Chapter Two Design of Slabs

2.1 Introduction:-
Floor slabs are the main horizontal elements that transmit the moving live
loads as well as the stationary dead loads to the vertical framing supports of a
structure.
A slab can be carried either on reinforced concrete beams, columns, walls,
masonry or continuously on the ground as in the case of highways and airport
runways.

2.2 Types of Slabs:-

The floor system of a structure can take many forms, but the most
commonly used can be classified as follows:

a) Due to action:
1- One-way solid slabs.
2- Two-way solid slabs.
3- Hollow block slabs (One-way and two-way ribbed slabs).
4- Waffle slabs (Two-way joist system).

b) Due to construction:
5- Solid slab supported on beams and girders.
6- Solid slab supported on columns directly (Flat plate).
7- Solid slab supported on columns with drop panels and column capitals (Flat
slab).

9
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

2.2.1 One-way solid slabs:

In the case when the slab is supported on all four sides and the ratio of
Long
≥2
length to width is larger than or equal two, (i.e. Short ), most of the load is
carried in short direction and one way action is obtained
The bending moment is assumed to be completely acting in the short direction,
since the moment in the long direction can be neglected because of its low value.
See figure (2.1).

Fig(2.1): One-way solid slab.

10
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
2.2.2 Two-way solid slabs:
Most rectangular reinforced concrete slabs are supported on all four sides. If
Long
the rate of length to the width of any panel is less than two (i.e.Sort < 2), the slab
bends under loads into a dished surface which means that at any point the slabs are
curved in both principle directions i.e., the loads are transmitted to the supporting
beams in both directions and consequently bending moments are created in the
same directions. To resist these moments, the slab must be reinforced in its tension
zones in both directions, See Fig. (2.2)

Fig(2.2): Two-way solid slab.

11
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
2.2.3 Hollow block slabs (Ribbed Slabs):
Hollow block slabs are economically used in the buildings like hospital,
hotels schools and offices, where live load is fairly small and the spans are
comparatively large.

The advantages of ribbed slab construction can be summarized as below:

1- The weight of slab is reduced as hollow blocks replaced of solid
concrete effecting economy.
2- It provides better thermal insulation.
3- Electrical, plumbing and other similar service can be concealed
without effecting the plain and at no extra cost .
And disadvantages of ribbed slabs:
1- The cracks formation due to rising up of the corners . Therefore, solid
concrete section is to be provided at internal supports of the
continuous slabs to resist the negative bending moment .
2- It will not be economy when very large concentrated load acts
between ribs.

2.2.3.1 Types of ribbed slabs:

The ribs can be distributed in one direction or in two directions, therefore;
the hollow block slabs may be classified in two types:
a) One-way ribbed slabs:
This type have ribs in one direction and they are considered suitable for
moderately light and uniform distributed loading conditions and they are designed
as ordinary (T-beam), See Fig. (2.3a).

12
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
b) Two-way ribbed slabs:
In case of heavy uniform distributed loads or for concentrated loads, it is
necessary to provide ribs in two directions at right angles to each other, See Fig.
(2.3b).

(a) (b)
One way ribbed slab. Two way ribbed slab.
Fig (2.3)

The thickness of top slab in ribbed slab construction is kept very small and
slab having ribs in one direction are considered suitable for moderately light and
uniformly distributed loading conditions. In case of heavy uniformly distributed
loads or concentrated loads, it is necessary to provide ribs in two directions in right
angles to each other .

2.2.3.2 Basic rules for design of ribbed slabs:

13
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
1. Thickness of Top Slab:
The minimum thickness of top slab should not be less than (5 cm or 1/12 of
the clear distance between the ribs), whichever is greater. The thickness of the top
slab should be made sufficient to provide adequate compressive area. It normally
varies from (5 to 9 cm) (ACI-8.11.6.1).

2. Depth of Rib:
The combined depth of ribs and the top slab is determined in a manner
similar to the one adopted in finding the depth of a solid slab. Generally combined
depth of ribs and top slabs should not exceed more than (3.5 times) the breadth of
the rib. (ACI-8.11.2).

3. Breadth of Rib:
The breadth of rib depends upon the magnitude of shear force. It shall not be
less than (10 cm) (ACI-8.11.2).

4. Spacing between ribs:

The spacing between two adjacent ribs should not exceed (80 cm) (ACI-
8.11.3).

