1

2
3
The difference between sick and ill
To most people, both sick and ill more or less mean the same thing, that you are not in a healthy condition.
Sick is less formal than ill and usually describes short-term ailments or diseases (like a cold or cough). Sick can also
refer to feeling nauseous. In British English, to be sick can mean to vomit.
Ill is often for more serious health problems (like cancer or pneumonia) but can also be used for short-term ones.
Illness (noun) refers to a medical condition. Sickness (noun) refers to how you feel.

The difference between ache and pain

ACHE is a continuous or prolonged dull pain in a part of the body. It can often be a throbbing sensation that covers
more than one point. You can sometimes try and ignore an ache.
PAIN is physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury. It is usually a sharp sensation in a specific part of
the body and hurts more than an ache.

4
 a fever: an abnormally high body temperature, usually
Health Problems accompanied by shivering and a headache.
The following is a list of common health problems the flu: flu is the common name given for influenza. It is
(ailments and illnesses) with the definition of each word a contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages
or expression: that causes fever and sever aching.
an allergy: a medical condition that causes you to react a headache: a continuous pain in the head.
badly or feel sick when you eat or touch a particular
substance. heartburn: a form of indigestion felt as a burning
sensation in the chest. It is caused by acid regurgitation
asthma: a respiratory condition where spasms in the into the esophagus.
lungs cause difficulty in breathing. An asthmatic uses
an inhaler to calm the spasms. (the) measles: an infectious viral disease causing fever
and a red rash on the skin. It typically occurs in
a backache: a prolonged pain in the back. childhood.
a broken leg: when a bone in the leg is broken. A a rash: a lot of small red spots on the skin that are
broken leg is put in a cast to help immobilize the leg so usually itchy.
that it heals quicker. Other parts of the body with bones
can also be broken, for example a broken arm, a sore throat: a condition of pain in the throat, typically
a broken wrist etc. caused by inflammation of it.

cancer: a serious disease caused by an uncontrolled a sprain: an injury to a joint in your body, especially
division of abnormal cells that kill normal body cells in a your wrist or ankle, caused by suddenly twisting it.
part of the body.
a stomachache (US) - stomach ache (Brit): The pain
a cold: a common viral infection which causes mucus in a person's belly. Notice how the word can be spelled
to run from the nose, gives a sore throat and often together or as two words, depending on the country.
includes sneezing.
sunburn: when the skin becomes red with
a cough: the act of expelling air from the lungs with a inflammation as a result of overexposure to the
sudden sharp sound. ultraviolet rays of the sun.

diarrhoea: (America English: diarrhea) an illness in a toothache: the pain in a tooth or teeth.
which faeces are discharged from the bowels frequently
and in a liquid form.
an earache: pain inside the ear.

5
A. Match the illnesses/disorders with the pictures. B. Match the verbs with the
1.sore throat 2.overweight 3.headache 4.nervous breakdown 5.cold right phrases.
6.asthma 7.cough 8.depression 9.toothache 10.flu 11.pimples a. catch 1. sick
12.chickenpox 13.allergy 14.food poisoning 15.lung cancer b. give 2. stung by a flea
c. injure 3. your hand
d. get 4. a wound
e. sprain 5. headaches
f. prescribe 6. against measles
g. treat 6. your leg
h. heal 7. the flu
i. disinfect 8. your ankle
j. get 9. feverish
k. fracture 10. a cold
l. be 11. your arm
m. suffer 12. some medicine
from 13. a patient
n. have 14. a cut
o. vaccinate 15. an injection

C. Complete the text with words from the box.

prescription appointment vitamins General Practitioner medicine surgery throat blood pressure
chemist´s stuffy drops symptoms stressful run down health feverish appetite
medical certificate stethoscope receptionist antibiotics waiting-room temperature sick leave

On Monday I was feeling a little under the weather. So I called my ____________and made an ___________ .
When I arrived at his _________, I gave my name to the _________ and awaited my turn in the __________ .
The doctor asked me what my __________ were. I told him I had a sore _________, a ________ nose and was
__________. I was feeling _________ and had lost my __________. I have a very __________ life and I think that is
affecting my __________. The doctor listened to my breathing with the _________, took my _________ and
measured my ___________, which was a bit high. Then he wrote out a __________ for some _________ which
would make me feel better: _________ for a tonsil infection, nasal __________ and_________ to perk up my
appetite. He also said I needed to rest, so he gave me a ___________ . When I left, I went immediately to the
__________ and called my office to warn that I would be on a __________ for a week.

D. Match the verbs used to express pain/ E.Match the sentences with these pictures.
unpleasant feelings with the suitable phrases.
1. He flinched a. with cold
2. The child b. when he saw the syringe
sobbed c. when he hit his finger
3. She wept d. when she saw the cut on her finger
4. He moaned e. when he exercised
5. She fainted f. in the cold surgical ward
6. He screamed g. because her foot was badly hurt
7. He shivered h. with a cramp
8. She limped i. after going without food for 3 days
9. She trembled j. when he lifted the heavy box and
10. He sweated hurt his back.
11. He winced k. when he felt pain on his back while
12. His leg exercising
stiffened l. when she felt the labor pain

6
A. Match the people with the pictures. B. Match the ailments with the symptoms.
1. GP 2.x-ray technician 3.orthopedist 4.psychiatrist 1. rash a. My stomach hurts badly and I’ve got
5.nurse 6.paediatrician 7.nutritionist 8.physiotherapist diarrhea. When I eat sth. I have to
9.masseur10.surgeon 11.ophthalmologist 12.psychologist 2. sore throat throw up. I feel nauseous.
13.cardiologist 14.dentist 15.chemist 16.obstetrician b. Every night I lie awake and can´t
fall asleep. I feel exhausted.
3. flu
c. I’ve got stomachache and heartburn
after eating.
4. cold d. I feel itchy and scratchy. I have to
scratch my skin all the time.
5. constipation e. I’ve got a stuffy nose and strong
headaches. I’ve had fever for 2 days.
6. bad cough I feel tired and I’ve lost my appetite.
My muscles ache and I feel dizzy.
7. food f. My throat hurts badly. I can’t eat
anything and I can’t sleep because I
poisoning
feel terrible. I’ve got the chills.
g. I’ve got a runny nose and can’t
8. insomnia
breathe well. I have a splitting headache.
h. I can’t stop coughing. My chest and
9. indigestion my back hurt.
i. My belly is swollen. It’s always hard
to defecate.

C. Match the medical advice with the health problems in exercise B.

a. Take paracetamol and antiviral medication 3 times soothe the pain.
daily after meals. Get lots of rest and drink plenty of g. Take aspirin to appease your headache and nasal
fluids. drops 3 times a day. Get some rest.
b. Take a laxative every morning for two days. Get some h. Avoid spicy or fried food. Cut down on salt, fat and
exercise and eat lots of fruit and veggies. sugar and eat small portions of food. If you don’t get
c. Apply a soothing ointment on the affected areas. better, we might have to run some tests.
Wash your skin with antibacterial lotion. i. Don’t eat solid food and drink fluids. Avoid sugary
d. Take cough syrup twice a day. If the cough doesn’t drinks. Eating should begin slowly, when nausea and
stop, you’ll have to take an x-ray. vomiting have stopped. You can eat plain foods that
e. Eat healthy and exercise regularly. Take sleeping pills are easy on the stomach: rice, wheat, breads,
when you feel too tired. potatoes, low-sugar cereals, lean meats, and chicken
f. Take antibiotics every 8 hours. Use honey drops to to start.

D. Sort out the following HEALTH IDIOMS. Which ones do you use to say that …

1. I've never felt better. I'm really fighting fit. 5. After taking these vitamins, I feel as fit as a fiddle.
2. I'm a bit out of sorts. 6. I'm feeling run down.
3. I'm coming down with something. 7. After resting, I am as fresh as a daisy.
4. I was quite ill but now I feel as right as rain. 8. I'm feeling a bit off-colour / under the weather.

7
 Activity 1: Your eating habits

a Read the statements and tick the ones you agree with. Discuss your responseswith your
classmates.
1. I eat more or less the same here as I did back home.
2. I rarely eat fast food apart from when I fancy a little treat from time to time.
3. There are so many more food choices the UK than in my country but I don’t think that’s necessarily
a good thing.

4. It’s a lot easier to be healthy in the UK than in other places.

5. I reckon ready meals are really useful option for working people with busy lives.
6. I snack a lot more now than I used to.
7. I don’t eat much processed food.
8. In the UK, there are a lot more people with eating disorders than in my country.

