CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that DEBADATTA PANDA, a student of class XII
‘Science’ at PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA, BHAWANIPATNA
has successfully completed the project work of Physics, that is “To
investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the
angle of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with
different transparent fluids” under the guidance of MR SUBHENDU
SEKHAR SAHU during 2024-25 in partial fulfilment of project practical
examination of Central Board of Secondary Education.
SUBMITTED BY
DEBADATTA PANDA
XII SCIENCE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Success in life is never attained single handed. My deepest gratitude goes to
my project supervisor MR SUBHENDU SEKHAR SAHU for his
guidance, help and encouragement throughout my work. Their enlightening
ideas, comments, and suggestions.
Words are not enough to express my gratitude to MR BHIMSEN
PANDA, for his insightful comments and administrative help at various
occasions. Fortunately, I have many understanding friends, who have
helped me a lot on many critical conditions.
Finally, my sincere thanks go to my family members and all those who have
directly and indirectly provide me moral support and other kind of help.
Without their support, completion of this work would not have been
possible in time. They keep my life filled with enjoyment and happiness
MR BHIMSEN PANDA EXTERNAL MR SUBHENDU
[PRINCIPAL] SEKHAR SAHU
[PGT PHYSICS]
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INDEX
SL NO TOPIC PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION 4
2 EXPERIMENTAL HUB 6
3 OBSERVATION 11
4 RESULT 12
5 BIBLOGRAPHY 13
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INTRODUCTION
In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refracts light. The exact angles between the
surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape
is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular
sides, and in colloquial use “prism” usually refers to this type. Some
types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric
prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to
the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials
include glass, plastic and fluorite. Prism can be used to break light up
into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms
can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.
Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless,
and that the prism itself produced the color. Newton’s experiments
demonstrated that all the colors already existed in the light in a
heterogeneous fashion, and that “corpuscles” (particles) of light were
fanned out because particles with different colors traveled with
different speeds through the prism. It was only later that Young and
Fresnel combined Newton’s particle theory with Huygens’ wave
theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light’s
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wavelength. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red
color from one prism through second prism and found the color
unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be
present in the incoming light and white light consists of a collection
of colors.
As the white light passes through the triangular prism, the light
separates into the collection of colors: red, orange, yellow, green,
blue, indigo and violet. This collection of colors formed by the prism
is called the spectrum. The separation of white light into its spectrum
is known as dispersion.
Dispersion occurs because each color travels through the prism at
different speeds. Violet travels the slowest through the prism; hence
we can see it refracting the most. On the other hand, red passes
through at a much fast rate which makes its angle of refraction
less, hence red is too scarce to be seen.
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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
AIM:
To investigate the dependence, of the angle of deviation on the angle
of incidence, using a hallow prism filled, one by one, with different
transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:
Drawing board, white sheets of paper, hollow prism, different liquids
(water, kerosene oil, etc.), drawing pins, pencil, half meter scale,
thump pins, graph papers and a protractor.
THEORY:
Refraction of Light through a Prism –
Diagram shows section ABC of a prism taken by a vertical plane,
perpendicular to the edge. BC is the base of the prism and AB and
AC are its two refracting surfaces.
DIAGRAM: Refraction through a prism
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RQ is the incident ray.
QS is the refracted ray.
ST is the emergent ray.
RQN1 = i = angle of incidence
SQN3 = r1 = angle of refraction inside prism
QSN3 = r2 = angle of incidence inside prism
TSN2 = e = angle of emergence
BAC = A = angle of prism
SFK = D = angle of deviation
In QFS, K F S = F Q S + F S Q
D = (i – r1) + (e – r2) -------(1)
In QS1N3, r1 + r2 + QN3S = 180⁰ -------(2)
The quadrilateral AQN3S is cyclic quadrilateral, then
A + QN3S = 180 --------(3)
From (2) and (3)
A = r1 + r2 --------------(4)
Eq. (1) become
D=i+e–A
D + A = i + e --------------(5)
Angle of Minimum Deviation:-
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➢ Definition: The minimum value of angle of deviation is called
angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by the symbol Dm.
➢ Explanation: For same angle of deviation (D)
there are two values of angle of incidence. One value equals ‘i’ and
other value equals ‘e’.
As angle ‘i’ is increased from a small value, ‘e’
decreases from large value and angle of deviation decreases.
