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Chapter# 07

Chapter 07 discusses random variables, defining outcomes, experiments, and random experiments. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous random variables and explains the generation of random numbers through various methods, including pseudo random techniques. The chapter also highlights the applications of random numbers in simulations, sampling, and situations where direct experiments are impractical.

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6 views2 pages

Chapter# 07

Chapter 07 discusses random variables, defining outcomes, experiments, and random experiments. It distinguishes between discrete and continuous random variables and explains the generation of random numbers through various methods, including pseudo random techniques. The chapter also highlights the applications of random numbers in simulations, sampling, and situations where direct experiments are impractical.

Uploaded by

Sikandar Hayat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter# 07 Random Variables

Outcome:
The result of an experiment is called outcome.
For example; When we toss a coin we may get Head or Tail.
When we roll a fair die we may get 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.
Experiment:
Any process which produce some results is called an experiment.
For example, tossing a coin, rolling a fair die, etc.
6.16 Random Experiment:
An experiment which may produce different result at each draw is called random
experiment.
For example; tossing a coin, rolling a fair die, etc.
7.2 Random Variable:
A variable (𝑋) which represents the number of successes of random experiment is called
the random variable.
The random variables are usually denoted by 𝑋 , 𝑌 𝑜𝑟 𝑍 and the values of random
variables are named as 𝑥 , 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑧.
Random Variable has (02) types;
I. Discrete Random Variable
II. Continuous Random Variable

7.2.1 Discrete Random Variable:


If a random variable takes only the whole numbers of digits such as; 𝑋 = 0, 1, 2, … … then
it is called discrete random variable. The sample space of the discrete random variable
will also be discrete.
7.2.2 Continuous Random Variable:
If a random variable takes both the whole numbers and fractions of digits then it is called
the continuous random variable.
It has connection with measurements.
7.3 Random Numbers:
Random numbers are the set of the sequence of digits.
If the sequence is as; {0, 1, 2, 3, … … … … . , 9} then each digit has the same probability
0.1=1/10.
If the sequence is as; {0, 1, 2, 3, … … … … . , 99} then each digit has the same probability
.01=1/100.
7.4 Generation of Random Numbers:
Some common ways of getting the random numbers are;
I. Playing Cards.
II. Tossing the Coins.
III. Rolling the Dices.
IV. Drawing the Number Slips.
V. Pseudo Random Techniques.

7.4.1 Pseudo Random Techniques:


We may get the sequence of such digits easily, these techniques are called Pseudo
Random Techniques.
The method is used to generate the random numbers is;
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑏(𝑀𝑜𝑑 𝑚) ; 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … …

7.5 Application of Random Numbers:


1. These are used in simulation techniques.
2. Random numbers are used in sampling.
3. These are used where direct experiments are not possible.
4. We may use the random numbers table row-wise and column-wise.

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