Glossary
to fancy something (v) – to want to have or do something (inf.)

ready meals (n) - a meal that is already prepared and cooked in a factory so just needs heatingup (often in a microwave) to be ready to eat

processed food (n) – processed food has had chemical or industrial treatment to cook it andimprove its taste or appearance so that it is no
longer natural

eating disorders (n) – an illness in which people eat far too much (e.g. binge eating) or not enough (e.g. bulimia or anorexia
nervosa) because they are unhappy particularly with theirbodies

8
 Activity 2: Tackling obesity
Government Obesity Strategy Unveiled

Obesity is one of the biggest health crises the country faces. Almost two-thirds (63%) of adults in
England are overweight or living with obesity – and 1 in 3 children leave primary school
overweight or obese, with obesity-related illnesses costing the NHS £6 billion a year.

Measures include:

 Ban on TV and online adverts for food high in fat, sugar and salt before 9pm when children are most
likely to see them. Evidence shows that exposure to this type of advertising can affect what and when
children eat, both in the short term and the longer term by shaping children’s preferences at a young
age.

 End of deals like ‘buy one get one free’ [BOGOF] on unhealthy food high in salt, sugar and fat. There
will also be a ban on these items being placed in prominent locations in stores, such as at checkouts
and entrances, and online. In the UK we spend more buying food products on promotion than any other
European country and a survey from 2018 shows that around 43% of all food and drink products located
in prominent areas were for sugary foods and drinks, compared to just 1% for healthy items. Shops will
be encouraged to promote healthier choices and offer more discounts on food like fruit and vegetables.

 Calories to be displayed on menus to help people make healthier choices when eating out while
alcoholic drinks could soon have to list hidden ‘liquid calories’. Research shows eating out is becoming
more common, particularly among families, with 75% of people visiting a restaurant, fast food eatery or
getting a takeaway in the past week, compared to 69% in 2010. However, there is often a lack of
information about the calorie content of these items and research suggests people consume around 200
more calories a day if they eat out compared to food prepared at home.
 New campaign to help people lose weight, get active and eat better. NHS weight management services
will be expanded so more people get the support they need to lose weight. This will include more self-
care apps and availability of online tools for people with obesity-related conditions and accelerating the
NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme.

 More front-of-pack nutritional labelling such as the traffic light scheme (food labelled red, amber or green
to show the percentage of fat, sugar and salt that is in the food). Research shows that people who look
at front of pack nutritional labelling are shown to have healthier shopping baskets, fewer calories, less
sugar, fat and salt content and higher fibre content.

9
Read the information on a new government obesity strategy adapted from the UK
government’s website. Use the information to answer the questions.

a) Why are adverts for food high in fat, sugar and salt only being allowed on television after 9:00pm?

b) What is the current problem with the BOGOF deals in the UK? What does the government want retailers
to do in the future?

c) What is being done to help people who often eat out to make good choices about what they eat?

d) What help will be made available to encourage people to become more active and lose weight?

e) How does the traffic light labelling scheme help people lose weight?

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A. Then put the words/expressions under the right heading.

● binge drinking ● jackpot ● drunkenness ● sniffing/snorting ● cigarette ● compulsive surfing

● cyberspace ● chips ● vending machines ● SHS (Secondhand Smoking) ● booze ● overdose
● a bet ● social networking sites (Facebook) ● ecstasy ● liquor ● big win ● injecting
● chatrooms ● hangover ● nicotine ● loan sharks ● crack ● online friends ● lung cancer

Tobacco Alcohol Drugs Internet/ computer Gambling

use

______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

_ _ _ _ _
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________

_ _ _ _ _
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
B. Now match the definitions on the right to teens’ _
_ _ _ a) Continued consumption_of alcoholic
most frequent addictions in the bubble. beverages.
______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________
b) Those who do too much of this are called
1.
_ _ _ workaholics.
_ _
c) They are so, so very sweet. You can’t
2.
______________ ______________ ______________ resist them.
______________ ______________
3. d) When you do too much of this, people
_ _ _ _ _
4. say you are a shopaholic.
5. 5.5. e) Playing games for money.
6. f) You spend hours and hours in front of it.
7.
g) You can’t live without them.
8. 9.
h) There are light ones and heavy ones, but all
of them are dangerous and can cause serious
10. damage to your health.
i) Teens play video games compulsively
j) You’re addicted to this when you have
formed an uncontrollable dependence on
cigarettes.

11
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES CHART (CUADRO DE ORACIONES CONDICIONALES)
TYPE OF CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE USES EXAMPLES
CONDICIÓN (O. Subord.) CONSECUENCIA (O.Princ.) - Expresamos situaciones que - If you study hard, you will/can pass your test. (Si
IF + SUJ. + PRESENT SIMPLE SUJ. + FUTURE (will) pensamos son posibles. estudias mucho aprobarás tu examen.)
TYPE 1 PROBABLE
IF + SUJ. + PRESENT SIMPLE SUJ. + PRESENT SIMPLE - Cuando tenemos presente simple - If (when/whenever) you warm water at 100º, it
CONDITION
IF + SUJ. + PRESENT SIMPLE SUJ. + MODAL (pres) + en las dos oraciones nos referimos a boils. (Si calientas agua a 100º, hierve.)
OPEN CONDITIONAL
INFINITIVE verdades universales con seguridad - If you don’t want to watch TV, read a book. (Si no
(TIPO 1 CONDICIÓN
IF + SUJ. + PRESENT SIMPLE IMPERATIVE de que se cumpla. quieres ver la tele, lee un libro.)
PROBABLE)
IF + SUJ. + PRES. CONTIN. SUJ+FUTURE (will /going to) - If you are eating a lot, you are going to get fatter.
(Si estás comiendo mucho, vas a engordar.)
CONDICIÓN (O. Subord.) CONSECUENCIA (O.Princ.) - Expresamos situaciones hipotéticas - If I won the lottery, I would/could/might buy a big
TYPE 2 IMPROBABLE
IF + SUJ. + PAST SIMPLE S+WOULD/COULD/MIGHT o imaginarias. Es improbable que se house. (Si ganase la lotería, me compraría una casa
CONDITION
+ INFINITIVE cumpla esa situación. grande.)
(TIPO 2 CONDICIÓN
IF I WERE YOU SUJ+ WOULD+INFINITIVE - Para dar consejos. - If I were you, I would eat less fat. (Si yo fuera tú,
IMPROBABLE)
comería menos grasas.)
TYPE 3 IMPOSSIBLE CONDICIÓN (O. Subord.) CONSECUENCIA (O.Princ.) - Expresamos situaciones en el - If he had driven carefully, he wouldn’t have had an
CONDITION IF + SUJ. + PAST PERFECT SUJ + pasado que no llegaron a cumplirse accident. (Si él hubiera conducido con cuidado, no
(TIPO 3 CONDICIÓN WOULD/COULD/MIGHT + nunca. habría tenido el accidente.)
IMPOSIBLE) HAVE + PARTICIPIO

LINK WORDS (NEXOS) USES (USOS) EXAMPLES (EJEMPLOS)

UNLESS - Sólo se emplea en condicionales de 1er tipo. Equivale a if…..not : si….no - I won’t wear my raincoat unless it rains. (No me pondré el chubasquero si no llueve.)
PROVIDED / - Enfatizan la condición. Con tal de que…, a condición de que…… - I will help you, providing that you try to work. (Te ayudaré con tal de que intentes
PROVIDING THAT trabajar.)
AS LONG AS / - Enfatizan la condición. Siempre que…, mientras…, a condición de que… - You can play in the living-room as long as you are quiet. (Podéis jugar en el salón
ON CONDITION THAT siempre que estéis callados.)
WHETHER - Enfatiza que hay una elección entre dos cosas. - You’ll have to pay whether you want to or not. (Tendrás que pagar tanto si quieres como si no.)

EXPRESSING WISHES: I WISH / IF ONLY (EXPRESAR DESEOS “OJALÁ”)

STRUCTURE USES EXAMPLES
I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST SIMPLE Nos referimos al tiempo presente. - I wish I had a car. (Ojalá tuviera un coche.)
I WISH / IF ONLY + PAST PERFECT Nos referimos al tiempo pasado. - I wish it hadn’t rained. (Ojalá no hubiera llovido.)
I WISH / IF ONLY + WOULD + INFINITIVE Expresamos una queja referida al presente por algo que siempre se está - I wish you would stop complaining! (¡Ojalá dejaras de quejarte!)
haciendo y nos molesta.
I WISH / IF ONLY + COULD / HAVE TO + INFINT Nos referimos al tiempo futuro. - If only I didn’t have to get up early tomorrow. (Ojalá no tuviera que
levantarme pronto mañana.)

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 MIXED CONDITIONALS

Mixed conditionals are a mixture of type 2 and type 3 conditionals and refer to imaginary situations.
Type 2 conditionals refer to the present or future, type 3 conditionals refer to the past. Mixed
conditionals occur when the time reference in the if clause is different from the main clause.
1) past (3rd) present (2nd) If we had known you were coming, the house would be tidy.
nd rd
2) present (2 ) past (3 ) If John lived in the city, he would have gone to the match.

