.
Blitar has the typical food that is pecel. Rambutan is also native to Blitar. Banyuwangi is famous[61] for sego tempong,
Rujak Cingur, traditional dish from
salad soup, and pecel rawon. Jember have special food made of tape that is Suwar-suwir and tape proll that is very sweet. East Java
Corn is known as one of the staple food of the Madurese, while cassava is processed into gaplek, a staple food used to be
a part of the population in Pacitan and Trenggalek. Tulungagung is famous for its lodho, goat satay and pati rice.[62]
Ponorogo is famous for Satay Ponorogo, Tiwul Goreng and Dawet Jabung, Probolinggo is famous for Ketan Kratok, Olok Crab, Glepungan Rice and Kraksaan
Soto.

Sports
East Java is the province with the highest number of professional football clubs in Indonesia and also province with
clubs in top division league.[63] By 2023–24 Liga 1 (Indonesia), Indonesian First League clubs from East Java are Persik,
Madura United, Arema, and Persebaya. Arema and Persebaya are football clubs from East Java who have become top
teams in Indonesia by repeatedly winning championships and national competitions and often as representatives of
Indonesia in AFC Champions League and AFC Cup between clubs in Asia.

East Java once hosted the Indonesian National Games (Indonesian: Pekan Olahraga Nasional), namely PON VII in
CLS Knights, most famous
1969, and PON XV in 2000, and became the overall champion of PON in 2000, and 2008. Since 1996 the East Java
professional basketball club in
Football Team always won medals gold was included in 2008, and was recorded as the fourth gold medal received
Indonesia.
consecutively.

East Java has several professional basketball clubs, mainly in Surabaya. The famous basketball clubs namely CLS Knights Indonesia and Pacific Cesar
Surabaya. East Java is also the venue for several bicycle racing events namely Tour de East Java and Tour de Ijen.[64][65]

Other sports such as volleyball in East Java also have superior clubs, namely Surabaya Samator and Gresik Petrokimia Pupuk Indonesia. Apart from that, in the
futsal sport there are two well-known clubs, namely Bintang Timur Surabaya and Unggul FC Malang. In badminton, there is the Surya Naga Surabaya club
which also contributes a number of national badminton athletes.

International relations
East Java is twinned with:

Western Australia, Australia – 1993.[66]

Shanghai, China – 2006.[67]

See also
Indonesia portal

Districts of East Java

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External links
East Java travel guide from Wikivoyage
Official website ([Link] (in Indonesian)

Retrieved from "[Link]