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Assessment of air, water and soil pollution in the New Delhi

Student names:
Klara Alymbaeva
Zhibek Asylbekova

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Assessment of air, water and soil pollution in New Delhi.

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to study patterns in environmental pollution levels in Delhi and
implement mitigation strategies. The information was obtained from a number of secondary data
sources. According to the report, there are several reasons why rapid population growth is a
concern, and environmental pollution is one of the most significant. The densely populated and
rapidly growing metropolis of Delhi is often covered with a layer of pollution from cars, sewage,
liquid human waste and uncontrolled pollution from industrial enterprises. Recent initiatives by
the central Government to combat environmental pollution have made it possible to reduce the
level of environmental pollution somewhat.
Introduction
Environmental pollution is one of the serious problems in most megacities of the world,
especially in developing countries such as New Delhi, where there is not only rapid population
growth due to increasing migration from rural areas to the city, but also industrialization, which
is accompanied by air, water and soil pollution. As one of the most densely populated cities in
the world, New Delhi's rapid urbanization and industrial growth have exacerbated pollution
levels, leading to significant public health concerns and ecological degradation. The city's air
quality often ranks among the worst globally, with soaring levels of particulate matter and
hazardous pollutants engulfing its skyline. Moreover, water bodies like the Yamuna River face
contamination from industrial effluents and untreated sewage, while soil quality deteriorates due
to chemical pollutants and improper waste disposal practices. This research paper endeavors to
delve into the intricate dynamics of air, water, and soil pollution in New Delhi, exploring their
causes, impacts, and potential solutions.
The table below shows information on characteristics of New Delhi.

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Section 1. Air pollution in the New Delhi

New Delhi's air pollution consists of several problems. High air pollution levels of NO2, SO2,
CO2, and PM-2.5 are issues that contribute to air pollution. Data for New Delhi's PM-2.5,
NO2, SO2, and CO2 levels from recent years before 2023 reveal concerning patterns, with
concentrations frequently surpassing regulatory bodies' safe limits. Consequently, New Delhi's
air pollution is a serious concern, as the capital often experiences increased pollution levels that
surpass globally recognized health-based air quality regulations.
Main problems:
● High levels of PM2.5 and 10 might be common in New Delhi; these levels frequently
above health organizations' recommended thresholds, exacerbating air pollution episodes
and posing health risks.
● The main causes of air pollution in New Delhi include industrial processes, burning of
biomass, and vehicle emissions.
● The condition of air pollution is made worse by festivals like Diwali and agricultural
operations like stubble burning in neighboring states. These practices release fine
particles into the atmosphere and allow pollutants to travel across great distances.
● Static weather is one type of meteorological condition that can cause pollutants to
accumulate and persist, preventing the creation of new particles and raising the
concentration of already-existing aerosols.
Due to a combination of anthropogenic causes, including vehicle emissions, industrial
processes, and biomass burning, as well as weather conditions that can trap pollutants within the
city, New Delhi has serious air pollution concerns overall. The ecology, the urban ecosystem,
and public health are all seriously impacted by the large amounts of particulates.
Problem 1: Vehicular Emissions
The impact of excessive automobile emissions on the quality of the air in the city is one of the
main factors contributing to New Delhi's high air pollution levels. The main source of air
pollutants, particularly those from diesel-powered vehicles, is vehicle emissions.Freight
vehicles, buses, and passenger taxis are all part of the fleet. When Ola and Uber services first
appeared in 2010, there was the biggest increase in the number of taxis in the fleet.
Delhi adopted car and fuel regulations prior to 2020 (BS6), four years ahead of the national
average. After the initial introduction of BS standards in 2000, there were further introductions
in 2001 in Delhi and 2005 nationwide, BS3 in Delhi and 2010 worldwide, BS4 in Delhi and
2017 nationwide, and BS6 nationwide in 2020. When diesel particle filters and selective
catalytic converters were introduced under BS6, other pollutant requirements improved by 90–

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95%. SOz emissions improved dramatically from 1% sulfur diesel under pre-BS regulations in
1995 to 10 ppm sulfur diesel under BS6.
Problem 2: Crop Residue Burning
The burning of crop debris in nearby states has a big effect on New Delhi's air pollution. In states
like Punjab and Haryana, burning crop leftovers is a common practice that releases a lot of
pollutants into the sky, especially after harvest.
Since PM-2.5 is among the particulate matter (PM) released by burning crop residue, it is
extremely concerning. Another contaminant released during residue burning is carbon monoxide
(CO). CO is an odorless and colorless gas that can be dangerous to breathe in excessive amounts.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are also released when agricultural residue is
burned. Particulate matter and ozone are examples of secondary pollutants that can be created by
these gasses reacting with the atmosphere.
Burning residue releases another class of pollutants called volatile organic compounds. When
these materials mix with other airborne pollutants, ground-level ozone, one of the primary
components of smog, is produced.
Harmful Effect
The human health and environment of New Delhi are significantly impacted negatively by the
pollutants NO2, SO2, CO2, and PM-2.5. Breathing difficulties like wheezing, coughing,
shortness of breath, and an increase in asthma episodes can be brought on by NO2. In addition to
impairing lung function, prolonged exposure to NO2 raises the possibility of respiratory
infections. Particulate matter, which is created when SO2 reacts with other substances in the
environment, can exacerbate respiratory conditions including bronchitis and asthma. Deep lung
and bloodstream penetration by PM-2.5 particles can result in respiratory and cardiovascular
issues like asthma, bronchitis, heart attacks, and even early death.
These contaminants have detrimental impacts on the environment in addition to their effects on
human health. Acid rain can harm ecosystems, forests, agriculture, and water bodies. It is formed
in part by NO2 and SO2. Elevated CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere cause ocean
acidification, which damages coral reefs and marine ecosystems. PM-2.5 pollution can impair
biodiversity and plant growth in addition to lowering visibility and deteriorating air quality.
Maximum Permissible Concentrations
To protect public health in New Delhi, maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) for air
pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and PM-
2.5 are essential. In order to preserve air quality standards and reduce the negative impacts of air
pollution, organizations like the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), the World Health
Organization set these regulation limitations.