1) Read each sentence. Decide if each explanation, A and B, is true (T) or false (F).

1. Jack could have been a famous swimmer if he was more prepared to train hard.
A) Jack isn’t a famous swimmer. _______B) Jack doesn’t like training hard. _______

2. If Ned’s parents had moved to France, he might speak French now.

A) Ned’s parents moved to France ______ B) Ned doesn’t speak
French.__________

3. If John and Adam had talked to each other more, they could still be friends today.
A) They didn’t talk to each other enough._____ B) They are still friends. _______

4. If Mary didn’t believe her son’s story, she might have called the police.
A) Mary doesn’t believe her son’s story. ______ B) Mary called the police._______

5. Sarah would have found a husband years ago if she wanted to get married.
A) Sarah wants to get married.________ B) Sarah has found a husband. _______

6. If the Smiths had missed the train, they wouldn’t be here to enjoy their cousin’s wedding.
A)The Smiths missed the train. ______ B) They come to their cousin’s
wedding._____

2) Match the two halves of the mixed conditional sentences. Complete the second part
with the correct verbs.

1. If she had done the work properly, A. I _________________ (call) for a taxi.

2. If you weren’t my best friend, B. if he ______________________ (not

like) children.

3. If I’d saved enough money, C. the garden________________ (not

look) so beautiful.

4. He wouldn’t have become a teacher D. if he __________________________

(fail) his exams.

5. If it hadn’t rained so much, E. I______________________ (not tell)

you what I really think.

6. Ted wouldn’t be going to university F. if he ___________________ (not

have) his exam tomorrow.

7. If I hadn’t left my phone at home, G. I______________________ (buy) you

the dress.

8. Frank would have gone to the club H. her boss________________ (be)

pleased.
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 3) Complete these mixed conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If John _________________ (accept) that job at the bank, he _____________________ (be) on a high
salary by now.
2. Sarah _______________________ (not be) at this school now if her parents ____________________ (not
move) to this town two years ago.
3. If I ____________________________ (not like) meat, I _________________________________ (not order)
it from the menu last night.

4. If Tom ____________________ (lose) his iPad, he ___________________ (not be) looking miserable.

5. If Alan ______________________ (be) rude to Ann, she ____________________ (like) him.

6. If I ____________________ (like) animated films, I ______________________ (watch) Cinderella.

7. If the television_______________________ (break), we _____________ (watch) the game this weekend.

4) Rewrite each pair of sentences as a mixed conditional sentence.

1. The Browns are on holiday. That’s why they didn’t visit their neighbours.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

2. I didn’t learn to play the violin. I’m not in an orchestra now.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Kate is learning Portuguese. That’s why she spent two weeks in Lisbon.
__________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Jeremy isn’t fit. That’s why he didn’t finish the race.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Paul does believe you. That's why he didn’t leave you.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

6. You aren’t a good student. That’s why you didn’t go to university.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

7. It rained all night. That’s why we can’t play football on the field.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Mark worked hard last term. That’s why he’s disappointed with his exam results.
_________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Mary is a hard worker. That’s why she’s got a promotion.

_________________________________________________________________________________________

14
 ASSUMING (THAT) BUT FOR
accepting that something is true without being sure used to introduce the reason why something didn’t or
about it: did happen:
 Assuming that all goes well, how long is the  But for the traffic, I would have been here an hour
project expected to take? ago.
 Even assuming that smokers do see the health  I might never have got to university but for you.
warnings, I doubt they'll take any notice.

IF + WERE TO IN CASE / IN CASE OF (+ noun)

In formal situations, we can use if + were to when we
if something happens, or in preparation for when
talk about things that might happen but which we
something happens:
think are unlikely:
 If the Prime Minister were to resign, there would  Bring a map in case you get lost.
have to be a general election within 30 days.  The camping area has ready access to water, in
 Even if England were to win the next two matches, case of fire.
Germany would still be three points ahead.

IN THE EVENT OF SOMETHING ON (THE) CONDITION THAT : only if

IN THE EVENT THAT SOMETHING HAPPENS  I'll come to the party on the condition that you
if something happens:
don't wear those ridiculous trousers!
 In the event of a strike, the army will take over
 The bank lent the company 100,000 pounds on
responsibility for firefighting.
condition that they repaid the money within six
 In the event that the performance is canceled, you
months.
can get your money back.

OR ELSE OR / OTHERWISE
1) used to say what will happen if another thing does used to say that something bad could happen if
not happen: someone does not do a particular thing
 We must be there by six, or else we'll miss the  You’ve got to start studying, or you’ll fail all those
beginning. exams.
2) used as a threat, sometimes humorously:  We’d better send it express, otherwise it’ll take
 He'd better find it quickly, or else days.
(= or I will punish him in some way)!

PROVIDING (THAT) more common in speaking SO LONG AS / AS LONG AS

PROVIDED (THAT) more formal / more common in writing used to say that one thing can happen or be true only if
used to say what must happen or be done to make it another thing happens or is true
possible for something else to happen.  You can play in the living room as long as you don’t
 We'll buy everything you produce, providing of make a mess.
course the price is right.  So long as there is a demand for these drugs, the
 They may do whatever they like provided that it is financial incentive for drug dealers will be there.
within the law.

SUPPOSING (THAT) /SUPPOSE (THAT) UNLESS

used at the beginning of a sentence or clause to mean used to say that something can only happen or be true
'what would happen if': in a particular situation.
 Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do  You won't get paid for time off unless you have a
then? doctor's note.
 Suppose we miss the train - what will we do then?  I won’t change anything unless someone has asked
me to.
15
 Conditionals Exercise 1
How could you rewrite the following sentences using the suggested alternative conditional
words?
Example as long as
I’ll go if you go too
Answer: I’ll go as long as you go too.

As long as
1. You should put more paper in the photocopier tray. That way you will not have any problems.

Otherwise
2. If lectures are boring students will not want to attend.

Provided that
3. If you include all the correct references you will not be plagiarising.

Providing that
4. If you have already answered the first question, you can do the second question.

Supposing
5. She will graduate next year if she passes all her courses.

Unless
6. Don’t take this course if you are not ready to study statistics.

As long as
1. The research will continue if there is enough funding.

Otherwise
2. You can only do the quiz if you have access to the Internet.

Provided that
3. This experiment is likely to succeed if we follow all the steps correctly.

Providing that
4. As long as I have all my data I will finish my thesis next year.

Supposing
5. If you are interested in language you could study linguistics.

16
 How to be happy
Reading skills practice: How to be happy – exercises
What can we do to be happy in life? How can we avoid being unhappy? Four psychologists give their advice.

Preparation
Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–h next to the numbers 1–8.

because the thing itself is worthwhile (not for

1…….. the feel-good factor a.
any other reason)

the quality in something that makes people

2…….. to lounge around b.
feel happy and positive

3…….. to lose track of time c. to suddenly become angry with someone

to have an honest, open chat with someone

4…….. to be true to yourself d.
about feelings

5…….. to play to your strengths e. to become unaware of the passing of time

to spend time sitting or lying somewhere and

6…….. to have a heart-to-heart f.
not doing very much

to do things that you know you can do well

7…….. for its own sake g.
and to avoid things you are not so good at

8…….. to fly off the handle h. to behave in accordance with your beliefs

17
 How to be happy
We asked four psychologists for their advice on how to be happy and, equally importantly,
how to avoid being unhappy.
A
There has been a lot of research which shows the importance of physical health in
avoiding anxiety and depression. The mind and the body are highly interconnected. We
can all make fairly easy changes in our lifestyle to include more exercise, healthier
eating, getting enough sleep, being exposed to sunlight and so on. Research into
exercise has found that it has a positive impact on mood. Physical activity stimulates
the release of endorphins in the brain to produce the feel-good factor. Sleep is vitally
important for children and adolescents to help concentration levels. A good night’s
sleep also stops people being bad-tempered and flying off the handle.

B
Having good relationships is a big part of being happy. In one study, most happy people
were found to have strong ties to friends and family and they made sure they spent time
with them regularly. You also need at least one person who you discuss personal
feelings with – called ‘self-disclosure’. Just one person for a heart-to-heart is enough,
together with a network of other relationships. It’s not enough to have lots of friends just
to do things with or chat to about music or football. That deeper connection is all-
important. Some people need to learn how to listen effectively to others in order to
develop stronger relationships.
C
I would recommend being completely immersed in a pleasurable activity, sometimes
called experiencing ‘flow’. The activity could be anything from doing judo to painting a
picture to playing chess. Typically, the activities require a certain amount of skill and are
challenging but not too challenging. If you are experiencing flow, you lose track of time
and are immersed in the present moment. You find the activity rewarding for its own
sake. People who spend time doing ‘high-flow’ activities feel more long-term happiness
than those doing things like just lounging around or chatting online.
D
Make like Superman! Discover what your unique strengths and virtues are and then use
them for a purpose which benefits other people or your community. People who play to
their strengths (e.g. curiosity or persistence) or virtues (e.g. justice or humanity) and
use them in different ways and in different situations are happier than those who focus
more on their weaknesses. In other words, focus on the positive, not the negative, and
be true to yourself. Studies in different countries have shown that people who do this
report higher levels of well-being.