5. Reinforcement in slab:
On account of restriction of small span, the top slab is normally not
designed. The slab is primarily reinforced for temperature and shrinkage stresses.
The percentage of steel in the slab should not be less than (15%) of the gross
cross-sectional area of concrete.(figure 2.4 shows a Hollow Block Slab according
to ACI limitation)

14
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

2.2.4 Flat plate (Fig 2.5):

Flat slab structures are actually plates that are reinforced by either drop
panels, or column capitals, or both. Its use is warranted for moderate spans and
high superimposed loads. The increased forming cost may be justified, for the
system provides maximum ceiling space between the drop panels, and even in the
area of drop panels, the loss of depth is quite minimal.

Fig (2.5) Flat plate

15
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
2.2.5 Flat Slab (Fig 2.6):
Flat slab structures are actually plates that are reinforced by either drop
panels, or column capitals, or both. Its use is warranted for moderate spans and
high superimposed loads. The increased forming cost may be justified, for the
system provides maximum ceiling space between the drop panels, and even in the
area of drop panels, the loss of depth is quite minimal.

(a) (b)
Flat slab with drop panels Flat slab with drop panels and
column capital
Fig (2.6) Flat slab.

2.3 Shrinkage and Temperature Reinforcement:-

Reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature stresses normal to flexural

reinforcement shall be provided in structural slabs where the flexural
reinforcement extends in one direction only.
Area of shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall provide at least the
following ratios of reinforcement area to gross concrete area, but not less
than 0.0014.

16
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
1- Slabs where (fy = 275 or 350 MPa) deformed bars are used: 0.002.
2- Slabs where (fy = 413 Mpa) deformed bars or welded wire fabric (smooth or
deformed) are used: 0.0018.
3- Slabs where reinforcement with yield stress exceeding (413.7 MPa) are
used: ( 0.0018 × 413.7 / fy).

2.4 Strength of plain concrete:-

When concrete section is considered to carry the flexural moment without
reinforcement, the crack moment Mcr must be determined.
Since a ductile failure mode is desired, the lowest amount of steel permitted should
be the amount that would equal the strength of an unreinforced section;

∅Mcr>Mu.
The strength of a plain concrete section, known as the cracking moment Mcr,
is achieved when the extreme fiber in tension reaches the modulus of rapture fr.

the modulus of rapture (fr)= √

0.7 f
c' (ACI eq. 9.9)
f r ×I g
Crack moment (Mcr) =
yt (ACI eq 9.8)
Where:
bw ×h3
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete cross section; 12 .
h
yt =distance from neutral axis to extreme fibers in tension; 2 .

2.5 Design Methods of Two-Way Slab System:-

There are many methods to design two-way slab systems. The methods
given in the ACI-Code are:

17
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

1- Direct Design Method (DDM): (ACI-Code 1995): This method can be

applied only for slabs with requirements stated in the ACI-Code.
2- Equivalent Frame Method (EFM): (ACI-Code 1995): This method can be
applied for the design of two-way slab and plat system is a more rigorous form
of the (DDM).
3- Method (2): according to (ACI-Code 1963).
4- Method (3): according to (ACI-Code 1963).

2.6 Design Procedure for One-Way Hollow Block Slabs:-

2.6.1 Estimate the thickness of slab:

By using the (table 9.5 (a)) in the (ACI-Code 318M-95) given minimum
thickness for one way ribbed slabs in order to control the deflection for slab.

 Dead load (D.L):

 Slab cover:
=((b w +0. 4 )×0 .07×24 ) (kn/m)
 Rib weight:
( bw +(b w +0. 03 ))
= ×0 . 18×24
2 (kn/m)
 Weight of hollow block:
n×14 (kg )×9 . 81
=
1000 (kn/m)
where:
n: number of block in (1m).

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 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

 Weight of cover materials :

=(b w +0 . 4 )×2 (kn/m)

 Live load (L.L):

= L.L (kn/m2)¿ (b + 0.4) (kn/m)

 Ultimate loads:
Wu= 1.4 D.L + 1.7 L.L

Fig (2-7) Details of rib section

2.6.2 Reinforcement Calculation:

Use the nominal moment in each section of the strip to find the steel
reinforcement in this section:

ρ=
1
m [ √
1− 1−
2×m×Rn
fy ]
Where:
fy
m= , R = Mn
0 . 85 f C n
bd 2

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 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Therefore:
AS = ρ bd ¿ AS(min)
Where:
AS(min) = 0.002bh

2.6.3 Check spacing for steel bars:

100 ( cm )
Spacing (S) = No .of .bars ¿ (3h OR 50cm).