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The MPC for SO2 is 50 µg/m3, while the MPC for NO2 is 40 micrograms per cubic meter on
an annual average. There isn't a specified MPC for CO2 in the context of ambient air quality
regulations, despite global attempts to reduce CO2 emissions to mitigate the effects of climate
change.
According to WHO recommendations, the MPC for PM-2.5 is 40 µg/m3 on an annual average.
This strict limit is in line with the requirement to regulate PM-2.5 particle levels in the
atmosphere due to their hazardous nature.
Methodology
Step 1: Selection of Sampling Locations. Identify key areas in New Delhi that are known to
have high levels of air pollution, such as industrial zones, high-traffic areas, and residential
neighborhoods.
Step 2: Installation of Monitoring Equipment. Install calibrated air quality monitoring stations at
each selected location to collect air samples.
Step 3: Data Collection. Record air pollutants and meteorological data to understand their
impact on air quality.
Step 4: Sample Analysis. Analyze the samples for NO2, SO2, CO2, and PM-2.5 levels using
specialized equipment such as gas chromatographs and spectrophotometers. Compare the results
to established standards and guidelines to determine compliance with the Maximum Permissible
Concentrations set by regulatory bodies.
Step 5: Data Interpretation. Interpret the analyzed data to identify trends and patterns in air
pollution levels across different locations in New Delhi.
Data for PM-2,5 for the 2006 - 2022 years. Tab.
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Figure
1
Figure 1. Delhi's yearly average PM2.5 concentrations from 1998 to 2021.
Over the span of various years, Delhi has consistently emerged as the most polluted state in
India. The average level of PM-2.5 in the area was 81 micrograms per cubic meter in 1998–
1999; this increased to 102.3 in 2000–2009; it peaked at 119.7 in 2010–2019; it then
significantly decreased to 115.0 in 2020–2021. These data indicate an increasing trend in PM-
2.5 levels in the region. Despite efforts to enhance air quality through measures such as
improved vehicle emission norms, the expansion of the Delhi Metro network to 350 kilometers,
the implementation of cleaner zig-zag technology in brick production, and increased adoption of
liquefied petroleum gas, air quality has generally degraded. Dust storms after the spring, heating
in January and February throughout the winter, and burning crop leftovers in October and
November after harvest are all blamed for seasonal increases in pollution.
The decline in ground-level measurements and re-evaluated data throughout 2020 illustrates the
effects of the COVID-19 confinement measures. At first, there were many reports of noticeably
clearer sky, a good air quality index, and even visibility of the Himalayan range in Punjab from
up to 200 kilometers away during lockdowns. Figures summarizing the average 8-day Aerosol
Optical Depth and the column concentrations of NO2, SO2, and ozone—averaging over
multiple years except 2020 and then specifically for 2020 from March to June—are used to
draw comparisons. These numbers show a combination of regional contributions from the
tropopause to the upper troposphere and local emissions from lower altitudes.

Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations

Outdoor air pollution in New Delhi has been a persistent problem, affecting public health,
ecosystems, and visibility. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, considering
the complex interplay between various pollutants and sources. Reducing volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) emissions can significantly decrease ozone levels, with a 50% reduction in
VOCs potentially leading to a ~60% reduction in ozone, while reducing particulate matter (PM)
alone may inadvertently increase ozone, particularly in winter due to changes in solar radiation
and photolysis rates. Implementation of advanced control technologies and stringent policies,
including those targeting trans-boundary pollution. Up to 25% and 6%, respectively, can be
taken off of PM2.5 and NOx concentrations in hotels and restaurants by effectively cleaning up
road dust and limiting the usage of coal-based tandoors. The concentration of various pollutants,
such as SPM, CO, SO2, and NOx, has been demonstrated to decrease when cleaner fuels,
including compressed natural gas (CNG), are used in public transportation. However, additional
vehicle conversions to CNG are required. Implementation of the thermal power plant (TPP)
emission guidelines has the potential to meet the NAAQS for industrial areas by reducing air
pollution from TPP emissions by 56% to 82%, except in locations where the contribution of TPP
to vehicle emissions is insignificant. With a small energy cost and the ability to guard against

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PM2.5 exposure, natural ventilation and inexpensive air filtration together offer a low-carbon
way to enhance the quality of the air in informal settlements. Indoor air quality interventions,
such as air purifiers, show significant improvements in reducing particulate matter indoors but
are not a substitute for public action to reduce ambient air pollution.