18
 How to be happy
1. Check your understanding: multiple choice
Choose the psychologist who gives the following pieces of advice. You can choose each psychologist
more than once.

1. Pay more attention to what people are saying to improve social bonding.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
2. Don’t attach importance to things you don’t do well.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
3. Work on how you bond with other people.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
4. Do something absorbing.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
5. Adjust simple aspects of your daily routine.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
6. Think about how you can help others.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
7. Make sure your activities aren’t too easy (or too difficult).
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D
8. Be authentic.
a. psychologist A
b. psychologist B
c. psychologist C
d. psychologist D

19
 How to be happy
2. Check your understanding: true, false or not given
Read the sentences and write True if the information can be found in the text, False if the information says
the opposite to the text or Not given if the information cannot be found in the text.

1. According to A, it isn’t difficult to make changes to our everyday habits. …………

2. B thinks having a large group of friends is a waste of time. …………

3. B believes that you should spend large amounts of time with your close friends. …………

4. According to C, we should do activities which are enjoyable but require some effort. …………

5. C thinks that we should seek to develop new skills. …………

6. D believes that we should prioritise improving our weak points. …………

3. Check your vocabulary: grouping

Write the collocations in the correct group.

things with your friends

an activity changes research
friends with
someon
e
something
judo a decision progress like
enjoyable
Superman

Do Make

Discussion

What do you do to be happy?

Which of the advice in the text do you think is good
advice? Are happiness levels high in your country?

20
Can a healthy lifestyle were turned on and 453 genes
that were turned off. The activity
alter your genes?
of disease-preventing genes
increased while a number of
Comprehensive lifestyle changes disease-promoting genes,
including a better diet and more including those involved in
exercise can lead not only to a prostate cancer and breast
better physique, but also to swift cancer, shut down, according to
and dramatic changes at the the study published in the journal
genetic level, U.S. researchers Proceedings of the National
said on Monday. In a small Academy of Sciences.
study, the researchers tracked 30
men with low-risk prostate The research was led by Dr.
cancer who decided against Dean Ornish, head of the
conventional medical treatment Preventive Medicine Research
such as surgery and radiation or Institute in Sausalito, California,
hormone therapy. and a well-known author
advocating lifestyle changes to
The men underwent three months improve health."It's an exciting
of major lifestyle changes, finding because so often people
including eating a diet rich in say, 'Oh, it's all in my genes,
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, what can I do?' Well, it turns out
legumes and soy products, you may be able to do a lot,"
moderate exercise such as Ornish, who is also affiliated
walking for half an hour a day, with the University of California,
and an hour of daily stress San Francisco, said in a
management methods such as telephone interview. "'In just
meditation. As expected, they three months, I can change
lost weight, lowered their blood hundreds of my genes simply by
pressure and saw other health changing what I eat and how I
improvements. But the live?' That's pretty exciting,"
researchers found more profound Ornish said. "The implications of
changes when they compared our study are not limited to men
prostate biopsies taken before with prostate cancer."
and after the lifestyle changes.
After the three months, the men
had changes in activity in about
500 genes -- including 48 that
21
Can a healthy lifestyle change in their activity
alter your genes? 5. Which of the following is
NOT mentioned in the article?
Answer these questions - The men in the study:
(choose the best answer): complained about
headaches
lost weight
1. The article basically states
that a healthy lifestyle: lowered their blood
pressure
can even alter your genes
for the better.
has no effect on your
genes.
is good for the
environment.

2. Apart from eating healthy

food and exercising, the men
in the study:
were put under a lot of
stress.
were taught stress
management methods.
were given a lot of meat.

3. In total, how many genes

changed as a result of the
healthy lifestyle?
48
453
500

4. What happened to some of

the disease-causing genes?
Their activity increased
Their activity decreased
There was very little
22
 age-related cognitive decline, ensuring
Hobbies & Health
sustained mental sharpness well into later
Engaging in hobbies provides numerous years. Social hobbies, like joining book clubs
psychological and physical benefits, acting as or engaging in community service, provide
a crucial element for well-being and personal essential opportunities for social interaction
development. For instance, undertaking and the building of strong relationships.
creative activities, such as painting or writing, Involvement in these activities fosters a sense
enables an individual to express emotions, of community and belonging, which is
fostering emotional resilience. Moreover, imperative for mental health. They enable
these hobbies often lead to the cultivation of individuals to broaden their perspectives,
patience and perseverance, as the creative learning from diverse experiences and
process demands a significant investment of viewpoints, thereby fostering empathy and
time and effort. On the contrary, physical understanding. Ultimately, the repertoire of
hobbies like hiking or playing a sport offer hobbies an individual can explore is vast, each
tangible health benefits, including improved offering unique benefits that contribute to
cardiovascular health and enhanced stamina. holistic development. Diversifying one's
hobbies and actively engaging in them
Engaging in regular physical activity also
enriches life, imparting a sense of purpose and
triggers the release of endorphins, effectively
fulfillment.
reducing stress and anxiety levels.
Consequently, individuals who indulge in
Hence, it is incumbent upon all to allocate
such pursuits often exhibit a higher degree of
time for hobbies, acknowledging their vital
mental acuity and emotional stability.
role in crafting a balanced and enriching life
Furthermore, intellectual hobbies such as
chess or learning a new language serve as experience.

excellent tools for cognitive sharpening.

These activities stimulate the brain, enhancing
memory, problem-solving skills, and overall
intellectual agility.

Participating in intellectually demanding

hobbies thus provides a robust defense against

23
Hobbies & Health 3. What do regular physical activities trigger
that helps in reducing stress?
Reading Comprehension A. Lower cognitive abilities.
Exercises B. Reduction in social interactions.
True / False / Not Given C. Constant fatigue.
1. Engaging in creative hobbies promotes D. Release of endorphins.
emotional resilience.

2. Gardening is mentioned as an intellectual

hobby.
4. How do intellectual hobbies benefit the brain?
3. Social hobbies help individuals gain new A. They help in reducing social connections.
perspectives and foster empathy. B. They are only meant to pass time and have
no real benefits.
4. Regular physical activity can lead to better
stress management. C. They stimulate the brain, enhancing memory
and problem-solving skills.
5. Painting and writing require a significant D. They primarily benefit cardiovascular health.
investment of time and effort.

6. Intellectual hobbies are effective against

cognitive decline. 5. What is a notable benefit of engaging in
socially-based hobbies?
7. Community service doesn’t foster a sense of
belonging. A. They foster a sense of community and
belonging.
Multiple Choice
1. How can creative activities like painting or B. They are mainly for intellectual development.
writing impact an individual's emotional C. They increase isolation and loneliness.
state?
D. They primarily cause emotional instability.
A. They depreciate the importance of social
interactions.
6. Why are intellectually demanding hobbies
B. They primarily increase physical stamina.
advantageous for older adults?
C. They are purely for entertainment and
A. They offer no benefits.
provide no emotional benefits.
B. They provide robust defense against age-
D. They enable emotional expression, fostering
related cognitive decline.
emotional resilience.
C. They cause physical deterioration.
2. What is one advantage of engaging in D. They reduce intellectual capabilities.
physical hobbies?
A. Fostering boredom and loneliness. 7. What ultimate role do hobbies play in an
individual's life according to the text?
B. Decreasing concentration levels.
A. They contribute to a balanced and enriching
C. Only providing aesthetic skills.
life experience.
D. Improving cardiovascular health and
B. They decrease overall life satisfaction.
enhancing stamina.
C. They lead to negative social interactions.
D. They are merely time-consuming with no real
benefits.
24
 9.
10.Why is involvement in social hobbies
8. What is a common element required for both imperative for mental health?
creative and physical hobbies?
A. It reduces cognitive capabilities.
A. Immediate outcomes.
B. It impedes emotional development.
B. Patience and perseverance.
C. It decreases one's sense of purpose.
C. Lack of effort.
D. It fosters a sense of community and
D. Isolation from others. belonging.

11. How does diversifying one's hobbies impact

an individual's life?
A. It causes social isolation.
B. It decreases intellectual capabilities.
C. It leads to monotony and lack of interest.
D. It enriches life by imparting a sense of
purpose and fulfillment.

