UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES
PBSCE 0021 LEC - PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
MODULE
Philippine Transport System o Araneta Center-Cubao Station
o Santolan-Annapolis Station
Learning Objectives:
o Ortigas Station
Identify the various modes of transportation o Shaw Boulevard Station
in the Philippines. o Bonifacio Station
Understand the structure and functionality of o Guadalupe Station
the Philippine transport system. o Buendia Station
Analyze the challenges faced by the o Ayala Station
transport system in the Philippines. o Magallanes Station
o Taft Avenue Station
The transportation system in the Philippines is a
diverse mix of traditional and modern modes,
reflecting the country’s rich cultural heritage,
Light Rail Transit (LRT)
economic landscape, and geographical challenges. Consists of two lines, LRT-1 and LRT-2,
This module explores the various forms of serving different parts of Metro Manila.
transportation, their development, challenges, and
the future outlook LRT-1 runs in a north-south direction
The Philippine transport system is a complex o Roosevelt
network that includes various modes of o Balintawak
transportation, ranging from traditional jeepneys o Monumento
and tricycles to more modern options such as o 5th Avenue
modernized buses, trains, and air travel. o R. Papa
o Abad Santos
The Philippine transport system plays a crucial role o Blumentritt
in the country's economic and social development o Tayuman
which includes various modes of transportation, o Bambang
such as land, air, and water transport. o Doroteo Jose (Interchange with
The system connects the archipelago's 7,641 LRT-2)
islands, facilitating the movement of people, goods, o Carriedo
and services across the nation and internationally o Central Terminal
o United Nations (UN) Avenue
o Pedro Gil
Modes of Transportation in the Philippines o Quirino
o Vito Cruz
Road Transport o Gil Puyat
PUJ/PUV o Libertad
Buses o EDSA
Tricycles and Motorcycles o Baclaran
Private Vehicles
Rail Transport LRT-2 runs in an east-west direction
Metro Rail Transit (MRT) o Recto (Interchange with LRT-1 at
The Metro Rail Transit (MRT) in Manila, Doroteo Jose Station)
specifically known as MRT Line 3 (MRT- o Legarda
3), runs along Epifanio de los Santos Avenue o Pureza
(EDSA), one of the major thoroughfares in o V. Mapa
Metro Manila o J. Ruiz
o North Avenue Station o Gilmore
o Quezon Avenue Station o Betty Go-Belmonte
o GMA-Kamuning Station o Cubao (Interchange with MRT-3 at
Araneta Center-Cubao Station)
UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES
o Anonas o Angeles
o Katipunan o Clark International Airport
o Santolan
o Marikina-Pasig
Air Transport
o Antipolo (Eastern terminus)
Major International Airports
These airports handle both international and
Philippine National Railways (PNR)
domestic flights
Provides commuter rail services from Metro
Manila to nearby provinces. Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
Mactan-Cebu International Airport
PNR Metro South Commuter Line Clark International Airport
o Tutuban Francisco Bangoy International Airport
o Blumentritt (Davao International Airport)
o España Iloilo International Airport
o Sta. Mesa Kalibo International Airport
o Pandacan Laoag International Airport
o Paco Puerto Princesa International Airport
o San Andres Bohol-Panglao International Airport
o Vito Cruz Zamboanga International Airport
o Buendia
Key Domestic Airports
o Pasay Road
o EDSA These airports primarily handle domestic flights
o Nichols
o FTI (Food Terminal Inc.) Bacolod-Silay Airport
o Bicutan Cagayan de Oro Airport (Laguindingan
o Sucat Airport)
o Alabang General Santos International Airport
o Muntinlupa Tacloban Airport (Daniel Z. Romualdez
o San Pedro Airport)
o Pacita Main Gate Butuan Airport (Bancasi Airport)
o Biñan Dumaguete Airport (Sibulan Airport)
o Santa Rosa Dipolog Airport
o Golden City Pagadian Airport
o Cabuyao Ozamis Airport (Labo Airport)
o Mamatid Roxas Airport
o Banlic Smaller Domestic and Community Airports
o Calamba (Southern terminus)