References/works cited

1. World Health Organization. (2018). Air pollution in New Delhi: Major health hazard for
residents. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/air-
pollution-in-new-delhi-major-health-hazard-for-residents
2. Central Pollution Control Board. (2019). Air Quality Index data for New Delhi. Retrieved
from http://www.cpcbenvis.nic.in/airpollution/data_files/monitoring_data/
analysis_files.htm
3. Sharma, A., et al. (2017). Impact of air pollution on human health in Delhi: A review.
International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 27(6), 412-425. doi:
10.1080/09603123.2017.1385816
4. Guttikunda, S., & Calorie, G. (2013). A GIS-based emissions inventory at 1 km x 1 km
spatial resolution for air pollution analysis in Delhi, India. Atmospheric Environment, 67,
101-111. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.10.060
5. Tiwari, A., & Coker, E. (2015). Air pollution in Delhi: Its Magnitude and effects on
health. Indian Journal of Community Health, 27(2), 140-148. Retrieved from
http://www.iapsmupuk.org/journal/index.php/IJCH/article/view/682

Section 2. Water pollution in the New Delhi

The city's water bodies have seen a significant rise in pollution due to the fast industrialization
and urbanization, which has resulted in a decline in water quality. The pollution of water
sources in New Delhi is mainly attributed to various sources like industrial discharge, urban
runoff, agricultural activities. The Yamuna is the river that flows through Delhi for about 22
kilometers, entering at the Wazirabad barrage and exiting at the Okhla barrage. It provides New
Delhi with an essential supply of drinking water. Despite Delhi only contributing to 0.4% of
river's catchment area, it is responsible for about 70% of the river's pollution. The pollution is
exacerbated by 18 drains and industrial waste that flow directly with the Yamuna, significantly
impairing its water quality.
Main Problems
Several main problems are the reason for the deterioration of water quality in the city. One of
the main problems is industrial discharge. Numerous companies that frequently discharge
untreated or insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies have proliferated as a result of
the city's growing industrialization and urbanization. This water is severely contaminated and
unsuited for use in other applications because of the presence of heavy metals, chemicals, and
organic compounds, among other pollutants.
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Furthermore, industrial discharge, another significant problem is domestic sewage and solid
waste pollution.The inadequate sewage treatment and disposal infrastructure in New Delhi leads
to the large-scale dumping of untreated sewage into rivers and other bodies of water. This
untreated sewage contains nutrients, pathogens, and other contaminants that degrade water
quality and pose a health risk to people. In addition, the city's water contamination is made
worse by the incorrect disposal of solid waste, particularly plastic garbage.
Another significant factor causing water pollution in New Delhi is agricultural runoff.
Groundwater and surface water sources become contaminated when agricultural operations
employ excessive amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals. These substances have
the potential to seep into waterways, resulting in hazardous algal blooms and nutrient
contamination.
Problem 1: Industrial Waste Discharge
In New Delhi, toxic and heavy metal-filled industrial effluent releases are negatively impacting
aquatic habitats and water quality. When these contaminants are discharged into rivers and other
water sources, they contaminate large areas of the environment and endanger public health.
Aquatic life is poisoned by heavy metals such as mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic. They
can enter the food chain and pose risks to human health through consumption of contaminated
seafood. Heavy metals also have the potential to linger in the environment for long periods,
causing persistent pollution and lasting harm to ecosystems.
Toxins present in industrial effluents, such as chemicals and organic pollutants, have diverse
effects on water quality and aquatic ecosystems. These substances can alter the pH levels of
water, disrupt the balance of nutrients, and negatively impact the biodiversity of aquatic
ecosystems. The discharge of industrial effluents with heavy metals and toxins not only
contaminates water sources but also affects the physical and chemical properties of the water.
For example, aquatic organisms depend on oxygen to survive, and pollutants can cause oxygen
levels to drop. Fish kills, biodiversity loss, and disturbances to the natural processes of aquatic
ecosystems can all be caused by low oxygen levels.
Problem 2: Inadequate sewage treatment facilities
Water contamination can be caused by inadequate sewage treatment systems, among other
things. The city's sewage treatment infrastructure is under extreme strain due to the fast
urbanization and population increase.
The sewage treatment plants (STPs) in New Delhi are overloaded and outdated, unable to treat
the massive volumes of wastewater generated daily. A report published by the Delhi Pollution
Control Committee (DPCC) states that only roughly 60% of the sewage in the city gets treated
prior to being released into rivers. The Yamuna River, one of the city's primary water sources,
receives the remaining 40% directly.