Short Answer
1. How do creative activities contribute to personal development?

2. What psychological benefit is associated with engaging in physical hobbies?

3. How do intellectual hobbies like chess or learning a new language benefit cognitive health?

4. What essential social benefit do social hobbies provide?

5. Why is it important to diversify one's hobbies?

25
 "Modern Lifestyles: A Search for Balance"
In today’s fast-paced world, lifestyles have evolved dramatically over the past few decades. With the rise of technology,
globalization, and shifts in social values, individuals are presented with a multitude of options regarding how to live their
lives. While the diversity of modern lifestyles allows for greater personal freedom and self-expression, it also presents
unique challenges, particularly in the quest for balance between work, personal life, and health.

One of the most common lifestyle choices in modern society is the work-centric lifestyle. Many people dedicate a large
portion of their time and energy to their careers, often prioritizing professional success over other aspects of life. While
this can lead to financial stability and a sense of accomplishment, it frequently comes at the expense of personal
relationships, physical well- being, and mental health. High levels of stress, burnout, and feelings of isolation are often
reported by those who follow this path.

On the other end of the spectrum, a growing number of individuals are embracing the minimalist lifestyle. Minimalism
emphasizes simplicity, reducing material possessions, and focusing on experiences rather than consumer goods. This
lifestyle is often seen as a response to the increasing pressure of consumerism and the desire to find happiness in non-
material aspects of life. Advocates of minimalism report lower levels of stress and a greater sense of contentment, as
they prioritize time for family, hobbies, and personal growth over accumulating wealth and possessions.

Another emerging lifestyle trend is the focus on wellness and holistic living. This approach centers around maintaining a
balanced and healthy lifestyle through practices such as regular exercise, mindful eating, meditation, and self-care. In
contrast to the work-centric lifestyle, holistic living emphasizes the importance of mental, physical, and emotional well-
being. It encourages people to slow down, disconnect from technology, and engage in activities that nurture the body
and mind. However, critics argue that wellness-focused lifestyles can sometimes become overly restrictive or expensive,
as certain practices or products are marketed as essential for achieving a "healthy" life.
Lastly, the concept of digital nomadism has gained popularity in recent years, particularly among younger generations.
Digital nomads use technology to work remotely while traveling the world, enjoying the flexibility to live and work from
any location with an internet connection. This lifestyle offers the freedom to explore different cultures and environments,
but it also presents challenges such as a lack of stability, limited social connections, and the potential for isolation.
In conclusion, modern lifestyles reflect the complexity of living in an interconnected world, where individuals must
navigate a variety of choices to create a life that aligns with their values, needs, and aspirations. Whether it’s the pursuit
of career success, a minimalist approach to life, a focus on wellness, or the freedom of the digital nomad lifestyle, each
choice comes with its own set of rewards and challenges. Ultimately, the key to a fulfilling life may lie in finding a
balance that works for each individual.

26
"Modern Lifestyles: A Search for Balance"
Main Idea
What is the main focus of the article?
a) To argue that everyone should follow a minimalist lifestyle.
b) To describe different modern lifestyle choices and their challenges.
c) To explain why digital nomadism is the best lifestyle.
d) To highlight the dangers of a work-centric lifestyle.
Detail Comprehension
According to the text, what is one common issue faced by individuals with a work-centric lifestyle?
a) They are often physically unhealthy.
b) They tend to accumulate too many possessions.
c) They often experience burnout and isolation.
d) They have too much free time.

Reservados todos los derechos. No se permite la explotación económica ni la transformación de esta obra. Queda permitida la impresión en su totalidad.
Inference
What can be inferred about people who choose a minimalist lifestyle?
a) They are primarily concerned with their financial success.
b) They find happiness in accumulating material goods.
c) They seek simplicity and value experiences over possessions.
d) They spend more money on luxury products.

Detail Comprehension
What is one potential downside of the wellness and holistic lifestyle, according to the article?
a) It encourages people to focus on material wealth.
b) It can be overly restrictive or expensive.
c) It discourages people from exercising.
d) It leads to poor mental health.
Vocabulary in Context
What does the phrase “work remotely” most likely mean in the context of the article?
a) To work in an office.
b) To work from home or any location using technology.
c) To have many jobs at the same time.
d) To avoid working altogether.
Critical Thinking
Based on the text, which lifestyle would best suit someone who values freedom and flexibility?
a) Work-centric lifestyle.
b) Minimalist lifestyle.
c) Wellness and holistic living.
d) Digital nomad lifestyle.
Understanding Structure
Why does the author mention that modern lifestyles reflect “the complexity of living in an
interconnected world”?
a) To suggest that all lifestyles are difficult to maintain.
b) To emphasize the variety of choices available to individuals today.
c) To criticize people for having too many options.
d) To explain why technology makes life harder.
Paraphrasing
Which of the following best summarizes the paragraph about digital nomadism?
a) Digital nomadism offers flexibility and freedom but can also lead to isolation and a lack of
stability.
b) Digital nomads are more successful than people who work in offices.
c) Digital nomads enjoy traveling but never have a permanent home.
d) Digital nomads prioritize financial success over personal fulfillment.

27
Read the text on living a healthy lifestyle. Some words are missing from the text. Choose from the
list the correct word for each gap. There are THREE extra words which you should not use.

What You Didn’t Know About a Healthy Lifestyle

Everyone nowadays knows the benefits of exercise –

but scientists at the University of Maastricht , in the Netherlands , say
the key to staying and keeping fit is to eat less and do
exercise such as walking or cycling. People who affects
exercise too intensively often reward themselves by spending the rest attacks
of the day in front of the TV set. At the same time, they have to eat
more to give them for the next workout. To avoid gaining chemicals
, researchers suggest that going for a longer cholester
walk or riding a bike for a few hours may actually be better than
high-energy exercise. ol diet
disease

A low-fat may be good for your waistline, but doses

research suggests it may have negative psychological . Doctors effects
at Sheffield University have found out that volunteers who followed a
strict twenty-five percent fat diet reported feelings of depressions and energy
bad exercise
.
gentle
heart
Many of us already know that drinking coffee raises your blood
but according to the latest studies, it too, can make mood
you bad-tempered. Mice that were given regular of
physical
caffeine by researchers turned out to be more aggressive than others.
On the other hand, chemicals found in tea can the risk of pressure
heart
protect
and have a positive effect on
levels and high blood pressure. reduce
slim
If you’re a chocolate fan there’s good news for you ! Recent studies weight
have revealed that found in chocolate can not only put
you in a good mood but also you from a variety of minor
illnesses including colds, coughs, depressions and even help reduce
the risk of
disease.

28
29
30
31
32
33
 GENERAL MEDIA ISSUES
(noun) newly received information
about an event that is currently The TV show was interrupted by breaking news about
breaking news occurring or developing an assassination.

Censorship is a major problem in many parts of the

(noun) the suppression or prohibition world, meaning that people cannot get access to real
censorship of any parts of books, films, news, etc. news.

The channel is popular, but few intelligent people find

credible (adj) able to be believed; convincing their reporting credible.

One of the biggest threats in recent years is

the disinformation campaigns run by the Russian and
(noun) false information which is Chinese governments, which have effectively
disinformation intended to mislead weaponised free speech in the West.

(noun) the right to express any In most Western countries, free speech is considered a
opinions without censorship or sacred value, yet few realise how many problems it
free speech restraint creates.

(noun) a heading at the top of an Nowadays, it is pretty common to scan

article or page in a newspaper or the headlines on a news app without even reading the
headline magazine articles.

(noun) a person who writes for

newspapers, magazines, or news Journalists are often criticised but they are an integral
journalist websites part of any democratic society.

A lot of people have lost trust in the mainstream

media, which is a problem because, in spite of their
mainstream (noun) traditional or established various biases, they mostly adhere to a code of conduct
media broadcasting or publishing outlets that is absent in alternative media.

Social media has made misinformation more common

misinformation (noun) false or inaccurate information than ever before.

(noun) means of mass communication People have said for decades that print media is
print media in the form of printed publications dying, yet it will probably last longer than they think.

(noun) information, especially of a

biased or misleading nature, used to In some countries, like China and North Korea, there
promote a political cause or point of is no real difference between reporting
propaganda view and propaganda.

34
 TRADITIONAL MEDIA
Just before the election, the paper ran
(noun) a newspaper article expressing the an editorial that endorsed the underdog candidate,
editorial editor’s opinion on a topical issue giving her campaign a boost.

Though people often mistrust

journalists, investigative journalism has brought
investigative (noun) reporting that inquires intensively about many positive changes in our society by
journalism into and seeks to expose malpractice exposing corruption and other illegal activities.