2.7 Design data:-

 Specified compressive strength of concrete ( fc' ) = 21 Mpa
 Specified tensile strength of steel ( fy ) = 350 Mpa
 Live load for floor and for roof = 2 kn/m2
 Live load for lobbies = 4.8 kn/m2
γ
 Unit weight of concrete ( conc ) = 24 kn/m3
 Hollow block weight = 14 kg (20 x 40 x 18 cm).
 Weight of cover material as shown in Fig (2.8) and Table (2.1).

Fig. (2-8): Covering Material.

20
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Table. (2.1): Weight of covering materials.

Unit Wt. Thickness
No. Material
(kn/m3) (cm)
1 Floor tiles 20 2.5
2 Mortar 20 1.5
3 Sand 16 5.0
4 Isolation 12 1.2
5 Plaster 19 1.0

 Weight of cover materials:

= (0.025×20) + (0.015×20) + (0.05×16) + (0.012×12) + (0.01×19)

= 2kn/m2

2.8 Design of Hollow Block Slabs:-

2.8.1 Deflection requirement:
According to ACI-Code (9.5) Table (2.2) includes the minimum thickness
of ribs:

Table (2-2): Minimum thickness of ribs.

Simple One end Both ends

Member Cantilever
supporting Continuous continuous

beam or ribbed
L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
one-way slab

Note: for (fy) other than (400MPa), the values shall be multiplied by:
{(0.4)+(fy/700)}

21
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
Deflection Requirements for (R6),

ln = 4.10- 0.3 = 3.8 m

h min=
ln
16 (
0 . 4+
fy
700 )
h min=
380
16 (
0 . 4+
350
)
700 = 21.38 cm

Deflection Requirements for (R2),

ln = 4.15- 0.2 = 3.95 m

h min=
ln
18 .5 ( 0 . 4+
fy
700 )
h min=
395
18 .5(0 . 4+
350
)
700 = 19.22 cm

Let, h = 25cm

d deflection =h−cc−φ stirup − ( )

φ
2
b

d deflection =25−2−0 . 6− ( )
1. 2
2
=21 . 8 cm

Use d = 21.80 cm

22
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
2.8.2 Design of top slab:
Slab thickness = 7cm.
The slab is fixed to ribs that have a clear spacing = 40 cm.

Slab self weight = 0.07¿ 24 = 1.68 kn/m2

Total dead load = 1.68 + 2 = 3.68 kn/m2

Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7LL

Wu = 1 . 4×3. 68+1 . 7×2=8 .55 kn/m2

W u ×L2
×1 m
Mu = 12 (slab is assumed fixed to ribs)

8 .55×( 0 . 4 )2
=0 .114
Mu = 12 kn.m

 Considering that the moment in slab will be carried by plane concrete

only:

fr= 0 . 7× √ 21=3 . 21 Mpa

1000×( 70 )3
=28 .58×106
Ig = 12 mm4
70
=35 mm
yt = 2
3. 21×28 . 58
=2 .62
Mcr = 35 kn.m
∅Mcr= 0.65 ¿ 2.62 = 1.7 kn.m
∅Mcr > Mu
∴ the slab is adequate

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 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

 Calculation of reinforcement:

φ6
d = h − C .C −
2
0 .6
=7−2− =4 .7 cm
2

Mn 0 .114
Rn = 2
b×d 2 = 0 .9×1×( 0 . 047 ) = 57.34 kn/m2

f y
m=
0 . 85×f 'c = 19.61

1
( √
ρ= × 1− 1−
m
(2×m×Rn )
fy ) = 0.00016

A s= ρ×b×d = 0.00016¿ 100¿ 4.7 = 0.08 cm2

According to ACI-Code (10.5.3) the main reinforcement should not be less

than the shrinkage and temperature steel.

AST = 0.002bh

= 0.002 (100) (7) = 1.4 cm2/m

∴ Use 5∅6 /m

100
Spacing = 5 = 20 cm

24
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
S ¿ 3h¿ 50 cm

S ¿ 21 cm¿ 50 cm

Spacing is satisfied.