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The lack of proper sewage treatment not only contaminates the surface water but also seeps into
the groundwater, affecting the overall water quality in the region. The untreated sewage carries
a high concentration of pathogens, organic matter, nutrients, and heavy metals, posing a severe
health risk to both humans and aquatic life.
Efforts are made by the government and various stakeholders to improve the sewage treatment
infrastructure in New Delhi. Initiatives such as the construction of new STPs, the upgradation of
existing facilities, and the implementation of decentralized wastewater treatment systems have
been undertaken to address the issue. However, the pace of implementation has been slow, and
the scale of the problem remains substantial.
Harmful Effects
The spread of diseases carried by water is one of the main negative effects of water pollution on
human health. Contaminants such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites can thrive in polluted water,
leading to illnesses like cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis. These diseases can cause severe
symptoms, including diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, and in extreme cases, they can be
life-threatening. The danger of catching these diseases is increased when one does not have
access to clean water for drinking, cooking, or personal hygiene, especially in crowded places
like New Delhi.
Furthermore, people may experience long-term health effects from being exposed to hazardous
chemicals in contaminated water. Chronic health issues can arise from the accumulation of
heavy metals like lead, mercury, and arsenic, as well as industrial pollutants like dioxins and
PCBs, in the body over time. Pregnant women, the elderly, and children are particularly
vulnerable to these pollutants' harmful effects. Water pollution not only affects human health,
but also the environment. Aquatic ecosystems are highly sensitive to changes in water quality,
and pollutants can disrupt the delicate balance of these environments. Untreated sewage and
excessive fertilizer runoff from agriculture can cause oxygen depletion, algae blooms, and the
buildup of hazardous materials in aquatic bodies.
Furthermore, water pollution can have indirect effects on the environment through its impact on
soil quality and air pollution. Contaminated water used for irrigation can introduce harmful
chemicals and pathogens into the soil, affecting crop growth and food safety. In addition,
pollutants in water bodies can evaporate into the air or travel through the food chain,
contributing to air pollution and bioaccumulation of toxins in wildlife.
Maximum Permissible Concentrations
The Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) limits are established by regulatory bodies
based on scientific research and data analysis to ensure the safety of water resources for
consumption and other purposes.
Like in most other parts of the world, the Central Pollution Control Board set the water quality
standards in New Delhi. These standards outline the maximum allowable concentrations of

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various pollutants in water to safeguard public health and prevent environmental

degradation.The BIS, for example, has established standards for several elements that impact
drinking water quality, including pH, ammonia, chlorides, total dissolved solids, nitrates, and
heavy metals like lead, arsenic, and mercury.
In a similar vein, the CPCB has set limitations for contaminants found in surface water bodies
like rivers and lakes, including total suspended solids (TSS), oil and grease, chemical and
biological oxygen demand (BOD), and coliform bacteria. These regulations are intended to
safeguard human health from waterborne illnesses while preserving the aquatic ecosystem's
equilibrium and promoting aquatic life.
Methods/Methodology

1. Identify Sources of Water Pollution Data: The first step in analyzing water pollution data
in New Delhi is to identify reliable sources of data.
2. Define Parameters for Analysis: Next, it is essential to define the parameters that will be
analyzed. This can include various pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, pH levels,
and fecal coliform levels in the water.
3. Data Collection: The next step is to collect the data for analysis. This can involve
obtaining historical data from previous years as well as collecting real-time data for the
current year.
4. Data Analysis: After preprocessing the data, the next step is to analyze the data. This can
involve calculating the mean, median, and standard deviation of each parameter,
identifying trends over time, and conducting statistical tests to determine the significance
of any changes.
5. Visualization: To better understand the data, it is essential to create visualizations such as
line graphs, bar graphs, and photos.
6. Interpretation of Results: Once the data analysis is complete, the next step is to interpret
the results. This can involve identifying any significant changes in pollutant levels,
understanding the impact of these changes on water quality, and drawing conclusions
based on the data analysis.

Data Analysis
Table 1: Water Pollution Data in New Delhi

Regarding the study's methodology, in July and August of 2013, water sampling was conducted
at six different points within Delhi's aquatic ecosystems. Three samples—Mkt, Kg, and Ob—
were collected from the Yamuna River at Majnu ka Tila, Kashmiri Gate, and Okhla barrage,
correspondingly. Skk, Nd, and Ltw samples were respectively gathered from the Yamuna's
floodplain near Sarai Kale Khan, the surface water of Najafgarh drain near Vallabhbhai Patel
Chest Institute, and laboratory tap water.

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Results/Findings

The results of the data showed that the water from Najafgarh drain had the highest pollution
levels among all tested sites, affecting the downstream Yamuna River. The pH levels in Skk and
Ob locations were too high, surpassing safe limits. Electrical conductivity and salinity were
elevated in Najafgarh and Yamuna samples, although no set guidelines exist for these measures.
These locations also exhibited high total dissolved solids. Conversely, chloride, nitrate, and
alkalinity stayed within acceptable limits for most samples.

Heavy metal contamination was severe at Najafgarh and Kg sites and moderately high at
Yamuna, Skk, and Ob sites. Notably, even tap water showed excessive levels of chromium,
copper, and lead. Lead was uniformly present across all samples, much above the safe threshold,
while mercury and cadmium were generally lower, with cadmium being nearly negligible except
at Kg. Arsenic was absent in tap water but present elsewhere. Copper levels were safe in all
samples, and mercury exceeded safe limits in all but one. Lead had a positive correlation with
cadmium indicating a potential common source.

Industrial waste was identified as the main culprit for heavy metal pollution in the Yamuna
River. Studies indicated that chromium contamination could stem from local electroplating
industries, whereas coal-fired power plants might be contributing mercury. Additionally, lead
pollution was linked to battery-manufacturing units and traffic. Insufficient water flow in the
Yamuna exacerbated metal accumulation, threatening sediment and soil quality, and even
groundwater near Najafgarh drain showed disturbingly high metal concentrations. The data
analysis's conclusions highlight the grave effects of New Delhi's water pollution.

Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations

Problems of water pollution in New Delhi are heavy metal contamination in the Yamuna River,
widespread nitrate contamination in groundwater, and the impact of industrial and domestic
effluents on both surface and groundwater quality. The city's water issues are further complicated
by poor management, space constraints, and economic disparities that prevent equitable access to
clean water. Despite efforts to address these issues, significant health risks and environmental
challenges remain, highlighting the need for comprehensive and integrated water management
strategies.

These strategies include:

1. Establishing Strict Regulations and Enforcement Mechanisms: Regulatory standards

should be set for permissible levels of pollutants in water bodies, such as maximum
allowable concentrations of heavy metals, organic compounds, and microbial indicators.

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Enforcement measures, including inspections, penalties for non-compliance, and

monitoring efforts are crucial to ensure that industries and municipalities adhere to the
regulations.
2. Upgrading Sewage Treatment Infrastructure: Upgrades to existing sewage treatment
plants, as well as the construction of new facilities, can help in treating sewage efficiently
and reducing the levels of contaminants.
3. Promoting Public Awareness and Community Engagement: Educational campaigns,
outreach programs, and community initiatives can raise awareness. By empowering
citizens to take action, such as reducing household waste, properly disposing of
chemicals, and conserving water resources, individuals can contribute to the overall
efforts in reducing water pollution in New Delhi.
4. Monitoring Water Quality Regularly: Monitoring programs involve collecting water
samples, conducting field measurements, and analyzing data to evaluate trends in water
quality parameters.

Improving waste management procedures and putting in place efficient pollution control
measures are crucial for addressing the problem. This entails the construction of suitable sewage
treatment facilities, strict guidelines for the release of industrial wastewater, and public education
campaigns regarding the value of water conservation. To further lessen the strain on freshwater
resources, it is imperative to engage in sustainable water management techniques including
rainwater collection and wastewater recycling.

References/Works Cited

1. Thakur, A., & Kumar, R. (2017). Water pollution in Delhi: An overview. International
Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 3(3), 207-212.
2. Singh, A., & Sharma, N. (2019). Impact of industrial effluents on water quality in the
Yamuna River in Delhi. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food
Technology, 13(5), 47-52.
3. Gupta, S., & Verma, A. (2016). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in water
sources in Delhi. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences,
5(10), 246-252.
4. Sharma, S. K., & Tyagi, A. (2018). Analysis of water pollution sources in Delhi using
GIS techniques. Journal of Water, Environment and Climate Change, 9(3), 206-214.
5. Choudhary, M., & Agrawal, M. (2020). Seasonal variation in water quality parameters of
the polluted tributaries of river Yamuna in Delhi. Aquatic Procedia, 2(2), 128-135.

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6. Verma, R., & Singh, U. (2015). Health hazards of water pollution in Delhi: A review.
International Journal of Scientific Research, 4(9), 358-363.
7. Kumar, V., & Mishra, S. (2017). Groundwater pollution in Delhi: A case study.
International Journal of Innovations in Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 102-105.
8. Jain, P., & Gupta, R. (2019). Contamination of surface water bodies in Delhi due to
urbanization. Journal of Urban and Regional Analysis, 11(1), 73-81.
9. Srivastava, A., & Rao, P. S. (2018). Assessment of microbial contamination in drinking
water sources in Delhi. International Journal of Biological Research, 5(3), 149-155.
10. Singh, R., & Singh, P. (2016). Impact of agricultural practices on water pollution in the
outskirts of Delhi. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 86(5), 621-626

Section 3. Soil pollution in the New Delhi

Soil pollution in New Delhi is another pressing environmental issue driven by various factors,
including rapid urbanization, industrialization, agricultural practices, and inadequate waste
management. Soil in New Delhi plays a crucial role in supporting urban agriculture, groundwater
replenishment, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, flood mitigation, infrastructure
development and the creation of cultural and recreational spaces. It serves as the backbone of
urban ecosystems, contributing to food security, water management, climate change mitigation
and urban sustainability. In addition, healthy soil supports biological diversity, helps prevent
flooding, provides stable infrastructure and increases the cultural and recreational value of the
city. Protecting and preserving soil quality is essential for sustainable urban development, the
well-being of New Delhi residents and the environment. Unfortunately, nowadays the problem of
soil is great.
The State of India's Environment Report for 2022, published by the Center for Science and
Environment (CSE), says that almost 62% of the land in Delhi is in a state of degradation. The
soil in New Delhi is subjected to a wide range of pollutants that degrade its quality and pose risks
to human health and the environment. One of the key elements that contribute to soil pollution is
heavy metals such as Lead (Pb),Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Arsenic (As). These metals
come from sources such as metal recycling plants, battery recycling plants, and automotive
emissions. Over time, heavy metals accumulate in the soil and can enter the food chain, posing a
danger to human and animal health. Other pollutants include: pesticides and herbicides, vehicle
emissions, industrial chemicals, construction and demolition waste, municipal solid waste,
sewage and wastewater.
Main problem 1
One of the main causes of soil pollution in New Delhi is problems from industrial waste. The
industrial sector of the city covers a wide range of industrial activities, including the textile
industry, the chemical industry, electronics, metalworking and the production of building
materials. The above processes can produce industrial waste, which can have an impact on soil
quality through a number of mechanisms:

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1. Improper garbage Disposal: A lot of industries in New Delhi release their garbage into
surrounding water bodies or dump it straight into landfills. Over time, heavy metals,
chemicals, and other pollutants included in solid and liquid industrial waste can seep into
the soil and contaminate it.
2. Accidents and Spills: Hazardous materials may leak or spill accidentally from industrial
operations onto the nearby earth. Chemical spills, like those containing acids, solvents, or
petroleum compounds, can endanger the ecosystems and communities nearby by
contaminating the soil locally.
3. Landfills and illegal landfills: In and around New Delhi, industrial waste is often dumped
into poorly managed landfills and unlicensed landfills. Since the toxins contained in the
waste penetrate into the soil and reduce its fertility, these places can eventually cause soil
contamination.
4. Deposition of pollutants in the air: As a result of precipitation, industrial pollutants such
as gases and particulate matter can settle on the soil surface. Over time, these pollutants,
which can include volatile organic compounds, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, heavy
metals and sulfur dioxide, can accumulate in the soil and cause environmental pollution.

Significant dangers to agricultural production, environmental sustainability, and public health are
associated with the impact of industrial waste on New Delhi's soil. Long-lasting contaminants
that pose a risk to humans, plants, animals, and soil organisms include heavy metals, organic
compounds, and poisonous substances. Addressing industrial waste pollution requires effective
waste management practices, strict enforcement of environmental regulations, promotion of
cleaner production technologies, and public awareness initiatives to mitigate the impacts on soil
and safeguard environmental health.

Main problem 2
Another problem of soil in New Delhi is Agrochemical usage. The use of agrochemicals in this
city, as in many urban and suburban areas, plays an important role in modern agriculture to
increase crop yields and control pests and diseases. However, the indiscriminate use of
agrochemicals, including fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, can have different effects on soil
quality and environmental conditions.
1. Degradation of the soul: Overuse of chemical fertilizers can cause the pH level and
natural nutritional balance of the soil to be upset. Overuse of synthetic fertilizers can
cause microbial activity to decline, soil organic matter to be deleted, and soil structure to
be disrupted. These factors will eventually reduce soil fertility and productivity.
2. Pollution: Herbicides and pesticides used on crops have the potential to sleep into the soil
and contaminated surface and groundwater. Agrochemical residues have a long half-life
in the soil and can endanger microbial ecosystems, beneficial insects, and soil creatures.
Certain pesticides, such organochlorine and organophosphate chemicals, are known to be
resistant and to build up in the soil, where they may injure non-target creatures and cause
disrupting ecosystems.
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3. Loss of biodiversity: The use of agrochemicals can negatively affect soil biodiversity by
reducing the number and diversity of soil organisms, including earthworms, beneficial
insects and microorganisms. Soil organisms play a vital role in nutrient cycling, soil
structure formation and pest control. Loss of biodiversity in soil ecosystems can worsen
soil health and its resistance to environmental stressors.
4. Soil erosion: Agrochemicals, especially when overused, can exacerbate soil erosion by
weakening soil structure and reducing vegetation cover. Soil erosion leads to the loss of
topsoil, nutrients and organic matter, which reduces soil quality and agricultural
productivity. In addition, soil erosion can lead to precipitation in reservoirs, which will
further exacerbate water pollution and ecosystem degradation.

Harmful effects.
Human health, the integrity of ecosystems, and the environment all are significantly impacted by
the detrimental effects of dirty soil in New Delhi.
First main impact of soil pollution directly concerns the health of the people. Soil pollution poses
significant health risks to residents, especially vulnerable populations such as children and
pregnant women. According to a study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE),
exposure to contaminants in polluted soil contributes to various health problems, including
respiratory illnesses, neurological disorders, and developmental delays. For example, high levels
of lead in soil, primarily from vehicular emissions and industrial activities, have been associated
with cognitive impairments in children. Furthermore, a report by the Delhi Pollution Control
Committee (DPCC) revealed elevated levels of pesticides and heavy metals in urban soil, raising
concerns about the safety of locally grown produce for consumption.
Moreover, food products contaminated as a result of soil pollution in New Delhi pose a
significant risk to consumer health. Studies conducted by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee
(DPCC) have revealed alarming levels of pesticide residues and heavy metals in vegetables sold
in local markets. For example, in samples of leafy greens and vegetables from urban and
suburban areas, the content of pesticides such as chlorpyrifos and organophosphate compounds
was found, which exceeds the permissible standards established by food safety regulations.
Chronic exposure to these pollutants can lead to acute gastrointestinal disorders, neurological
symptoms and allergic reactions in consumers. In addition, the presence of heavy metals such as
lead and cadmium in contaminated crops raises concerns about long-term health effects,
including the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disorders.
These results highlight the urgent need for strict monitoring and regulation of agricultural
practices to ensure the safety of food produced on contaminated soil and to protect the health and
well-being of New Delhi residents.

Maximum Permissible Concentrations

The Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPCs) of various contaminants in soil in New Delhi
are regulated by environmental agencies to ensure the safety of human health and the
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environment. The specific MPCs may vary depending on the contaminant and the intended land
use, but generally, they are set based on scientific research and risk assessment considerations.In
New Delhi, the permissible concentrations of common soil contaminants such as heavy metals
(e.g., lead, cadmium, arsenic), organic pollutants (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
pesticides), and other harmful substances are typically outlined in environmental regulations and
guidelines established by authorities such as the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) or the
Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC).