When angle of deviation is minimum (Dm), then, ‘i’ and ‘e’
becomes equal.
The refracted ray QS goes parallel to base BC.
sin i sine
Since i = e, we have r1 = r2. (⸫n = sin r 1 = sin r 2 )
Hence, at minimum deviation, when r1 = r2 = r (say).
We have A = r1 + r2 = r + r = 2r
⇒ r = A/2
Also, at minimum deviation, D = Dm and i = e
From relation, A + D = i + e
We have, A + Dm = i + i = 2i
A + Dm
i= 2
From Snell’s law,
sini
n= sinr
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We have n
A+ D m
sin
2
= A
sin
2
This relation
is useful for
determination of n for Prism material.
DIAGRAM: Refraction through prism at different angles
PROCEDURE:
1. A white sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with
the help of drawing pins.
2. A straight line XX’ parallel to the length of the
paper was drawn nearly in the middle of the paper.
3. Points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 were marked on the
straight line XX’ at suitable distances of about 6 cm.
4. Normal’s N1Q1, N2Q2, N3Q3 and N4Q4 were drawn
on points Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4.
5. Straight lines R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 were drawn
making angles of 40⁰,45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰ respectively with
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the
normal.
6. One corner of the prism was marked as A and it
was taken as the edge of the prism for all the observations.
7. Prism with its refracting face AB was put in the
line XX’ and point Q1 was put in the middle of AB.
8. The boundary of the prism was marked.
9. Two pins P1 and P2 were fixed vertically on the line
R1Q1 and the distance between the pins were about
2cm.
10. The images of points P1 and P2 were looked
through face AC.
11. Left eye was closed and right eye was opened and
was brought in line with the two images.
12. Two pins P3 and P4 were fixed vertically at
about 2cm apart such that the open right eye sees pins
P4 and P3 as images of P2 and P1 in one straight line.
13. Pins P1, P2, P3 and P4 were removed and them
pricks on the paper were encircled.
14. Steps 7 to 13 were again repeated with points
Q2, Q3 and Q4 for i=45⁰,50⁰ and 55⁰.
15. Straight lines through points P4 and P3 were
drawn to obtain emergent rays S1T1, S2T2, S3T3 and S4T4.
16. T1S1, T2S2, T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays
R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1, F2, F3 and F4.
17. Angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation
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D1, D2, D3 and D4.
18. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
19. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the prism.
This gives angle A.
20. Observations were recorded.
21. T1S1, T2S2, T3S3 and T4S4 were produced inward in the
boundary of the prism to meet produced incident rays
R1Q1, R2Q2, R3Q3 and R4Q4 at points F1, F2, F3 and F4.
22. Angles K1F1S1, K2F2S2, K3F3S3 and K4F4S4 were
measured. These angles give angle of deviation
D1, D2, D3 and D4.
23. Values of these angles were written on the
paper.
24. Angle BAC was measured in the boundary of the
prism. This gives angle A.
25. Observations were recorded.
OBSERVATIONS:
Sl Angle of Angle of Angle of Angle of
No. incidence deviatio n deviatio n for deviation for
for water kerosene oil turpentine oil
1 40⁰ 23⁰ 36⁰ 32⁰
2 45⁰ 24⁰ 33⁰ 33⁰
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3 50⁰ 25⁰ 34⁰ 34⁰
4 55⁰ 26⁰ 35⁰ 35⁰
RESULTS:
➢ The angle of minimum deviation for –
Water Dm = 23⁰C Kerosene
oil Dm = 33⁰C Turpentine oil
Dm = 32⁰C
➢ The refractive indices of the-
Water n = 1.32 Kerosene
oil n = 1.46 Turpentine oil
n = 1.44
➢ Speed of light in-
Water v = 2.3x108 m/s Kerosene oil v
= 2.05x108 m/s Turpentine oil v =
2.08x108 m/s
PRECAUTIONS:
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The angle of incidence should lie between 35⁰ – 60⁰.
The pins should be fixed vertical.
The distance between the two pins should not be less
than 10mm.
Arrow heads should be marked to represent
the incident and emergent rays.
The same angle of prism should be used for all the
observation.
SOURCES OF ERRORS:
Pin pricks may be thick.
Measurement of angles may be wrong.
BIBLOGRAPHY
➢ Comprehensive: Practical Physics Class XII
➢ NCERT textbook of class XII
➢ Google
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Thank You
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