ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

EC 202
DoECE
Sardar Vallabhbhai National
Institute Of Technplogy
Module 4
TRANSMISSION LINE ANALYSIS

Section # Problem
Problem
Example 2.2
A load of ZL = 40 + j 70Ω is connected to a transmission line
with a characteristic impedance of 100 Ω and a length of 0.3λ.

Γ(𝑧 = −𝑙) Γ(𝑧 = 0)

Find the reflection coefficient at the load end, reflection coefficient at the input end
of the transmission line, input impedance, SWR, and return loss.
40 + 𝑗70 1 + 0.59
𝑧𝐿 = = 0.4 + 𝑗0.7 SWR = = 3.87
100 1 − 0.59
RL = −20 log | Γ| = 4.6 dB
𝑧𝐿 − 1
Γ𝐿 = = −0.1429 + 𝑗0.5714 = 0.5890∠104°
𝑧𝐿 + 1

Γ𝑖𝑛 = Γ𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑗𝛽𝑙 = 0.5890∠104° ⋅ 1∠ − 216°

= 0.5890∠ − 112°
3
Example 2.4
This is the measurement result using a slotted line with a characteristic
impedance of 50Ω. Find the load impedance. SWR =1.5
𝑉max 1 + |Γ|
SWR = = = 1.5
𝑉min 1 − |Γ| 0.2, 2.2, 4.2cm 1𝑒 𝑗(𝜋−2𝛽𝑙)

𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1
Γ = = 0.2
𝑆𝑊𝑅 + 1

𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4.2 − 2.72 = 1.48𝑐𝑚

𝜃 − 2𝛽𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜋 1𝑒 𝑗(𝜃−2𝛽𝑙)
4𝜋 0.72, 2.72, 4.72cm
∴ 𝜃 = 𝜋 + 2𝛽𝑙𝑚𝑖𝑛 =𝜋+ ⋅𝑙
𝜆 𝑚𝑖𝑛
1.48
= 𝜋 + 4𝜋 ⋅ = 86.4 °
4
Γ𝐿 = 0.2 × 𝑒 𝑗86.4° = 0.0126 + 𝑗0.1996

1 + Γ𝐿
𝑍𝐿 = 50 × = 47.3 + 𝑗19.7 Ω
1 − Γ𝐿 4
Example 2.5

50Ω 100Ω

𝑍1 = 100 ∗ 50 = 70.71Ω

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2.7 Lossy transmission line

6
 Example p.11.20

 a) Determine SWR on the transmission line of

Fig. 11.32. Note that the dielectric is air:
40 + 𝑗30 − 50 1 + 0.333
Γ𝐿 = = 𝑗0.333 = 0.333∠1.57𝑟𝑎𝑑, 𝑆𝑊𝑅 = = 2.0
40 + 𝑗30 + 50 1 − 0.333

Find the input impedance

40 + 𝑗30 cos 16.96 + 𝑗50 sin 16.96 −1.236 − 𝑗5.682
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50 = 50 = 61.8 − 𝑗37.5 Ω
50 cos 16.96 + 𝑗 40 + 𝑗30 sin 16.96 1.308 − 𝑗3.804
 Example p.11.20
(c) If ωL = 10Ω, find Is.
𝑍𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 20 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 + 𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 20 + 𝑗10 + 61.8 − 𝑗37.5 = 81.8 − 𝑗27.5
100
𝐼𝑆 = = 1.1 + 𝑗0.37 [𝐴]
81.8 − 𝑗27.5
(d) What value of L will produce a maximum value for |Is| at ω = 1 Grad/s?
L = 37.5/ω = 37.5nH.
(e) supplied by the source:
1 ∗
1
𝑃𝑆 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑆 = (100)(1.22) = 61.1 [𝑊]
2 2
(f) delivered to 𝑍𝐿 = 40 + 𝑗30 Ω : The power delivered to the load
will be the same as the power delivered to the input impedance
1 2
1
𝑃𝐿 = 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑠 = 61.8 1.1 + 𝑗0.37 1.1 − 𝑗0.37 = 41.6 [𝑊]
2 2
 Example (6.6, Shen and Kong)
Given: Z L  17.4  j 30    and Z 0  50   

Find: ΓL , SWR, zmin , Vmax

N
,Vmin
N

I  z L
ZL  Z 0
ΓL  +
ZL  Z0 Z0 V  z ZL
-
Lossless line :   d  0 / r r z0
Γ L  0.24  j0.55 Γ L  0.6
 0.6 e  
 j 1.99
  Γ L  1.99 [rad] z

Vmax 1   L 1  0.6
N
Vmax  Vmax / V   1   L  1.6
SWR     4.0
Vmin 1   L 1  0.6 N
Vmin Vmin / V   1   L  0.4

Vmax when   2 z  0 ,  2π,...    (   1.99)

zmin    0.092
Vmin when   2 z  π ,  3π , .. 2 2(2 /  )
(pick the value closest to the load)
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Example (6.6, Shen and Kong) (cont.)