In the table below, there are MPC for some heavy metals contained in soil regulated by the
World Health Organization, European Union and Food and Agriculture Organization.

Methods/Methodology
Identify Sources of Water Pollution Data: The first step in analyzing water pollution data in New
Delhi is to identify reliable sources of data.
Define Parameters for Analysis: Next, it is essential to define the parameters that will be
analyzed. This can include various pollutants such as heavy metals, pesticides, biological oxygen
demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH levels, and fecal coliform levels in the
water.
Data Collection: The next step is to collect the data for analysis. This can involve obtaining
historical data from previous years as well as collecting real-time data for the current year.
Data Analysis: After preprocessing the data, the next step is to analyze the data. This can involve
calculating the mean, median, and standard deviation of each parameter, identifying trends over
time, and conducting statistical tests to determine the significance of any changes.
Visualization: To better understand the data, it is essential to create visualizations such as line
graphs, bar graphs, and photos. These visualizations can help identify patterns and trends in the
data.
Interpretation of Results: Once the data analysis is complete, the next step is to interpret the
results. This can involve identifying any significant changes in pollutant levels, understanding

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the impact of these changes on water quality, and drawing conclusions based on the data
analysis.
write this kind of methodology for soil in New Delhi
Data analysis:

The physico-chemical properties and levels of heavy metals in the soil coming from the territory
of Okhla industries are shown in Table 2.(2011)
Description of Soil Characteristics in Okhla Affected Areas:The table presents key
characteristics of soil in Okhla affected areas, highlighting its alkaline pH, high porosity, and
water holding capacity, as evidenced by a pH value of 7.79 and minute particle size.
Additionally, the soil exhibits elevated levels of sulfate, beneficial for plants under stress
conditions. Various heavy metals, including Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As, were detected in
detectable concentrations in the soil, extracted using DTPA, as well as in wastewater. Notably,
the availability of heavy metals, except for arsenic, was higher in Okhla soil compared to other
sites, attributed to their concentrations and the soil's alkaline pH. While arsenic availability
typically increases with decreasing pH, the alkaline pH of Okhla soil corresponds with lower
available concentrations of arsenic. Plant communities in Okhla affected areas display
differential responses to the environment, with 11 plant species identified, including aquatic,
terrestrial, and algal species, indicating varying abilities to accumulate and detoxify heavy
metals.

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Results/Findings
Seasonal variability:
Heavy metal concentrations: Research has revealed fluctuations in the concentrations of heavy
metals in the soil in New Delhi in different seasons of the year. In the dry season, when
precipitation is minimal, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and chromium tend to accumulate
in the soil due to a decrease in its dilution and an increase in precipitation. Conversely, during
the monsoon season, the concentration of heavy metals may decrease, as precipitation washes
away surface pollution and contributes to soil leaching.
Organic pollutants: Similarly, soil pollution levels with organic pollutants such as pesticides and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are subject to seasonal fluctuations. During the
monsoon season, runoff from urban areas and agricultural fields can transfer organic pollutants
into the soil, which leads to increased pollution. On the contrary, in dry seasons, there may be a
decrease in the level of organic pollutants due to a reduction in runoff and accelerated
decomposition processes due to an increase in temperature.
Long-term trends:
Soil contamination with heavy metals: Studies conducted over several years have revealed trends
in both increasing and decreasing levels of soil contamination with heavy metals in New Delhi.
Urbanization, industrial activity, and vehicle emissions have over time contributed to the gradual

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accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. However, regulatory interventions and pollution
control measures can lead to lower concentrations of heavy metals in certain areas, especially
those designed for remediation or pollution control.
Persistence of organic pollutants: Despite efforts to reduce soil pollution, organic pollutants such
as pesticides and PAHs can persist in the soil for a long time. Long-term monitoring studies have
shown that although the concentration levels of some organic pollutants may fluctuate over time,
their overall persistence in soil remains a concern due to their resistance to degradation
processes.
Understanding the dynamics of soil pollution in New Delhi, both seasonally and over several
years, is essential to develop effective pollution control strategies and implement targeted
remediation measures. By identifying patterns of accumulation and persistence of pollutants,
policy makers and environmental authorities can prioritize measures to reduce health and
environmental risks associated with soil pollution in the region.
Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations
In conclusion, this research paper sheds light on the intricate complexities of soil pollution,
particularly prevalent in urban environments like New Delhi. Highlighting its causes, impacts,
and mitigation strategies, the study underscores the significant environmental and public health
challenges associated with soil contamination. From the accumulation of heavy metals to
seasonal variations in pollution levels, soil pollution emerges as a pervasive issue with far-
reaching consequences. Urgent action is warranted, as emphasized by the examination of
pollution dynamics and the necessity for proactive regulatory interventions, technological
advancements, and community engagement initiatives. Collaboration among policymakers,
environmental authorities, researchers, and local communities is imperative in addressing soil
pollution effectively. By fostering partnerships and implementing sustainable practices,
stakeholders can work towards safeguarding human health, environmental integrity, and ensuring
the preservation of soil resources for future generations. This research serves as a call to action,
advocating for collective efforts to mitigate soil pollution's adverse impacts and promote a
healthier, more sustainable environment.
References/works cited
1. Ahmad, A., Ghufran, R., & Zularisam, A. W. (2010). Phytosequestration of metals in
selected plants growing on contaminated Okhla industrial areas, Okhla, New Delhi, India.
Water, Air and Soil Pollution/Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 217(1–4), 255–266.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-010-0584-9
2. Environment and Accountability: Impact of Industrial pollution on Rural Communities
on JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4411634.pdf?
refreqid=fastly-default
%3A19d5000d163f6417fb26ba8c98d66237&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2F
control&origin=&initiator=&acceptTC=1
3. Environmental Pollution and Control: A case study of Delhi Mega City on JSTOR. (n.d.).
www.jstor.org. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/27503896.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default