These are smaller airports serving more remote or
NR North-South Commuter Railway less populated areas
(NSCR)
Basco Airport (Batanes)
o Tutuban Catarman National Airport (Northern
o Solis Samar)
o Caloocan Masbate Airport (Masbate)
o Valenzuela Calbayog Airport (Samar)
o Meycauayan
Virac Airport (Catanduanes)
o Marilao
San Jose Airport (Occidental Mindoro)
o Bocaue
o Balagtas Surigao Airport (Surigao del Norte)
o Guiguinto Camiguin Airport (Camiguin)
o Malolos Sanga-Sanga Airport (Tawi-Tawi)
o Calumpit Jolo Airport (Sulu)
o Apalit
o San Fernando
UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES
Water Transport o Manila International Airport
Authority (MIAA-NAIA)
Ferries and Ro-Ro (Roll-On/Roll-Off) Ships
Bangkas
SEA/WATER
o Cebu Port Authority (CPA)
o Maritime Industry Authority
Non-Motorized Transport (MARINA)
Bicycles and Pedicabs o Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
o Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy (PMMA)
Structure and Functionality of the Philippine o Philippine Ports Authority (PPA)
Transport System MISCELLANEOUS
o Office for Transportation Security
Government Agencies Involved (OTS)
Department of Public Works & Highways o Office of Transportation
Not only for highways, even vertical Cooperatives (OTC)
structure and waterways Classification of Highways
Agencies coordinated:
o Metropolitan Waterworks & National Roads
Sewerage System (MWSS) o Also public roads, are classified as
o Local Water Utilities Administration primary and secondary roads.
(LWUA) o 20m minimum road right of way
Department of Transportation (DOTr) o 6.7m minimum width of travelled
The primary government body responsible way 2 lane
for transportation policy, planning, and Provincial Roads
regulation. o Connecting one municipality to
another.
LAND/ROAD o 15m. min. road right of way
Land Transportation Franchising and o 6.1m min. width of travelled way
Regulatory Board (LTFRB) City Roads
Land Transportation Office (LTO) o Within the urban area of the City not
Toll Regulatory Board (TRB) – like SLEX classified as national/provincial road.
o 15m min. road right of way.
o 6.1m min. width of travelled way
RAIL Municipal Roads
Light Rail Transit Authority (LRTA) o Within the poblacion area of a
o Metro Rail Transit Corporation municipality not as
(MRTC) – private but supervised by national/provincial road.
DOTr o 15m min. road right of way.
o Philippine National Railways (PNR) o 6.1m min. width of travelled way
o Philippine Railway Institute (PRI) – Barangay Roads
for studies & researches o Located outside the poblacion/urban
area of a municipality/city. Feeder
AIR from farm to market road
o Clark International Airport o 10m min. road right of way.
Corporation (CIAC) o 4m min. width of travelled way
o Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) Tourism Roads
o Civil Aviation Authority of the o Particularly suited for tourists.
Philippines (CAAP) Formed when existing road are
o Davao International Airport promoted with traffic sign and
Authority (DIAA) advertising material.
o Mactan-Cebu International Airport o 2.1m min. road right of way.
Authority (MCIAA) o 6.1m min. width of travelled way
UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES
Farm to Market Roads High Vehicle Volume
o Linking the agriculture and fisheries An excess of vehicles on the road,
production sites, coastal landing especially during peak hours, can
points, and post-harvest facilities to overwhelm the infrastructure,
the market and arterial roads and leading to traffic jams.
highways.
o 6m min. road right of way. Limited Road Capacity
o 4m min. width of travelled way Roads designed for lower traffic
volumes can easily become
Item 311: Portland Concrete Cement Pavement
congested when vehicle numbers
Material Requirements exceed capacity.
Portland Cement Type I Poor Road Design
Use of Type 1P is permitted (AASHTO Inefficient road layouts, including
M240) poorly designed intersections,
Fine Aggregates (crushed) bottlenecks, and lack of alternative
Max 40% Abrasion Loss Value routes, can contribute to congestion.