/4 /2

1.6 V ( z)
V
1

0.4

z
-0.592 -0.342 -0.092

Γ L  0.24  j0.55 SWR  4.0 Vmax / V   1.6

 0.6 e  
 j 1.99
zmin  0.092 Vmin / V   0.4

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 Example (6.6, Shen and Kong) (cont.)
This problem has practical significance:
Reverse problem: often we are interested in figuring out
what an unknown load is.
Given: SWR  4.0 zmin  0.092
What is the unknown load impedance?

1  L SWR  1
SWR   4.0 SWR 1   L   1   L L 
1  L SWR  1

so SWR  1
Γ L  0.6 L   0.6
SWR  1

   (    )
zmin    0.092 Γ L  0.6 e  j 1.99 
2 2(2 /  )

  ΓL  1.99 [rad] (Any multiple of 2 can be added to .)

Solve for .
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 Example (6.6, Shen and Kong) (cont.)

Γ L  0.6 e  j 1.99 

Z L  Z0
ΓL   Z L  Z0  ΓL  Z L  Z0
Z L  Z0
 1  L 
Z L  Z0  
 1  L 

 1  0.6 e  j 1.99 
Hence, we have Z L  50  
 1  0.6 e  j 1.99 
 

The calculation yields:

Z L  17.4  j30 

We have solved
for the unknown
load impedance!
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 Example
Given: Z L  100  and Z 0  50 

Calculate the reflection coefficient and the input impedance at z0 = -0.125

Z  Z0 1 L
ΓL  L 
Z L  Z0 3
Z0 ZL

Γ  z0    L e j 2  z0
 2 
0.125
1 j 2   0.125   1   j / 2
  
  e   e Lossless line :   d  0 / r  r
 3  3
so
Z in  z0    50  Z inN  z0 
Γ  z0    j / 3
so
 1    z0   1  j / 3 Z in  z0   40  j (30) []
Z  z0   
N
   0.8  j  0.6 
 1    z0   1  j / 3
in

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 Example 1
Z 0  50  I  d 

Z L  100  j50  
V  d  ZL

Find Z (-d ) at d / g  1/ 4, 3 / 8, 1/ 2 z
z  d z0
Use the Z chart.
d  3 / 8g
0
d / 2 g
Xn  1 o r1
Z
Z L,n  L  2  j1 Z chart
Z0 Rn  1

b Z
Z LLn,n
a
d  g / 4
Z n  0.4  j 0.2 a
 Z  g / 4   20  j10 
 plane
X n  1
d  g / 4

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 Example 1 (cont.)
I  d 
b d  3 / 8g

Z n  0.5  j 0.5 V  d  ZL

 Z  3 / 8g   25  j 25  z
z  d z0
Note : 3 / 8  0.212  0.5  0.087
d  3 / 8g
0
d /2
0.087g
0.212g  g
Z chart

c b Z Ln
d  g / 2 0.5gg
0.0 c
Z n  2  j1 0.5g
 Z  g / 2   100  j 50 
a

 plane
0.462g
d  g / 4

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 Example 2
I  d 
Z 0  50  Y0  20 mS

YL  8mS  j 4 mS V  d  ZL

z
Find Y (-d ) at d / g  1/ 4, 3 / 8, 1/ 2 z0
z  d
Use the Y chart.
d  3 / 8g
0
d  1 / 2 g
Bn  1 r
Y o
YL ,n  L  0.4  j 0.2
Y0 Y chart
Gn  1

b YYLnL ,n
a c
d  g / 4 a
Yn  2  j1
 Y  g / 4   40 mS  j 20 mS  plane
Bn  1
d  g / 4

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 Example 2 (cont.)
b I  d 
d  3 / 8g