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%3Ab0e715b4f68bb87c0209c28eaf39bae2&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2F
control&origin=&initiator=&acceptTC=1b
4. Pollution in the Mahanadi: urban sewage, industrial effluents and biomedical waste on
JSTOR. (n.d.). www.jstor.org. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/40277694.pdf?
refreqid=fastly-default
%3A4c047c3d58df52c25fcaceaa87b470c2&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fc
ontrol&origin=&initiator=&acceptTC=1

General conclusion
In conclusion, the research illuminates the intricate web of environmental challenges confronting
urban hubs like New Delhi, spanning air, water, and soil pollution. These issues, entrenched in
rapid urbanization, industrial expansion, and inadequate waste management, pose dire threats to
human health and ecological integrity. The findings underscore the pressing need for
comprehensive and collaborative strategies to combat pollution effectively. Regulatory reforms,
technological innovations, community engagement, and sustainable management practices stand
as indispensable pillars in addressing these pressing challenges.

To navigate these complexities, the following recommendations are proposed:

1. Strengthen Regulatory Frameworks: Implement stringent regulations and enforceable

standards for permissible pollutant levels in air, water, and soil. Regular monitoring,
inspections, and penalties for non-compliance are essential to ensure adherence to
environmental laws.
2. Invest in Pollution Control Technologies: Embrace advanced pollution control
technologies and infrastructure upgrades, particularly in industries and transportation
sectors. Innovative solutions for emissions reduction, wastewater treatment, and solid
waste management can significantly mitigate pollution levels.
3. Foster Public Awareness and Participation: Launch comprehensive public awareness
campaigns to educate citizens about the impacts of pollution and empower them to adopt
sustainable practices. Encourage community engagement and citizen science initiatives to
monitor pollution levels and advocate for environmental stewardship.
4. Promote Sustainable Development Practices: Integrate sustainable development
principles into urban planning and infrastructure projects. Emphasize green
infrastructure, renewable energy adoption, and low-carbon transportation modes to
minimize environmental degradation.
5. Enhance International Cooperation: Foster collaboration with neighboring regions and
international partners to address trans-boundary pollution issues. Shared resources, best
practices exchange, and joint initiatives can amplify efforts in combating pollution on a
global scale.

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By embracing these recommendations and fostering collective action, New Delhi and other
urban centers can chart a course towards a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable future. It is
imperative to prioritize environmental protection, preserve natural resources, and safeguard the
well-being of present and future generations. This research serves as a catalyst for transformative
change, urging stakeholders to unite in pursuit of a greener and more resilient urban
environment.

Content:
Introduction
Section 1. Air pollution in the city xxx…………………………………………………… 3

● Main problems…………………………………………………………..…………………..3

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● Harmful effects on the human body and the environment. Maximum Permissible
Concentrations………………………………………………………………………………… 4
● Methods/Methodology – A logical step-wise process defined enough such that anyone in the field
can replicate your results with accuracy…………………………………………………. 5
● Data for ( xxx ) for the year 20xx. or 20xx - 20yy years…………………….…………… 6

● Results……………………………………………………………………………………..…… 7

● Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations……………………………………..………….. 7

● References/works cited…………………………………………………………………….….. 8

Section 2. Water pollution in the city xxx………………………………………………… 8

● Main problems…………………………………………………………..……………….….. 8

● Harmful effects on the human body and the environment. Maximum Permissible
Concentrations…………………………………………………………………………………10
● Methods/Methodology – A logical step-wise process defined enough such that anyone in the field
can replicate your results with accuracy…………………………………………………. 11
● Data for ( xxx ) for the year 20xx. or 20xx - 20yy years…………………….…………… 12

● Results………………………………………………………………………………………..… 13

● Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations……………………………………………..….. 14

● References/works cited……………………………………………………………………….. 15

Section 3. Soil pollution in the city xxx………………………………………………………15

● Main problems…………………………………………………………..………………….. 16

● Harmful effects on the human body and the environment. Maximum Permissible
Concentrations………………………………………………………………………………… 17-18
● Methods/Methodology – A logical step-wise process defined enough such that anyone in the field
can replicate your results with accuracy………………………………………….………. 18
● Data for ( xxx ) for the year 20xx. or 20xx - 20yy years……………………………….… 19

● Results………………………………………………………………………………………..… 19

● Discussion/Conclusion/Recommendations………………………………………………… 21

● References/works cited……………………………………………………………………….. 21-22

General conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….. 23

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