Signals and Systems
332
EXAMPLE S.4 Using properties of Fourier transform, find the Fourier transform cf
(c) Given
TheFour
following (b) te u ) (c) u() (d) p!
(a)
() sin o, u(1)
(g) e Mu(t-2) (h)
(e) cos , u()
(k) u(-)
() cos , () sin , ! By using
-) +S(-2)
() Su+ 2) +8u + ) +Su
Solution: -at
x()=e u(1)
(a) Given
We know that
1
F[e"u(-)]= On simi
a- jo
The signal x) =eu) is the time reversal of the signal eu(-t).
time reversal property [i.e. x(-t) ¢ ’ X(-0)), we have
Therefore. 1stg (d) Given
The Fou
1 1
F[eu)) =Fleu-)= a- j0 I a - 0 a+ jo
1
By usir
u(t) FT
-
a+ jo
(b) Given x(t) =teu(t) (e) Given
Let
x(1) =e ut)
1
X(w) = Feu)] =
2 + jw
By using the property for Using
differentiation in frequency
le.
tx(1)
dw
We have
Using
d
F{teut)]=j do F[eur)1 FI
d
=j do 2+ jo -1Ç)
(2+ jo) (2+ jo)
On similar lines,
te 4r u(1) FT
(a+ jo)
x(1) = ej2 Fourier Transforms 333
Given
u(t)
Fouriertransform of a unit step function u(t) is
The
given by
F[u(1)]= n8(@) +
jo
By usingfrequency shifting property [ej
x(t)4 FT,
Feut))= F[u)]0-0-2 X(0- on) ], we have
1
jo =1Ô(0-2) + 1
W=0-2
j(a-2)
On similar lines, e u(t) nÒ(0- a)+ 1
Given x() =eiag
The Fourier transform of a constant 1 is given by
F[|]= 2r(0)
By using the frequency shift property [i.e. ex(t) FT
X(0- 0)], we have
F[e ]= F[e (1)] =F[I] 0=0-00
=0 = 2rö(0) lw=0-00 = 278(0 - @)
: Given
x)= cos @t ult)
F[cos@,t u()]= F 2
Using linearity Property (i.e. ax,(t) + bx,(t) aX (0) +bX,(@)), we have
Ficos a,t u)] =-F[e
2
u()] +-F|e ja uae))
Uing frequency shift FT
property [i.e.ex() +- ’ X(0- 0) ], we have
1
u1)] =(F[u(t)]}o=o-a
2
+=(F[u)llo-o+a)
1 + rÖ(0 +a)t
2jw
2
jo
334 Signals and Systems
x(t) = sin @gt u()
(f) Given
ejayp-job!
F[sin Ø,? u()]= F 2j
-u()
Using linearity property [i.e. ax,(1) +bx,()¬ FT ’ a~ (0) +bX,(0)], we have
1
1
F[sin o,f u()] = {F[eu)1} - (Fle u(t)l)
2j 2j
FT
Using frequency shift property [i.e. e x()X(@- a)], we hava
1
F[sin yt u()]=Fu)o--(F[u)]o
2j
2j
1 1
-W)+ nÖlO + a,) +
j(@+ a,)
1
+
a +(jo)? 2j
k
F[sin @! ut)] = + -[o(w-a) S(0+ a)l
aó + (jo) j2
g) Given x() =eu(t-2)
So x() =eu(t - 2) =e31-2) u(t -2) e-6
We know that
1
Fle u(t)]=
3+ jo
Using time shift property [i.e. x(t -to) FT X(o) ], we have
Fle3(1-2) ult -
2)] =e F[eu()]= 3+ jo
Using linearity property [i.e. ax(t)
aX(0)), we have
F[x(1)] = Fle-2)
ut-2)] =eFe-2) u(t -2)]=e 3+ jo
e -2(3+jo)
F|x()]= 3+ jo
Fourier Transforms 335
x(t) =e -alt-2|
2a
Given
F[e a]=
Wehave
property li.e. x(t- ) FT ,e jOMo X(o)l, we have
tine shifting
Using 2a
F[e al-2lj=e-i2a
a' + o
x(t) = cos t
) Given
x(t) = x()cos @
Let X() = 1
where
property, we have
U'sing modulation
(0- a,))
F[() cos @st]=[X,(o+ a,) +X
*1() = 1
X, (0) = 2r8(0)
al
F[(1)cos l=[2rÖl@ +o,) +2z8(0-
a,) + S(@- a)]
ie. F[cosW]= z[ö(o+
x(t)=sin W!
) Given
Let x(t) = x, ()sin W
X; (1)=1
where
2rS(0)
F[x, ()] =F[1] =
Using modulation property, we have
+ a)-X,(0- @))
F[x, (t) sin
B(w+a)- 2n8l@-@)l
FI) sin ayi] = 2 (2
:.
o)- nÒ(Q ,)l
ie. wt] = j[rö(o+
F\sin
k) Given x(t)= u(-)
We know that F[u(t)]= rÖ(0) + jo
Signals and Systenms
336 x(-)
FT
X(-0)], we have
reversal property li.e.