(noun) an interview given to journalists by

press a prominent person in order to make an The politician held a press conference to announce
conference announcement or answer questions his resignation.

(noun) a piece of news published by a The editor was delighted when his young
newspaper or broadcast by a television or journalists got the scoop and he was able to break
scoop radio station in advance of its rivals the news two hours before anyone else.

Most intelligent people refuse to read the tabloids,

(noun) a newspaper having pages half the but they remain popular because of their
tabloid size of those of the average broadsheet sensationalist reporting style.

viewing (noun) data on the number of people With the rise of social media, most TV news outlets
figures watching a TV show are witnessing a huge drop in viewing figures.

NEW MEDIA
(noun) content whose main purpose is
to attract attention and encourage
visitors to click on a link to a particular Twenty years ago, who could have predicted the rise
clickbait web page of clickbait?

(noun) information made available by a Where once journalism sought to inform or ask questions,
content website or other electronic medium now it often seems like little more than content.

(noun) a person with the ability to

influence potential buyers of a product
or service by promoting or One of the biggest social trends of the last few years has
recommending the items on social been the rise of the influencer, with most young children
influencer media now listing this as their career aspiration.

(verb) transmit or receive live video and

audio coverage of (an event) over the He’s been livestreaming the protest for about four hours
livestream internet now and has more than 20,000 viewers.

(noun) an arrangement whereby access A big problem nowadays is that disreputable news outlets
is restricted to users who have paid to give their content for free while the reputable ones hide it
paywall subscribe to the site behind a paywall.

(verb) make a post on the social media She tweeted a screenshot of the e-mail she received from
tweet application Twitter that company and their share price dropped 20%.

(adj) circulated rapidly and widely from The video went viral in a matter of hours and his career
viral one internet user to another was ruined.

35
 The media
A. Match the words and expressions in box A with a suitable definition in box B.

Box A.

1. current affairs 2. reporters 3. journalists 4. tabloids

5. broadsheets 6. coverage 7. information overload 8. broadcasts
9. web 10. website 11. download 12. the Internet 13. log on

Box B.

A. large-format newspapers I. the millions of pages and sites which

B. small-format newspapers display text and images within the
Internet
C. people who write for newspapers or
periodicals J. to transfer pages from a web site onto
your own computer
D. the amount of space or time given to an
event in newspapers or on television K. the international network linking
E. the political situation as it is now millions of computers

F. radio or television programmes L. a modern expression referring to the

inability of a human to process
G. to enter a password and start to access
a computer system everything he or she hears and sees

H. journalists who write reports of events M. a collection of related pages on the

for a newspaper, periodical or television World Wide Web created by a company,
programme organisation or individual

B. Complete this extract from a television interview with an apropriate word or expression
from the box.

entertainment • invasion of privacy • exploiting • libel • censorship information

• readership • media tycoon • paparazzi • freedom of the press unscrupulous
• gutter press •chequebook journalism

Interviewer: Welcome to today’s

programme. Today we will be discussing the 1
, and asking the question: Should we allow newspapers and
television channels to print or say whatever they like? In the studio I have television
personality Timothy Blake and 2 Rupert Poubelle, multi-
millionaire owner of the Daily Views newspaper. Timothy, let’s start with you.

T.B.: Thank you. In my opinion, it’s time the government imposed stricter
3__________________________ of the press in order to prevent
4__________________________ journalists and reporters from making money by 5
people. I have often accused Mr Poubelle’s organisation of
6 - nowadays I can’t even sunbathe in my garden without
being photographed by his hordes of 7 . They’re like vultures.
And everything they print about me is lies, complete rubbish.

Interviewer: But isn’t it true that the media provides us with valuable 8

56 57
For reference, see the Easier English Dictionary for Students (978 0 7475 6624 3) 36
 and 9 , and censorship would deprive us of much of this?
Rupert?

R.P.: Of course. Mr. Blake’s accusations are unfounded, as are the accusations of 10
we have received, but I can safely say that my journalists
never pay people money to create stories. We are simply reporting the truth. Of course, if
Mr. Blake wants to sue us for 11 , he is very welcome to try.
But he would be depriving our 12 - all eight million of them
- of the things they want…

T.B.: You’re talking rubbish, as usual, like the pathetic 13 you own
and use to fill your pockets with dirty money.

R.P.: Now look here, mate…

A. Now read this essay and complete the gaps with one of the words or expressions from
Tasks A and B. You may need to change the form of some of the words.

‘The media plays a valuable role in keeping us informed and entertained. However, many people
believe it has too much power and freedom.’ Discuss your views on this, giving examples and
presenting a balanced argument both in favour of, and against, the power and freedom of the media.

Barely a hundred years ago, if we wanted to stay informed about what was going on in the world, we had
to rely on word of mouth or, at best, newspapers. But because communication technology was very basic,
the news we received was often days or weeks old.

We still have newspapers, of course, but they have changed almost beyond recognition. Whether we
choose to read the 1 , with their quality 2 of news
and other 3 by top 4 and articles by acclaimed
5 , or if we prefer the popular 6 , with their lively
gossip and colourful stories, we are exposed to a wealth of information barely conceivable at the
beginning of the last century.

We also have television and radio. News 7 let us know about world events
practically as they happen, while sitcoms, chat shows and documentaries, etc. keep us entertained and
informed. And there is also the 8 , where we can access information from
millions of 9__________________________ around the world which we can then 10
onto our own computers.

However, these forms of 11__________________________ and 12 ______________________ (or

‘infotainment’ as they are now sometimes collectively called) have their negative side. Famous
personalities frequently accuse the 13 (and sometimes even respectable
papers) of 14 by the 15 who are determined to
get a story at any cost. Newspapers are often accused of 16 by angry
politicians who dislike reading lies about themselves, and there are frequent accusations of
17__________________________ , with 18__________________________ reporters paying people to
create stories for their newspapers or television programmes. Of course, it is not just the papers which
are to blame. Sex and violence are increasing on the television. Undesirable people fill the
19 with equally undesirable material which can be accessed by
anyone with a home computer. And the fear of 20 prevents many from
21 to the Internet.

Many argue that the government should impose stricter 22 to prevent such
things happening. But others argue that 23 is the keystone of a free country.
Personally, I take the view that while the media may occasionally abuse its position of power, the benefits
greatly outweigh the disadvantages. Our lives would be much emptier without the wealth of information
available to us today, and we are better people as a result.

37
Follow-up task: look up
interesting facts on the internet
about the characters above and
play a game of trivia with your
partner. Let him/her work out
who your descriptions describe.

38
Can you find the slogan ?

39
40
 US drug agency recruits speakers of ‘street slang’

The demand for large numbers of Spanish

translators in America’s war on drugs will Although many scholars do not accept that
come as no surprise. But now, an Ebonics is a language, it got nationwide
attempt to recruit people who speak what attention in 1996 when a school board in
some consider to be a homegrown Oakland, California decided to recognize it as a
United States language has put the Drug primary language and to offer classes taught in
Enforcement Administration (DEA) in the Ebonics.
unique position of seeking translators to
understand what African Americans are The decision was criticized because people
saying to each other. thought it would undermine African American
children’s command of English. Jesse Jackson,
The DEA is hiring nine speakers of the African American civil rights leader,
Ebonics. described it as “an unacceptable surrender”. He
Ebonics is a term that appeared in the later changed his position, saying he had
mid-1970s to describe US black misunderstood that the school’s intent was to
vernacular English. The speakers of use Ebonics to improve the students’ English.
Ebonics will translate wiretaps and video
surveillance tapes into standard “It seems ironic that schools that are serving
American English. The translations will and educating black children have not
allow government agents to track recognized this language,” said H Samy Alim, a
criminal deals and provide evidence that Stanford linguistics professor. “Yet the police
will stand up in court. are recognizing that this is a language that they
don’t understand. It tells us a lot about where
Ebonics is described by some linguists we are socially in terms of recognizing African
as a kind of English that uses the American speech.”
grammar of African languages. But as it
also includes many words that have been The DEA’s need for Ebonics translators was
invented on the streets, others say it is revealed in a document first published by The
just slang. Smoking Gun (a website belonging to Turner
Entertainment Digital Network that uploads
Nonetheless, the DEA is confused material obtained from government and law
enough by the language to ask enforcement sources, via freedom of
companies which provide translation information requests).
services to find nine Ebonics translators.
These translators will cover an area from The DEA says it mostly needs speakers of
Washington DC to New Orleans and Latin American Spanish but it is also seeking
Miami and even the Caribbean. people fluent in 114 languages listed either as
“common” or “exotic”. The common languages
Not everyone agrees with this decision. include Arabic, Farsi and Punjabi. On the exotic
American officials have in the past list are Baloch from Iran, Berber dialects,
denied that Ebonics even exists. Chimora from Guam, Ibo from Nigeria and
“A lot of times people think you’re just Norwegian.
dealing with a few slang words and that
you can work your way around it,” John The Ebonics translators will work in the Atlanta
Rickford, a Stanford University linguistics Field Division where there will be a similar
professor, told the Associated Press. number of Vietnamese, Korean and Laotian
“But that’s not true –it’s a big vocabulary. speakers – and 144 Spanish translators.
There are some
significant differences.”
41
 US drug agency recruits speakers of ‘street slang’
1 Verb or noun?
These words can all be verbs or nouns. Find them in the article. How are they used – as
verbs or nouns? Explain both meanings of the word by making example sentences.
1. recruit (title) verb / noun

2. demand (para 1) verb / noun

3. attempt (para 1) verb / noun

4. track (para 2) verb / noun

5. deal (para 2) verb / noun

6. cover (para 4) verb / noun

7. offer (para 7) verb / noun

8. surrender (para 8) verb / noun

2 Ebonics translation
In the US TV series, The Wire, Baltimore police spend hours listening to wiretaps. How good do you think
you would be at understanding what is being said? Match the Ebonic language on the left with the more
standard English translation on the right.

