POWER ELECTRONICS ( I I)
DC-AC CONVERTERS
“INVERTERS”
◆ Objective:
The main objective of Inverters is conversion from
constant DC voltage to adjustable AC voltage
(RMS value) and adjustable frequency.
Constant Controlled
Inverter AC voltage And Frequency
DC voltage
Vdc Vdc
Vdc-
T
F=1 / T
Inverter applications:
Adjustable-Speed AC Motor Drives.
Induction Heating.
Standby Power Supply.
Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS).
◆ The inverter should do the following jobs:
1. Controls the output voltage.
2. Controls the output frequency.
3. Produces the AC waveform.
4. Produces the required phase number and phase
sequence.
1. Controlling the output voltage:
There are two methods which control the output voltage:
a. Vary the DC link voltage level.
b. Using the technique of Pulse Width Modulation ( PWM )
Vdc
Vdc-
2. Controlling the output frequency:
The AC frequency can be adjusted be by varying
the switching frequency of the power semiconductor
switches.
T
3. AC waveform:
The sinusoidal wave is the most desired AC waveform which it
has not any kind of harmonics.
The output of the inverter is a square wave which it has many
harmonics orders.
There are two methods which reduces the harmonic contents:
1. Using filter on the output of the inverter.
2. Pulse Width Modulation ( PWM ).
4. Phase number and phase sequence:
The inverter can produce either a single phase or three phase output.
The inverter is able to produce the phase sequence A B C and it can
reverse it to produce A C B.
The phase sequence is necessary in induction motor control in
forward direction (A B C) and in reverse direction (A C B).
Types of Inverters
Current
Regulated
Voltage Source Current Source
Inverter Phase Controlled
Inverter Inverter
(Hysteresis-Type Inverter
VSI CSI
)
1. Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
AC input
Inverter
(may be
Rectifier Power AC Load
Single or Three Circuit
Phase)
Output Load
Voltage
adjustment (may be
Switching Single or Three
Frequency Control Phase)
adjustment Circuit
2. Current Source Inverter (CSI)
AC input Output Load
(may be (may be
Single or Three Phase) DC link Single or Three Phase)
Inductor
Current Phase Inverter
Sensing Controlled Power AC Load
Circuit Rectifier Circuit
Phase
Error
controlled Switching
AMP.
Circuit Control
Circuit
Current Reference
3. Current Regulated Inverter (Hysteresis-Type)
Inverter
DC Input Power AC Load
Circuit
Output
Current
Switching
Sensor
Control
Circuit
Reference
Comparison
Waveform
circuit
of Current
4. Phase Controlled Inverter
It is a phase controlled rectifier operates in the
inversion mode where it reverses the energy
back to the AC side from the DC side.
❑ Types of Voltage Source Inverter
❑ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI ):
1. Single Phase VSI:
a. Half Bridge Inverter.
Power Circuit:
Analysis of Half Bridge Inverter:
Mode 1 Mode 4
S1 ON D1 ON
Io
Io
Mode 2
D2 ON Output Waveform:
Transient Operation
Vdc
Mode 3 D1
S2 ON
S1
t
D2 S2
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Output Waveform ( Steady State Operation)
Current equation in positive half cycle: Vdc Vdc
Io
D1 S1 D1
t
D2 S2
Io- Io-
The solution of the equation is:
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Note:
At t = T/2 --------- i(t) = Io Current equation in negative half cycle
is the same that in positive half cycle
but in opposite direction.
Example
A single phase, half bridge inverter, operates at 1 KHz output frequency. It
supplies a resistive load of 10 ohm in series with inductance of 10 mH. The
inverter is supplied from a DC source of 100 v. assume repetitive conditions.
1. Sketch the waveform of the output voltage and current.
2. Obtain an expression for the current equation in one half cycle.
3. Calculate the displacement time between the zero crossing of the voltage and
current. Then express this time in angular measurement.
Solution Vdc Vdc
Current initial condition Io: Io
D1 S1 D1
t
D2 S2
Io- Io-
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Vdc Vdc
Io
D1 S1 D1
t
Current equation in positive half cycle:
D2 S2
Io- Io-
θ
To Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Instant of zero crossing
At t = to --------- i(t) = 0
Zero crossing in angular measurement
❑ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI ):
1. Single Phase VSI:
b. Full Bridge Inverter.
Power Circuit:
Analysis of Full Bridge Inverter:
Mode 1 Mode 4
S1 & S2 ON D1 & D2 ON
Io
Mode 2
D3 & D4 ON Output Waveform:
Transient Operation
Vdc
Mode 3
S1 S3
S3 & S4 ON
S2 S4
t
D3 D1
D4 D2
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Output Waveform ( Steady State Operation)
Current equation in positive half cycle: Vdc Vdc
Io
D1 S3 D1
D2
D2 S4 t
S1 D3
D4
Io- S2 Io-
The solution of the equation is:
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Note:
At t = T/2 --------- i(t) = Io Current equation in negative half cycle
is the same that in positive half cycle
but in opposite direction.
Example
A single phase, full bridge inverter, operates at 1 KHz output frequency. It
supplies a resistive load of 10 ohm in series with inductance of 10 mH. The
inverter is supplied from a DC source of 100 v. assume repetitive conditions.
1. Sketch the waveform of the output voltage and current.
2. Obtain an expression for the current equation in one half cycle.
3. Calculate the displacement time between the zero crossing of the voltage and
current. Then express this time in angular measurement.
4. State the conduction sequence and conduction angle of the eight
semiconductor devices.
Solution Vdc Vdc
Current initial condition Io: Io
D1 S3 D1
D2 S4 D2
t
S1 D3
D4
Io- S2 Io-
Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Vdc Vdc
Io
D1 S3 D1
D2
D2 S4 t
S1 D3
Current equation in positive half cycle: S2 D4
Io-
Io-
θ
To Vdc-
T/2 T/2
Instant of zero crossing
At t = to --------- i(t) = 0
Zero crossing in angular measurement
Conduction sequence Conduction angle
D1 &D2 78
S1 & S2 101
D3 & D4 78
S3 & S4 101
❑ Voltage Source Inverter (VSI ):
1. Three Phase VSI:
Power Circuit:
A
B
C
Switching Control Signal with Conduction Angle 180 deg.,
output Phase and Line voltage
60 120 180 240 300 360
S1
S1
S2 S2
S3 S3
S4
S4
S5 S5 S5
S6 S6 S6
Switching
Vdc / 2 Sequence
Van Vdc/3 3 Vdc/3
Vdc/3- Vdc / 2- Vdc / 3-
3
Vbn
Vcn
Vab Vdc
Vdc
Example
A three phase, voltage source inverter [ six – step ], is operating at 100 Hz output
frequency. It supplies a Y connected load which consists of a resistive load
of 5 ohm in series with an inductance of 25 mH. The inverter is supplied
from a DC source of 300 v.
1. Draw the three phase voltage waveform of the output.
2. Obtain an expression for the current equation in complete cycle.
Solution
Assume the current to t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
has the path as shown I3
.in figure Vdc / 2
3
I1 Vdc/3 I2 Vdc/3
Current Initial conditions
Vdc/3- Vdc / 2- Vdc / 3-
I4
3
From symmetry of AC
Substitute from eq (4) into eq (3)
Substitute from eq (2) into eq (5)
Substitute from eq (1) into eq (6)
The current in negative half cycle is the same that of positive half cycle
but in opposite direction
Output Current and Voltage
to t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6
I3
Vdc / 2 I4
3
I1 Vdc/3 I2 Vdc/3
Vdc/3- Vdc / 2- Vdc / 3-
3
END