Coarse Aggregates (crushed)
Max 40% Abrasion Loss Value Traffic Accidents and Incidents
Water Crashes, breakdowns, or road works
pH level (4.5 – 8.5) can temporarily reduce road
Total Solids (500ppm) capacity, causing delays and
Compressive strength at 7Days (90) congestion.
RSB
Dowel Bars (Plain round) Inefficient Traffic Signals
36mmØ Poorly timed traffic lights or
Tie Bars (Deformed) malfunctioning signals can disrupt
16mmØ the flow of traffic, causing vehicles
Joint Fillers to stop and start unnecessarily.
Poured Joint Asphalt (120-150 pen)
Preformed (PEJF) Urbanization and Population
Full depth/width Growth
Flexural Strength at 14Days As more people move to urban areas,
the demand for road space increases,
Third-Point Method leading to congestion.
3.8Mpa (550psi)
Mid-Point Method Transportation Deficiencies
4.5Mpa (650psi) Inadequate public transportation
Compressive Strength (Drilled cores) options force more people to rely on
private vehicles, increasing traffic
24.1Mpa (3500psi) volumes.
Road Surface friction value
Driver Behavior
0.25 Aggressive driving, frequent lane
changes, and other poor driving
habits can disrupt traffic flow and
Challenges in The Philippine Transport System lead to bottlenecks.
Traffic Congestion
Special Events
Particularly in Metro Manila, traffic
Large events like concerts, sports
congestion is a significant issue, exacerbated
games, or parades can cause
by high population density and rapid
temporary surges in traffic, leading
urbanization
to congestion.
UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE,INC
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
SANTIAGO CITY, PHILIPPINES
Each lane should have a capacity of about 1,800
Economic Factors to 2,000 vehicles per hour under ideal
Rising incomes and economic conditions
growth often lead to higher car
ownership, which can increase traffic
congestion.
Infrastructure Development
Philippines faces challenges in maintaining Recent Developments
and upgrading its infrastructure, leading to
issues such as road deterioration, inadequate Build, Build, Build Program
public transport facilities, and limited A Government initiative aimed at improving
connectivity in rural area and modernizing infrastructures, which
including transport facilities, roads, bridges,
Environmental Impact airports, seaports, railways, and urban
The dominance of older, less development projects.
environmentally friendly vehicles like
jeepneys contributes to air pollution Major projects include the extension of the
LRT lines, construction of new expressways,
Safety and Security and the development of regional airports
Accidents, crime, and natural disasters pose
risks to transport safety, particularly in o Key Infrastructure Projects
maritime and rural areas
North-South Commuter Railway
Peak Hour Factor (NSCR)
The Peak Hour Factor (PHF) is a measure used in A railway project intended to
traffic engineering to assess the distribution of connect Manila to surrounding
traffic volume within the peak hour. provinces, easing traffic and
reducing travel time
It helps to identify how traffic is concentrated
during the busiest times on a roadway. Specifically, Clark International Airport
the PHF compares the peak 15-minute traffic Expansion
volume within the peak hour to the total volume Aimed at decongesting Ninoy
during that hour Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
Hourly Volume and promoting economic growth in
PHF = Central Luzon
60
( ) ∗ 15 min 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
15
New Clark City
Wherein if: A planned community and economic
PHF = 1 zone aimed to decongest Metro
Indicates that traffic is evenly distributed Manila and designed to serve as an
throughout the hour, with no significant peaks alternative government center and
urban hub
PHF < 1
Suggests that traffic is more concentrated during Modernization of Public Transport
a short time within the hour, indicating potential Efforts are underway to modernize jeepneys
congestion or bottlenecks. and buses to meet environmental standards,
such as using electric vehicles.
Design Hourly Volume Biking and Active Transport
The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the
development of bike lanes and pedestrian-
Peak Hour Volume friendly areas, especially in Metro Manila
DHW =
𝑃𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