1. We got to book a. Can I borrow $10?

2. I need a re-up b. Is he scared?

3. Word is bond c. We’ve got to leave.

4. Got $10 I can d. Bye. Got to get to work.

hold? e. I mean it.
5. Is he shook? f. I need a new supply (e.g. of drugs)
6. Well, later. I got
to grind

42
Fill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the text.

intent surrender undermine translator surveillance recruit

linguist deals slang vernacular wiretaps dialect

1. someone who changes spoken or written words into another language, especially as their job

2. to get someone to work in a company or join an organization

3. the language spoken by a particular group or in a particular area, when it is different from the formal
written language
4. equipment that secretly lets telephone conversations be heard or recorded
5. the process of carefully watching a person or place that may be involved in a criminal activity

6. a business transaction that often involves buying or selling drugs

7. someone who teaches or studies languages
8. words or expressions that are very informal and are not considered suitable for more formal situations

9. to make something or someone become gradually less effective, confident or successful

10. the act of giving in to somebody

11. plan, or well-meant idea (the intention to do something)
12. a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

3 Scanning for information

Scan the article to find answers to the questions.

1. What does DEA stand for?

2. How many speakers of Ebonics are the DEA looking for and where will they work?

3. What will the main work of the speakers of Ebonics be?

4. Which of the following languages do the DEA class as ‘common’ and which do they class as
‘exotic’? Arabic, Norwegian, Farsi, Chimora.

43
4 Writing.
a) Are there any expressions, or special ways of communicating, used by young people in your area that older
people may not understand?

b) Is there a strong dialect used in your area? In which ways, and how much, does it differ from the standard
language of your country?

c) How much has your language changed in the course of two generations? Do you use the same terms as
your grandparents do / would have done?

44
 Complete the text with a word from the box. There are TWO words you will not need.

Truman Burbank is a 29-year-old (1) salesman who lives in admitting

a comfortable town called Seahaven, which is (2) on an island,
broadcast
probably off the coast of Florida. Truman is a sincere and very nice person
who begins to (3) that there is something very convince

strange going on his life, and little by little, he learns the (4) . decides
Ever since he was born, Truman has been filmed for a live television show despite
that is (5) 24 hours a day to the
drown
rest of the world, and thus, everything and everyone that he thinks he knows
fact
is, in (6) , part of a giant television studio
designed to (7) his life. family

insurance

Truman begins to discover the (8) of his world when the located

television producers of "The Truman Show" begin to makesilly (9) that mistakes
give Truman an idea of what is really happening. After listening to a radio nature
broadcast that seems to be broadcasting everything he is doing, and then
office
seeing workers who look like they're fixing his own (10) building as if it
were part of a movie set (which it is!), Truman (11) producers

he needs to get away from Seahaven. He tells his wife and best friend that reality
he wants to go to the island of Fiji, where the family of a girl he once liked recorded
very much had apparently moved.
show

suspect
Thus, the (12) of the show must think of every possible way
to (13) Truman that it would really be much truth
better if he stayed home in Seahaven, without of course, (14) _ to
him that his whole world is actually a giantTV studio. Eventually though,
Truman becomes determined to leave the island that he has never left
before, (15) his horrible fear of water (which began as a
child when he thought he saw his father (16) in a storm). As
each way off the island is mysteriously blocked---from car to bus to boat---
Truman comes increasingly closer to finding out the true (17) of the world
around him.

45
 Reading skills practice: The rise of fake news
What is fake news? Why is it so hard to disprove? Who creates it, and why?
Read this article to find out.

Preparation
Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write a–h next to the numbers 1–8.

1…….. a liar a. not factually correct or true

something which appears to be true or real but actually

2…….. false b.
isn’t; it is intended to confuse or deceive people

3…….. a conspiracy theory c. a person who tells lies

4…….. to claim d. a lie, or an incorrect or untrue statement

a belief that a particular situation or event has been

5…….. fake e. secretly planned and organised by powerful people to
serve their own interests

6…….. to denounce something f. to say something which is real or correct

to state that something is true, often without providing any

7…….. a falsehood g.
evidence to support the statement

8…….. to tell the truth h. to state strongly and publicly that something is incorrect

46
47
 The rise of fake news

1. Check your understanding: matching

Match the headings with the correct paragraph and write a–f next to the numbers 1–6.

1…….. Paragraph 1 a. Why fake news is hard to stop

2…….. Paragraph 2 b. How we can try and control fake news

3…….. Paragraph 3 c. Motives for creating fake news

4…….. Paragraph 4 d. The financial rewards of fake news

5…….. Paragraph 5 e. An example of a fake news story

6…….. Not used f. How a fake news story can grow

2. Check your understanding: multiple choice

Circle the best answer to these questions.

1. Why did Elgar Welch go to the pizzeria?

a. He was trying to commit robbery.
b. He hated all supporters of Hillary Clinton.
c. He was working as a private investigator and investigating a crime.
d. He had become concerned after reading an untrue news story.
2. Why did many people not believe The Washington Post and The New York Times when they
denounced the pizzeria story?
a. They checked the facts and found that the articles were incorrect.
b. They didn't trust anybody.
c. They thought the newspapers had a political agenda.
d. They thought the newspapers had not researched the story carefully enough.
3. Who is Steven Smith?
a. a local politician from Georgia
b. a journalist on The New York Times
c. a member of the US House of Representatives
d. a fictitious person, created to attack the media
4. Which reason for the difficulty of controlling fake news stories is not given in the article?
a. Many people don’t read the mainstream media.
b. Online media platforms don’t check stories before publishing them.
c. People are sceptical of the mainstream media.
d. Fake news stories can easily switch to other websites and platforms if caught.
5. Which type of motivation for the creation of fake news is not given?
a. It’s a way of making money from people who pay to read the stories.
b. It’s a way of commenting on current affairs.
c. It’s a way of attacking your political opponents.
d. It’s a form of entertainment.

48
6. How does the author feel about stopping fake news spreading?
a. cautiously optimistic
b. doubtful
c. positive
d. pessimistic

3. Check your vocabulary: gap fill

Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from the box.

claimed conspiracy theories denounces liar

truth falsehood false fake

1. I know you’re lying to me. Just tell me the !

2. Let’s play a game. I tell you a fact and you have to tell me whether it’s true or .

3. After John F Kennedy’s assassination, there were lots of about who killed him
and why.

4. Many people prefer to wear fur instead of clothes made from real animal fur.

5. The newspaper article is of great importance. It human rights abuses all over
the world.

6. She accused him of telling a .

7. I swear that’s the truth! Are you saying I’m a ?

8. The website that the government has been lying to us, but it didn’t present
much real evidence.

Discussion

Where do you get your news from?

Do you follow mainstream news media?
Do you think fake news is a problem?

49
The crow was killed by the fox. Task 1: Match each of the two
sentences with the picture it describes.
The crow killed the fox. Put the right number in the boxes.