Fig(2-9): Details of Reinforcement for Topping Slab

2.8.3 Applied Loads On Ribs:

1. Slab cover:

=0 . 07×0. 52×24=0. 874 kn/m

2. Rib weight:

0 .12+0 . 15
×0 .18×24=0 . 583
= 2 kn/m

3. Block weight:

5×14×9 . 81
=0 .687
=1000 kn/m

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 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
4. Weight of cover materials :

= 0.52 × 2 =1.04 kn/m

 Dead load:

Self weight = 0.874 + 0.583 + 0.687 = 2.144 kn/m.

Total D.L = 2.144 + 1.04

Total D.L = 3.184 kn/m

 Live Load:
LL1 = 2× 0.52= 1.04 kn/m

LL2 = 4.8 × 0.52 = 2.5 kn/m

 Ultimate loads:
Wu = 1.4DL + 1.7 LL

Wu1= 1.4 ×3.184 + 1.7 × 1.04 = 6.23 kn/m.

Wu2 = 1.4 ×3.184 + 1.7 × 2.5 = 8.71 kn/m.

2.9 Design Of Ribs:

Rib (2):
Load Cases in fig (2.11)

26
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
Fig (2.10): load cases for Rib (2).

Shear force and Bending moment diagrams as obtained from analysis by (STAAD.
pro 2004 ) .

F
ig (2.11):Shear and bending moment envelop diagrams for Rib (2).

27
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

 Reinforcement Requirement:.
1. 4 1. 4
ρ min= = =0. 004
f y 350
A s= ρbd =0 .004×135×218=117. 72mm 2

bf ≤¿{Clear span betwe n two ribs+bw=520 mm¿{16hf+bw=16×70+135=125 mm ¿

¿
¿ So use bf = 520 mm

 Section (1-1):
Mu= 0
∴ As = 0
take As(min) =117.72 mm2
∴ Use 210

 Section (2-2):

Mu= 9.38 kn.m<  M f

hf
0 . 85×f ' ×b f ×h f
Mflange= c (d- 2 )
70
0.85×21×520×70×(218− )=
= 2 118.9 kn.m
Mflange = 107 kn.m

28
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Mflange >> Mu
Not True T-sec.

1
( √
ρ= × 1− 1−
m
( 2×m×Rn )
fy )
fy
m= 350
0 . 85×f
c' = 0 .85×21 = 19.61

Mn 9. 38× ( 10 )6
Rn = 2
b×d 2 = 0 .9×520× ( 218 ) = 0.422 Mpa

ρ = 0.00122
As = ρ b d = 138.25 mm2
∴ Use 210

 Section (3):
Mu = 9.32 kn.m< ∅ Mf

b= 135 mm
ρ = 0.00484
As = ρ b d = 142.48 mm2
∴ Use 2∅10

 Section (4):
Mu = 5.04 kn.m< ∅ Mf

b= 520 mm
ρ = 0.000653
As = ρ b d = 74 mm2 < As min

29
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
∴ Use 2∅10

 Section (5):
Mu = 6.88 kn.m< ∅ Mf

b= 135 mm
ρ = 0.00353
As = ρ b d = 103.77 mm2 < As min
∴ Use 2∅ 10

 Section (6):
Mu = 7.79 kn.m< ∅ Mf

b= 520 mm
ρ = 0.001
As = ρ b d = 114.58 mm2
∴ Use 2∅ 10

 Shear Force Requirement:

0 .85
 Vc = 6 √
f ' ×b w ×d×1 .1
c

0 .85
√ 21×135×218×1 .1
 Vc = 6 = 21 kn
Vu(max) =15.2 kn
- Vu at distance (d) from face of support
Vu = 15 .2−(6 . 23×(0 .218+0 .2 ))=12 . 6 kn
Vu <  Vc
Use minimum shear reinforcement

30
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
∴ Use 5 6 /m stirrups

Table(2.3): Design Calcluation of Rib (2).

Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
(2-2) 9.38 138.25 210
(3-3) 9.32 142.48 210
117.72 5m
(4-4) 5.04 74 210
(5-5) 6.88 103.77 210
(6-6) 7.79 114.58 210

Fig(2.12)all Sections details for Rib (2)

31
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Rib (1):
Table(2.4): Design Calcluation of Rib (1).
Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
117.72 5m
(2-2) 13.1 194.02 212

Fig(2.13) Section (1-1) for

Rib (1).