Yn  1  j1 V  d  ZL

 Y  3 / 8g   20 mS  j 20 mS z
z  d z0

d  3 / 8g
0
d  1 / 2 g
c Bn  1 r
o
d  g / 2
Gn  1
Y chart
Yn  0.4  j 0.2
 Y  g / 2   8 mS  j 4 mS b YYLnL ,n
c
a

 plane
Bn  1
d  g / 4

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 Example 3
Use a short-circuited section of air-filled TEM, 50  transmission line
( = k0, g = d =0) to create an impedance of Zin = -j25  at f = 10 GHz.
Use the Z chart.
25
Z chart
Zin ,n   j   j  0.5
50
50 Zin   j 25 

50 , k0 SC

0g SC
L

-1/2
L  0.426g  0g  0.426g  0.4260

g c 2 2
.4 2
6 0    0  3.0 cm
0 f k0  0 0
 plane
L  1.28cm
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 Example 4
Use an open-circuited section of 75  (Y0 = 1/75 S) air-filled transmission
line at f = 10 GHz to create an admittance of Yin = j1/75 S:

Use the Y chart.

Y chart
Yin  j 1 / 75 S  Yin ,n  j 1
1/75 S
Bn  1

75 , k0 OC

L
OC

Bnj1 1 L  0.125 g  0.125 0 0  3.0 cm

L
L  0.375cm

 plane

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 Example 5

Z 0  50  Single-stub matching

Z L  100  j100  d

Z0 ZL

Choose Z 0 s  Z 0

In this example we Z 0s Z L,n  2  j 2

will use the “usual”
Smith chart (Z chart),
but as an admittance
ls
calculator. We want Gin = Y0 (Gin,n = 1)

1
YL,n   0.25  j .25
2  j2
Z L  Z 0 Z Ln  1
L    L  0.62 e j /6  0.62 30o
Z L  Z 0 Z Ln  1
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 Example 5 (cont.) 0.041  0.178  0.219g
Solution: 0.041  0.322  0.363g
Add Yn  - j1.57 at d  0.219g
0.178g
or Yn   j1.57 at d = 0.363g
Z chart
(We’ll use the first choice.)
1  j1.57

OC SC

0.041g
Gn  1
 plane
1  j1.57
YL,n  0.25  j 0.25
Smith chart scale:
0.322g
wavelengths toward load
wavelengths toward generator
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 Example 5 (cont.)

From the Smith chart:

Z chart
ls  0.09g

Analytically:

Z insc  jZ 0 tan   ls 
O/C S / C 0.25g
Yinsc   jY0 cot   ls 
Bs ,n   cot   ls 
0.09g
0  j1.57
1.57   cot  ls
1
cot  ls  1.57; tan  ls   0.637  plane 0.34g
1.57
2
 ls  ls  tan 1  0.637   0.567 [rad]
g wavelengths toward generator

ls  0.0903g
22
 Example 5 (cont.)

Z 0  50  Single-stub matching

Z L  100  j100  d

Z0 ZL

Summary: Z 0s
ls
d  0.219g

ls  0.09g

23
 Example V ( z)
Given:
1.707
L  0.70745 Load
1.571
V  ( z)  1
Use the Smith chart to plot
the magnitude of the 0.293
normalized voltage, find the z
SWR, and find the 5 
 
normalized load admittance. 16 16

(a) Plot voltage magnitude

V N  z
Find Vmax position: 45
Z LN
45   / 4  rad 
 2  
 2 d  2  d =
   4
ΓL Vmax

d  or 0.0625  Vmin
1  L =1.707
16 1  L =0.293

SWR = 1.707/0.293 = 5.8

24
 Example (cont.)
“Wavelengths toward generator reading”
0.25  0.0625  0.1875
 L = 0.70745
Z LN  1  j 2
Z LN  1  j 2
45
RinN  1
X inN  2

(b) SWR  5.8

( c) YLN  0.2  j0.4

25
 Example

Given: Z LN  1  j 2

Find the normalized admittance /8 away from the load.

26
 Example (cont.)
Im   z  or Im    z  

 2 
2 d  2  d
  
YinN  0.23  j0.48 Z LN  1  j 2 1
 4  
8
Wavelengths towards 

generator scale: 2
0.437+ 1/8 – 0.5 = 0.0620
   90o
Note:
The scale jumps
by 0.5 here.

90o Re   z  or Re    z  
YLN  0.20  j0.40

Wavelengths
towards generator Note:
scale: 0.437 You can also use
the angle scale on
Answer: the outside of the
Smith chart to go
YinN  0.23  j 0.48 90o if you wish.

27