Using time Flu(-)]=F{u(),0
1 =nÔ(-W) +
= nÖ0) + j(-0)
jolo-w
1
= R8l0) -
jo
+ 8t -2)
() Given x()= +2) + S(t + 1) + 8(t - 1)
(Ðt +2) +8t + 1) +8t -1) + 8(t-2)] e-jar dt
X(@) =
= &+2) e J dt + öt +1) e jo dt + | B(t-1)ejar dt
-
+ ot- 2) e-jar dt EXAMPL
-O
ejo+ejo
+eo+e j +er20 =2 2 2 Solution:
=2[cos 0+ cos 2w]
EXAMPLE 5.5 Find the Fourier transform of the
signal
x(t) =e for
=0
-2sts2
otherwise
Solution: Given
x(t) = e for -2 Sts2
X(0)=e-e-jon dt
Now,
2
-2 dt
-2 'ejar dt
2
=|eljo" dt +el+jo)1 2
dt
Fourier Transforms 371
Substituting t = 0 in the above equation, we get
| X(o) do = 2rx(0)
=27(1)
= 2n
Parsavel's theorem, we have
(b) From
120 do
2
2 3
(X(o do= 2r | |x(0)' dt =2z
-1
Jowing quante 87
3
X(0) (c) We have |X(0)e do= 2rx(t)
Substituting t = 2, we get
X(0)e20 do= 2rx(2)
= 2r(-1) =-27
(d) We have
X(o) = | x()e j dt
Substituting o = 0, we get
X(0) =x() dt
odd signal.]
=0 [:: x¢) is a shifted
5 FOURIER TRANSFORM
`YSTEM ANALYSIS WITH
differential equation
Consider an LTI System described by the
M d'x()
d'y)
d1k k=0
k=0
372 Signals and Systems
Taking Fourier transform on both sides, we have
M
d' y) d' x()
k=)
dtk k=0 dtk
Using linearity property, we have
M
a, F
dik
-X,F d'x)|
dik
k=0 k=0
By using differentiation property. we can write
N M
k-0
a, (jo' Y(o) = ,jo X(o)k=0
N M
1.e.
Y(o) 4, jo) =X(o) b;(jw)
k=0 k=0
Thus, the system transfer function of the system is:
M
H(0): Y(0) k=0
N
X(0)
k=0
H o) is alsocalled the frequency response of the
When xt) = ô(t), X(0) = 1 and Y(0) = system.
response of the system. H(0). The F-H(0)] = h(t) is called the impuls
In general.
H(@) =\H(o))elH(o)
where. |H o)| is called the
The Fourier magnitude response and H(o) is the phase
transform of respous
transfer function of the system. the impulse response is called the frequency response
EXAMPLE 5.44 An LTI filter has the frequency response |H(0)| as shown in Figure54
Determine the filter output
corresponding to the input r() = e.
4|H(0) |
2T
-21
Figure 5.47
Magnitude response \H(O:
Fourier Transforms 373
The frequency response of the LTI filter shown in
Solation. Figure 5.47 is given as:
H(o =-2ra
filteris:
tothe
put r(t) = el2r
the Fourier transform, we get
Taking
R(@) = 2 rÑ(0-2)
the output
from filter Y(0) is given as:
Thus,
Y(o)= H(0) R(@) =-2n0[2r* (0 - 2)] = -47 wstw-2)
EJAMPLE5.45 Using Fourier transform, find the differential equation description for the
response
asem having impulse
h(t) =[3e-2e ]u(t)
Solution: Given h) =[3e-2e]u(t)
Taking Fourier transform on both sides, we get the frequency response (transfer function)
1 jo jo
H(0) =3 2
(jo+3)(j@ +2) (jo +5(j0) +6
jo+3 jo+2
Y (0) jo
H(0) =
(jo)' + 5jo) + 6
X(0)
(joy Y(o) + 5(j0) Y(0) +6Y (0) =(j@) X(@)
Ting inverse Fourier transform, we get the differential equation
dx(t)
y)dy() +6y(1) = dt
d2 dt
system are related by the
LTI
of a causal
AXAXÍ PLE 5.46 The input
ierential eguation and the output
d'y) +50+ 6y() = x()
dt
(a) Find the impulse response of the system.
(b) What is the response of this system if
x(1) = te
Sdlution(a):
Given system is described by
+ s )+6y()=x)
d' y(0) dt
Signals and Systems
374 get Solution.
sides, we
transform on both
Taking Fourier 6Y(@)= X()
5(j0) Y(@) +
(jo)'Y(@) +
Y(o)ljo)'+ 5(j@) + 6]= X(0) Taking F
of the system is:
The transfer function
1
Y(@)
H(o) = i.e.
X(@) jo) + 5(jw) +6
The freq
the inverse Fourier transforo
The impulse response h(r) of the system is
transfer function H( o) of the system.