32
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
Fig(2.14) Section (2-2) for Rib (1)

Rib (3):
Table(2.5): Design Calcluation of Rib (3).
Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
(2-2) 1.05 15.24 210
117.72 5m
(3-3) 8.01 121.57 210
(4-4) 7.16 115.25 210

Fig(2.15) all Sections details for Rib (3).

33
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Rib (4):
Table(2.6): Design Calcluation of Rib (4).
Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
117.72 5m
(2-2) 9.54 140.64 210

Fig(2.16) all Sections details for Rib (4).

34
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Rib (5):
Table(2.7): Design Calcluation of Rib (5).
Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
117.72 5m
(2-2) 2.52 36.28 210

Fig(2.17) all Sections details for Rib (5).

35
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Rib (6):
Table. (2.8): Design Calcluation of Rib (6).
Mu AS(req) AS(min) No. of Bars
Section 2 2 Stirrups
(kn.m) (mm ) (mm ) Top Bottom
(1-1) 0 0 
117.72 5m
(2-2) 18.75 279.82 214

Fig(2.18) Section (1-1) details for Rib (6).

36
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Fig(2.19) Section (2-2) details for Rib (6).

2.10 Design of Solid Slabs:-

2.10.1 Design Procedure of Two-Way solid Slabs:

 Two-Way Edge-Supported Solid Slabs:

If the slab is supported along all four edges, it may be designed as two-way

slab, with bending occurring in two directions perpendicular to each other, this

occurs when the ratio of the lengths of the two perpendicular sides is less than 2.

The two way action is considered when [(Length/Width) < 2], method (2)

(ACI-Code 1963) is used because it is simpler and more general than the recent

methods. The two-way slab is considered as consisting of strips, in each direction,

middle strip and edge strip, the width of each strip is shown in figure (2.21).

Where:

 Middle Strip:

A middle strip one-half panel in width, symmetrical about panel center line

and extending through the panel in the direction in which moments are considered.

37
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

 Column Strip:

A column strips one-half panel in width, occupying the two quarter panel

areas outside the middle strip.

Fig (2.20): Distribution of panel strips, Method (2).

2.10.2 Deflection Requirements:

38
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
a) One-way solid slab:

The (ACI-Code 318:1995) specified the minimum thickness for use in the

design of one-way slab systems in table (9.5) and reproduced, unless the deflection

is computed and compared with (ACI table 9.5.b)

Table (2.9): Deflection Requirements.

Minimum thickness (h)
Simply One end Both ends
Cantilever
supported continuous continuous
Member
Members not supporting or attached to partitions or other
construction likely to be damaged by large deflection
Solid one
L/20 L/24 L/28 L/10
way slabs
Beams or
ribbed one L/16 L/18.5 L/21 L/8
way slabs

b) Two-way solid slab:

According to (ACI-Code 9.5.3.1) the two-way slabs with beams on all four

edges with a value of (m), (0 . 2< α m≤2 ) must not have thickness less than:

h min =
(
l n 0 .8+
1500
fy
)
36+5 β (α m−0 . 2) (ACI eq- 9.11)
And not less than (120mm).

39
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
When (m) > 2, the thickness shall not be less than:

h min=
(
l n 0. 8+
fy
1500 )
36+9 β (ACI eq – 9.12)
And not less than (90 mm).

Where:
ln : Length of clear span in long direction.
α m : Average value of the ratio of flexural beam stiffness to stiffness

Of width of slab.
β : Ratio of clear span in long direction to short direction of
Two-way slab.

2.10.3 Bending Moment Requirement:

At two-way slab shall be considered as consisting of strips in each direction.
The bending moment for middle strip shall be computed from the formula:
M u = C W u L2S (ACI-Code 1963)
Where:
C: Moment coefficient for two-way slabs.
m: Ratio of short span to long span for two-way slab.
Wu: The ultimate design load.
LS: Length of short span for two-way slabs; the span shall be considered
as the center-to-center distance between supports.

40
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
The bending moment for column strip shall be two-thirds of the
corresponding moments in the middle strip.