Task 2: Select the best past simple sentence to go with each picture.
A) The fish was eaten. A) The golddigger was A) The monkey sang a
B) The fish ate the boy. found some gold. song.
C) The boy was eaten the B) The golddigger found B) The monkey was sung.
boy. some gold. C) The song sang.
C) The golddigger was
found
A) The caveman chased A) The HW was eaten A) The purse was
from the mammoth. by the dog. stealing.
B) The mammoth was B) The HW ate the dog. B) The purse was
chased by the caveman. C) The dog was eaten stolen.
C) The caveman was the HW. C) The boy was stolen
chased by the mammoth. the purse.
A) The girl was sat in
A) The patient made an the cage. A) He fired from his job.
X-ray. B) The girl sat in the B) He was fired from his
B) The doctor was cage. job.
made an X-ray. C) The cage was sat C) The boss was fired him
C) An X-ray was made by the girl. from his job.
by the doctor.
A) The doctor was told A) The chicken ran to
A) The man mugged the the patient not to eat eat.
thief. pies. B) The chicken was run
B) The man was mugged B) The patient told not to eat.
by the thief. to eat pies. C) The chicken was
C) The thief was mugged C) The doctor told the eaten.
the man. patient not to eat pies.
A) The masseur was A) The vet was given A) The couple drove
massaged the patient. the dog a shot. to the capital.
B) The masseur B) The vet was given a B) The couple was
massaged the patient shot. driven to the capital.
C) The masseur was C) The dog was given a C) The capital was
massaged by the shot by the vet. driven by the couple.
patient. 50
 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

1. This problem ..... by your brother 11. The money ...... stolen by the thieves if
yesterday you leave it there
a) was solved b) will be solved a) was b) will be
c) is solved d) solves c) has been d) is

2. My father wrote this book. It ...... by 12. Mr Johnson ....... this book
my father a) is translated b) translated by
a) will be wrote b) was write c) translated d) was translated
c) was written d) is written
13. This policeman ....... that man
3. This clock ........ n 1750 a) was arrested by b) arrested for
a) is made b) was made c) arrested d) will be arrested
c) is making d) will be made
14. We will .......... by that teacher
4. Bronson scored a goal. Yes, a goal .... a) be teached b) have taught
by Bronson c) be taught d) been taught
a) is scored b) scored
c) will be scored d) was scored 15. Many things ...... in this house
a) is said b) are said
5. This job.....by my friend next week c) they say d) they are said
a) is done b) did
c) will be done d) was done 16. This mansion ........ n 1750
a) is built b) was built
6. This house was ..... my grandfather c) will be built d) builded
a) build for b) build by
c) built for d) built by 17. They will ........ this car soon
a) be bought b) buying
7. This exercise will ....... at home by me c) buy d) is bought
a) be doing b) do
c) have done d) be done 18. This car will ......... soon
a) be bought b) be buying
8. Was the window pane ..... the children? c) buy d) is bought
a) broke b) broken by
c) broke for d) broken for 19. The jar ....... by the maid
a) was broken b) broke
9. All the beds were ..... my grandmother c) is broken d) breaks
a) made by b) made for
c) make by d) make for 20. The centre forward ............. a goal
a) was scored b) scores
10. Many writters were...... Shakespeare c) is scored d) has scored
a) influence by b) influenced by
c) influence for d) influenced for

51
1
 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE

1. All the fish ...... by the cat last night 11. That dog is going to ....... a car one of
a) was eaten b) has been eaten these days
c) is eaten d) will be eaten a) be killed by b) be killed for
c) have killed by d) is killed by
2. My sister ..... out to the cinema by David
a) has taken b) was taken 12. My mother ...... all the dishes
c) is taken d) is going a) were washed b) washed
c) are washed d) will be washed
3. My sister .... out to the cinema with me
a) has taken b) was taken 13. The washing ...... by my mother every
c) is taken d) is going day for the last twenty years
a) is done b) was doing
4. That film on TV is ..... by the children c) has been done d) will be done
a) gone to be seen
b) gone to be see 14. My brother .... the TV set right now
c) going to be seeing a) has repaired b) is repairing
d) going to be seen c) repaired d) was repaired by

5. The baby ....... the milk 15. The eclipse ..... by everybody
a) is going to be drunk a) will see b) has seen
b) will drink c) will be seen d) is going to see
c) will be drunk by
d) is drunk by 16. Your beer ...... by that man
a) was drunk b) is drunk
6. The fire ..... an electrical fault c) is drinking d) has drunk
a) is caused b) caused by
c) was caused by d) was caused for 17. The ball has ........ by that player
a) thrown b) be throw
7. These boys ....... the missing child c) throws d) been thrown
a) found b) was found by
c) founded d) was founded by 18. The accident ...........by that car
a) caused b) is caused
8. This car.... by Johnson in the race c) was caused d) causes
a) will drive b) will be driven
c) is driven d) has driven 19. He’s a leader. He .......... the others
a) was led b) is led
9. The centre forward ....... two goals c) will be led d) will lead
a) were scored b) were scored
c) scored d) were scored for 20. The others ........... by him
a) will be led b) are leading
10. This work will....... these children c) will lead d) were lead
a) be doing by b) be done by
c) be made by d) is done by
by Mariano (Murcia) 52
1
 Passive Voice Quiz
CHOOSE THE RIGHT PASSIVE FORM FROM THE ANSWERS GIVEN.

1) Someone is viewing this page right now.

a. This page is viewed right now by someone
b. This page is being viewed by someone right now
c. This page is being viewed right now.

2) She is used to cleaning the floor everyday.

a. The floor is used to clean by she everyday.
b. The floor is used to being cleaned everyday.
c. The floor is used to be clean everyday.

3) They will offer her the award soon.

a. She will be offered the award soon.
b. The award will be offered to her by they soon.
c. She will be offered them the award soon

4) People can use this device easily.

a. This device can to be used easily
b. This device can to be easily used.
c. This device can be used easily.

5) They should reconsider the decision.

a. The decision should to be reconsidered.
b. The decision should be reconsidered.
c. The decision should be reconsidered by they.

6) Someone will speak to the manager.

a. The manager will be spoken to.
b. The manager will to be spoken to.
c. The manager will be spoken.

7) They haven't brought the book back yet.

a. The book haven't been brought back yet.
b. The book haven't been brought yet back.
c. The book hasn't been brought back yet.

8) They are going to buy the ship.

a. The ship is being gone to be bought.
b. The ship is going to buy.
c. The ship is going to be bought.

9) They don't use machines there.

a. Machines there are not used
b. Machines are not used there.
c. Machines don't be used there.

10) We made mistakes.

a. Mistakes was made.
b. Mistakes were made.
c. Mistakes had been made
Abdessalami
53
 The Internet is the greatest invention of the 20th century and it gives the great
power to the users. It has changed the world we live in and has free access to every kind
of information known to mankind. These days Googling and Facebooking are as common
daily activities as shaving and sleeping.
More people, usually of the younger set, educated, either studied or at the prime of
their careers are using the Internet for selling and buying something, paying for
different services, for entertainment (films, download music, games), communicating in
social networks (Facebook, Google+, Contact). Young people are the best equipped to deal
with the internet’s varies tools because computer courses are given in schools, even at
the primary levels. The Internet has also overtaken the popularity of traditional media
such as television, radio and newspapers. Its main advantage is that news appears on the
screen as soon as things happen in real life and you don’t have to wait for news time on
TV.
The amount of time that students devote to the Web is increasing. It’s impossible
for today’s students to complete coursework, communicate with instructors and
classmates, or research job opportunities and career information without the help of the
Internet.
Children and teenagers all over the world use the Internet everyday. The most
frequent uses are online games, looking for the information on subjects that are of
interest or browsing for fun, looking for the information for schoolwork (reading books
for the lessons, making reports, cheating, watching science-fiction films), communicating
(instant messaging, having chats with friends, e-mailing), downloading (of music, films,
games and etc.).
However, kids and teenagers need to learn to be responsible for their own behavior
on the Internet with guidance from their families and communities. The main danger
relating the use of the Internet to children is inappropriate access to information. They
also risk “friendship” with strangers that can be dangerous for them.
Older people can also face some risks when using the Internet. For instance, people
shouldn’t put their personal information such as name and address online. Someone can
invade their privacy without their knowledge. They should always be careful about their
credit card when they do shop online or pay for something because the credit card
information can be stolen.
Therefore, we should be critical users of the Internet, because a lot of information
on the internet comes from many sources and not all is reliable.

54
 ACCESS
BEHAVIOR ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE
BROWSING OR FALSE?
COMMUNICATE
DOWNLOAD 1. The youth use the Internet only for studying.
ENTERTAINMENT 2. The Internet is less popular than the
FREE traditional media.
FACE
3. People shouldn’t be careful when they do shop
FREQUENT
online.
GUIDANCE
INAPPROPRIATE
4. All information in the Internet is true.
INVADE 5. The Internet has free access to many sources
INVENTION of information.
MANKIND 6. You can be responsible for your behavior on
OPPORTUNITY the Internet.
POWER 7. The Internet has changed the world we live in.
PRIVACY
RELIABLE
RESPONSIBLE
SOCIAL NETWORKS
STRANGERS
TOOLS

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW

1. What can people do through the Internet?

2. What do children mostly use the Internet for? What about students?

3. What are the risk related to surfing the Internet?

4. Why are young people the best to use the Internet?

5. Why should we be critical users of the Internet?

6. Do you use the Internet? For what and how long?

55
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E

57