1
h) = F[H(0)] =F + 5(j0) +6 EXAMP
differentia
1 1 1 1
H(@)=
(jo)' +5jo) + 6 (jo+3)jo +2) jo+2 jo+3
(a)
ult) -e ut) (b)
(b) Given
(c)
x() =eu(t)
Solution:
X(0) = (a)
jo+4
Y(0) = X(0) H(0) = 1
1
(jo+4) (jo+3)(jo+2)
B
jo+2 + 1/2 1 1/2
jo+3 jo + 4 jo+2 jw+3 jw +4
Taking
for inputinverse
x) = Fourier
e ult) transform
is: on both
sides, the response of the given
system
yi) =e
EXAMPLE 5.47
differential equation Find the frequency ut)-eu)
response of -eu()
an LTI System described bythe
d' yl) (b) T
d1 6d' y) 5dy(t)
dt' d +4 y()=3x(i)
Fourier Transforms 375
aktion
Given differential equation is:
dy), 6d'y) Sdy(t)
di' dt +4y) =3x(t)
Fouriertransform on both
sides, we get
king
(jo)' Y(@) +6(j0) Y(o) +5jo) Y(@) +4Y(0) =
3X(@)
Y(0) [(j0) +6(j0) +5(j0) +4] =3X(@)
of the system is:
frequency response
Y(o) 3
H(@) =
X(@) jo' +6(j0) +5(j0) +4
EKPLE 5.48 The input and output of a causal LTI system are described by the
Kfierential equation
d'y) 3dy(t)-+2y(t) =x()
dt
(a) Find the frequency response of the system.
(b) Find the impulse response of the system.
= teu)?
C) What is the response of the system if x()
SQlution:
differential equation
(a) The given system is described by the
439+2v() =x()
dt
d
sides, we get
Taking Fourier transform on both
Y(o) +2Y(@)=X(0)
j@)
jo)Y(o) +3(
X(0)
ie. jo)'+3(jo) +2]Y(0) = system)is:
ofthe
The Irequency response (transfer function 1
1 2\jo+1)
(jo+
Y(@) +2
H(0)=
X(0) (jw)'+3jo) H(o)
transformof
Fourier
b) inverse
The Impulse response is the
n ) h)= F'[H())
jw+2)(ja+1) jw+1 ja+2
H(0) =
Signals and Systems
376
both sides, we get
Taking inverse Fourier transform on
h)=FH(0)] =
'ut)
(c) Given x(1) =teu()
X(0) =
(1+ jo)'
Therefore, the output transtorm Y(o) is:
1 1 1
Y(o) = X(o) H(0) =
(1+ jo) (l+jo(2+ jo) (jo+1'jo+2)
A B C D
jo+1 (jo+1)' (jw+1)³ (jo+2)
1 1 1 1
+
jo+1 (jO+1) (jo+1)° jo+2
Taking inverse Fourier transform on both sides, we get the
response of the system
y(t)= eu(t) -te'ut) +-e u(t) -eu(t)
2
EXAMPLE 5.49 Consider a causal LTI System with impulse
the output
of the system for an input x() = 3e response h() =e :
u(t).
Solution: The impulse response of the
system is:
h(t) = e-4 u(t)
The transfer function of the system is:
H(0) = Fle u(t)] = 1
The input to the system is: jo+4
x(t)=3eu(t)
X(0) =3F|eu))=3-
The output transform is: jo+ 1
Y(w) = H(o) X(o) = 3
3
So the output of the system is: jo+ 4 jo +1 (jo+ 4) (jo+ 1)
y() =F|Y(o)I
Fourier Transforms 377
3 A B
Y(o)= (jo+4Mjo-+1) jo++4 j0+l jo+1 jo+4
transform on both sides, we get the output of the system
inverse Fourier
Aing
y() =e ut)-eu )
Consider a causal system with frequency response H(o) =1/ jo
LTI + 3).
5.S0 zeult)
LAMPLE x(), this system is observed to produce the output ylr)
particularinput
.up).
fra Determinex().
1
Frequency response H(@)=
Slition: Given jo+3
Output y() =eut) -eut)
is:
sides, the transformed output
Tking Fourier transform on both 1
1
Y(@) = -
jo+1 jo +2 (jo+ 1(jo+2)
We Lnow that
Y(@) = X(o) H(0)
Y(@) jo+3
X(0) = H(@) jo+1)(j0+2)
äing partial fractions, we have
2 1
jo+3
X(0) = (jo+1)(jo+2) jo+1 jo+2
Tking inversSe Fourier transform, we get the input
x() =2eu(t)-eu)
shown in Figure 5.48. Plot
circuit
EXAMIPLE
le magnitude 5.51 Find the frequency RC =
and phase Tesponse for
response ofthe RC impulse response of the circuit.
1. Also find the
R
y)
x() i()
for Example 5.51.
Figure 5.48 Circuit