2.10.4 Shear Requirement:

If a two-way slab is supported by beams or walls, shear stress is normally
low and rarely to be a controlling factor in design, and for check the required depth
for shear, use the procedure as follows:
- The total concentrated load of the panel slab (W ,kn):
W = Wu × Area of the panel (Sn×Ln)

Fig(2.21) Load Distribution

Therefore;
 The load/m on the short and long direction:
W
VS= → (kn/m)
2Ln

41
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
W
VL= → ( kn/m)
2S n
- From (ACI-Eq. 11.3); the shear strength of slab:
1
φV C = (0 . 85 )( ) √ f C . bd
6
If the shear strength of the slab is above the required shear at factored loads
(VS and VL), then it is O.K.

2.11 Design Data:-

2.11.1 General loading condition:
- For floor slab:
 live load = 2 kn/m2
 Dead load:
a. Weight of concrete portion (Estimated)
b. Extra load on the slab (Topping); See figure (2.23).
Floor Tiles = 0.025×20 = 0.5 kn/m2
Mortar = 0.015×20 = 0.3 kn/m2
Sand = 0.050×16 = 0.8 kn/m2
Isolated Sheet = 0.1 kn/m2
Plaster = 0.02×19 = 0.38 kn/m2
Total Topping weight = 2.08 kn/m2

Taken topping = 2 kn/m2

Fig(2.22): Dead Load for Slab.

42
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

2.11.2 Properties of Materials:

 Concrete characteristic strength f C = 21 Mpa

 Reinforced yield stress, (Using mild steel reinforcement fy=350 Mpa)
 Density of R/C = 24 kn/m2

2.12 Typical Design of Solid Slab:-

1. Design of slab S1:

Fig (2-23) Dimensions of Solid Slab (S1)

2.12.1 Deflection requirement:

43
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
ln = 3.2 - 0.1- 0.1 = 3 m
Sn = 3 - 0.1 - 0.1 = 2.8 m
ln 3
β= = =1. 071428
Sn 2.8

(
3000 0. 8+
h min=
350
1500 ) =68 mm
36+5×1 .071428 (2−0 . 2)
Use h = 120 mm

2.12.2 Bending moment requirement:

a. Loading:
 Dead Load:
I. Own Weight of Slab = 0.12×24 = 2.88 kn/m2
II. Topping = 2 kn/m2

- Total Dead Load = 4.88 kn/m2

 Live Load:
Live Load = 2 kn/m2

 Ultimate loads:
Wu = 1.4×4.88 + 1.7×2 = 10.23 kn/m2

- The bending moment for middle strip shall be as follows:

2
Mu = (Coeff.) (Wu) (l S )
M u C (10.23) ( 3 )2
Mn = = = 102.3 × C ( kn.m/m )
φ 0.9

44
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
b. Moment Coefficients:
The ratio of short span to long span (m) = 3/3.2 = 0.9375
From case 4 (four edges discontinuous) and value of (m = 0.9375), we have:
 Short Direction Coefficients:
- For (-ve) moment at continuous edge = 0.063
- For (-ve) moment at discontinuous edge = 0.0315
- For (+ve) moment at mid-span = 0.04775

 Long Direction Coefficients:

- For (-ve) moment at continuous edge = 0.058
- For (-ve) moment at discontinuous edge = 0.029
- For (+ve) moment at mid-span = 0.044

c. The Effective Depth:

Assuming (10mm) diameter deformed bar is used:
dS = h – Concrete Cover – b/2
= 120 – 20 –5 = 95 mm
and:
dL = h – Concrete Cover – 3/2(b)
= 120 – 20 – 15 = 85 mm

2.12.3 Reinforcement Calculation:

a. Middle Strip:
1. Short Direction: (dS = 95 mm, b = 1000 mm)
The nominal moments at critical sections are
- (-ve) Mom. at Discont. Edge =102.3×.0315= 3.2225 kn.m/m

45
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
- (+ve) Mom. at mid-span =102.3×.04775= 4.885 kn.m/m
m = 350/(0.85×21) = 19.6 (For all critical sections).
The values of factors (Rn) at critical sections are:
- At Discont edge; Rn = 0.357 Mpa
- At mid-span; Rn = 0.541 Mpa
Ratio of reinforcement at critical sections are:
- At Discont edge;  = 0.00103
- At mid-span;  = 0.00157

The area of steel required at critical sections are:

AS = ( bd (mm2) ¿ AS)Min = 0.002 bh = 0.002×1000×120=240 mm2
- At Discont. edge AS = 190 mm2 < 240 mm2
∴ Use As(min)
- At mid-span; AS = 149 mm2 < 240 mm2
∴ Use As(min)
The area of steel provided at each critical section is:
- At Discont. Edge Use 410/m
- At mid-span: Use 410/m

2. Long Direction: (dL = 85 mm, b = 1000 mm)

By applying the same procedure in the short direction, we have:
The area of steel provided at each critical section is:
- At cont. edge; Use 410/m, (As(min))
- At Discont. edge; Use 410/m, (As(min))
- At mid-span; Use 410/m, (As(min))

b. Column Strip:

46
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
We know that the average moment per meter of width in the column strip
shall be two-thirds of the corresponding moments in the middle strip.
MnColumn Strip = (2/3) MnMiddle Strip
1. Short Direction:
The nominal moment at each critical section is:
- (-ve) Mom. at Discont. edge =2/3×3.2225 = 2.148 kn.m/m
- (+ve) Mom. at mid-span = 2/3×4.885 = 3.256 kn.m/m

Then, the area of steel required at each critical section is:

- At Dicsont. edge; AS < As(min) Use As(min)
- At mid-span; AS < As(min) Use As(min)
The area of steel provided at each critical section is:
For all sections use 410/m (AS = 314 mm2 > 240 mm2), O.K.

2. Long Direction:
By applying the same procedure of the short direction, we get an area of
steel provided at all critical sections:
410/m (AS = 314 mm2 > 240 mm2), O.K.

2.12.4 Shear requirement:

The total concentrated load of the panel slab (W) is computed by,
W (kn) = 10.23 ×(2.8×3) = 85.932 kn
The (Load/m) on the short direction is,
W 85 . 932
VS= = =14 .322
2×ln 2×3 kn/m
The (Load/m) on the long direction is,

47
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
W 85 .932
VL= = = 15 . 345
2×S n 2×2 .8 kn/m
From (ACI-Eq. 11.3), the shear strength of slab is:
0. 85
φ VC =
6 √ f ' bw d
c = 55.18 kn/m

Therefore; the shear strength of the slab (55.18 kn/m) is above the required
shear at factored loads (14.322kn/m and 15.345 kn/m), and so that is O.K.

2.12.5 Summary of design calculation:

Table (2.10) shows the calculation details of reinforcement and check
spacing of all critical sections of slab (S1).

Table. (2.10): Reinforcement Details of all critical Sections of slab (S1).

Middle Strip Short Direction Long Direction

(-ve) (+ve) (-ve) (+ve) (-ve)

Requirement
DisCont.Edge MidSpan Cont.Edge MidSpan DisCont.Edge

Mu (kn.m) 3.2225 4.885 2.9667 4.5 5.9334

d (mm) 95 85
As(min)(mm2) 240
As(req)(mm2) 190 149 101.15 153 204

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314 314

Max.
Smax ≤ 3h ≤ 500 mm
Spacing(mm)

Spacing(Use) 250 250 250 250 250

48
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
(mm)

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410 410

Column Strip Short Direction Long Direction

Mu (kn.m) 2.148 3.256 1.9778 3 3.9556

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314 314
Spacing(use)(mm) 250 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410 410

)Long Direction(

49
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

(Short Direction)
Fig (2.24): Details of reinforcement for slab (S1).

Fig (2.25): Details of reinforcement for slab (S1).

2. Design of slab S2:

50
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Fig (2-26) Dimensions of Solid Slab (S2)

Table. (2.11): Reinforcement Details of all critical Sections of slab (S2).

Middle Strip Short Direction Long Direction

(-ve) (+ve) (-ve) (+ve)

Requirement
DisCont.Edge MidSpan DisCont.Edge MidSpan

Mu (kn.m) 1.61 2.4 1.215 1.8414

d (mm) 95 85

As(min)(mm2) 240

As(req)(mm2) 48.545 72.7 41 62.39

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314

51
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
Max. Spacing(mm) Smax ≤ 3 h ≤ 500 mm

Spacing(Use)(mm) 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410

Column Strip Short Direction Long Direction

Mu (kn.m) 1.07 1.6 .81 1.2276

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314

Spacing(use)(mm) 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410

3. Design of slab S3:

52
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Fig (2-27) Dimensions of Solid Slab (S3)

Table. (2.12): Reinforcement Details of all critical Sections of slab (S3).

Middle Strip Short Direction Long Direction

Requirement (-ve) (+ve) (-ve) (+ve)

53
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
DisCont.Edge
MidSpan DisCont.Edge MidSpan

Mu (kn.m) 2.992 4.5155 1.815 2.75

d (mm) 95 85

As(min)(mm2) 240

As(req)(mm2) 90.82 137.75 61.455 93.5

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314

Max. Spacing(mm) Smax ≤ 3 h ≤ 500 mm

Spacing(Use)(mm) 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410

Column Strip Short Direction Long Direction

Mu (kn.m) 2 3 1.21 1.833

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314

Spacing(use)(mm) 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410

4. Design of slab S4:

54
Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Fig (2-28) Dimensions of Solid Slab (S4)

Table(2.13): Reinforcement Details of all critical Sections of slab (S4)

55
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
Middle Strip Short Direction Long Direction

(-ve) (+ve) (-ve) (-ve) (+ve) (-ve)

Requirement Cont.Edg MidSpa DisCont.Edg Cont.Edg MidSpa DisCont.Edg

e n e e n e

Mu (kn.m) 2.1 1.6 1.03 1.805 1.36 .9207

d (mm) 95 85

As(min)(mm2) 240

As(req)(mm2) 63.65 48.36 31 61.115 45.9 30.95

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314 314 314

Max.
Smax ≤ 3h ≤ 500 mm
Spacing(mm)

Spacing(Use)
250 250 250 250 250 250
(mm)

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410 410 410

Column Strip Short Direction Long Direction

Mu (kn.m) 1.4 1.067 .68 1.2 .9 .6138

As(provide)(mm2) 314 314 314 314 314 314

Spacing (mm) 250 250 250 250 250 250

№ of bars \ m` 410 410 410 410 410 410

56
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
5. Design of slab S5:
Design of one way slab

Fig (2.29) dimensions of typical one way slab.

lA 3
= =2. 6>2 ⇒ one way slab
lB 1 .15
 Deflection Requirement
1. 15 350
h min= (. 4+ )=4 . 31 cm
24 700
Then use h =15cm
d=h−c . c−φ b ¿=12−2−1 ¿=9 .5 cm
 Bending moment requirements
W u L2 10 . 23×(1 . 15)2
M u= = =1 .69 kn. /m
8 8

ρb =0. 85 β 1
( )(
f 'c
fy
600
600+ f y )

57
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
ρb =0. 85×.85× ( 21350 )(600
600+350 )
=.0273

1
ρ= ×(0 .75 ρb )
2
1
ρ= ×(0 .75×.0273 )=. 0102
2
0 . 85×f 'c ba=A s f y=ρ bdf y
0 . 85×21×1000×a=0 . 0102×1000×d×350
a=0.2d
a
M n =ρ bdf y (d− )
2
1. 69 0.2
=0 . 0102×1000×350 d 2 (1− )
.9 2
d m=2. 4 cm ⇒ h m=2. 4 +2+0 . 5=4 . 9 cm <9 .5 cm ⇒ ok

 Shear requirement
W u l 10 .23×1 .15
V u= = =5 .88 kn
2 2
5. 88 1
= √ 21∗1000∗d
. 75 6
d=1. 026 cm , h=1 .026 +2+0 .5=3 .52 cm
h<12 cm .... ok

 Reinforcement of slab
Mn 1 . 69∗106
Rn = 2 = =.1872 Mpa , m=19 .6
bd 1000∗(95 )2

ρ=
1
19. 6 [ √
= 1 − 1−
2∗.1872∗19 .6
350 ]
=. 0005

ρ=0 .0005

A s= ρbd =0 .0005×1000×95=56 mm 2

58
 Chapter Two Design of Slabs
As = 0. 002 bh=0 .002×1000×120=240 mm 2
. min

A s > A s. min then use

4 φ 10/m for main direction
4 φ 10/m for lateral direction

 Check spacing
100
S= =25 cm<5 h< 60 cm ⇒ ok
4 (for main direction)
100
S= =25 cm<5 h< 60 cm ⇒ ok
4 (for lateral direction)

Fig(2.30) The steel reinforcement in short direction slab (S5).

59
Chapter Two Design of Slabs

Fig
(2.31): Details of reinforcement for slab (S5).

60