Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,

JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya

2 - 4 May, 2018

Proposed changes in Engineering Students’

Final Project & Attachment Management in
JKUAT to Enhance University – Jua Kali
Collaboration to bridge existing technological
Henry N. Kaosa and Seroni Anyona

Engineering, Electronic and Computer Engineering,

Abstract—Apart from being a major employer, Kenya’s informal Telecommunication & Information Engineering, Geomatics
sector which is commonly referred to as Jua Kali has produced a lot of Engineering and Geospatial Information Systems (GEGIS),
useful inventions and improved products that have changed Kenyan Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronic Engineering, · Mining
lives. Some of these products include airplane prototypes, improved & Mineral Processing Engineering, Marine Engineering,
charcoal stoves, wheelbarrows and money maker water pumps just to
mention a few. However most of these products have failed to attain Agricultural & Bio-systems Engineering. Each year the
optimal mass production and improvements due to insufficient university produces hundreds of graduates in electronics/
technical expertise in carrying out design and optimization, poor electrical engineering, agricultural, mechanical engineering,
research and logistical support, financial constraints and ineffective mining and mineral processing among others [3].
marketing strategies. For this sector to fully contribute to The college of engineering trains undergraduate and
industrialization of our country, deliberate efforts must be made to postgraduate students as well as carrying out relevant research.
support and nurture it. This provides an entry opportunity for
institutions of higher learning, like JKUAT, to collaborate and convert The following are the main objectives:
the raw indigenous ideas to workable and technological systems for 1. To provide manpower for the development of industry
mass production. both the public and private sector;
2. To provide relevant manpower for various sectors
Keywords—Industrial collaboration, academia and industry, involved in research in manufacturing, infrastructural
formal and informal sectors, Jua Kali. development, mining, etc.
The mission of JKUAT is to offer accessible quality training,
I. INTRODUCTION research and innovation in order to produce leaders in fields of

T HIS paper reviews and proposes changes in project

management for engineering students in JKUAT. We
explore the benefits to be earned if student projects are done
engineering and enterprise development among others to suit
the needs of a dynamic world [10]. While the vision of the
University is to be a University of Global Excellence in
outside university premises in collaboration with Jua Kali Training, Research and Innovation for Development
artisans. Students will be exposed to apprenticeship in the
informal sector and get a shot at production using only the
equipment available to artisans in the Jua Kali sector. Students
may come up with new/ improved designs or fabricate more
efficient tools but will work under the supervision of the artisan
since the latter is more experienced in the field. An alternative
approach is where the artisan does the casting or fabrication as
may be required under the guidance of the student who will
design, provide intellectual support, pay and write a report on
the experience with suggestions for process/ equipment
improvement. Ideas and inventions generated at this level can
be branded and exposed to the market. This will ensure that the
products generated attract funding and raise the much needed Figure 1: Mining engineering students carrying out magnetic survey
income for the sector.
Currently JKUAT has 10 BSc engineering programs under
College of Engineering and Technology (COETEC) [3]. These
include; Civil Engineering, Electrical and Electronic

1 2
H. N. Kaosa, Department of Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering, A. Seroni, Department of Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering,
JKUAT (phone: +2540790990466; e-mail: [email protected]). JKUAT (e-mail: [email protected]).

148
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

in Kenya. The EBK was established under Section 3(1) of the

Engineers Act 2011. EBK boasts a cumulative registered
membership of over 1800 certified engineers. Most of the
Engineering courses offered at JKUAT are accredited by the
EBK and a good number of JKUAT staff are registered
members.
JKUAT was started as a technical college in 1981. It was a
cooperative project between the Government of Japan and the
Government of Kenya. Since then, this institution has grown
tremendously. It is now the leading and most prestigious, most
preferred institution of higher learning for engineering
enthusiasts in the region, offering training at undergraduate,
Masters and Doctor of Philosophy levels [3]. According to [3],
the University consists of the College of Engineering and
Technology, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Agriculture, the
Figure 2: JKUAT engineering laboratories
School of Architecture and Technology, School of Human
Resource Development and Institute of Computer Science and
Information Technology. There are several research institutes
that focus on extension activities and scientific inquiry.
Programs in the College of Engineering and Technology fall
under three Schools: School of Civil, Environmental and
Geospatial Engineering; School of Electrical, Electronic and
Information Engineering; School of Mechanical,
Manufacturing, Mining, Materials and Petroleum Engineering
[3].
I. JUA KALI
Jua Kali is a Swahili word which can be interpreted as ‘hot
sun’. This refers to Kenya’s informal sector where in many
cases business is carried out under open air environments
exposed to the heat of the sun throughout the day [6]. Jua Kali
artisans and traders form the majority of the human capital
Figure 3: JKUAT Electrical engineering laboratories which powers the economy in urban areas countrywide.
According to a research done by J. O. Marwanga [1] there is
The training offered in engineering courses lasts for periods
enough evidence indicating that the majority of the population
of 5 years for undergraduate. In the first three years of the
derives their livelihood from the informal economy. They
programs, all the students cover common units mainly in
procure or extract, raw materials, manufacture essential
mathematics, applied science, fundamental engineering and
products and distribute various commodities through shops,
principles relating to their area of specialization [3]. Each
open-air stalls and hawking. Most Jua Kali activities are
student undergoes mandatory eight-week industry-based
concentrated in urban areas though a good number of artisans
practical attachment at the end of the second, third and fourth
operate in the rural setting. In Nairobi, Jua Kali artisans are
years of study [3]. The student is usually tasked to write a report
located at Gikomba, Kamukunji, Ziwani, Kawangware,
of the experience and draw sketches of equipment used [4].
Kariobangi Githurai and Roysambu to mention just a few.
During industrial attachment, the engaging institution/
Artisanal apprenticeship may be a result of traditional
company is expected to assign a supervisor to the student. This
African craftsmanship which has been around as long as our
supervisor will instruct and follow up on the activities of the
communities have been handed down from generation to
attaché then give recommendation and signature on a daily
generation. However the artisanal informal sector (Jua Kali) as
basis in forms provided by the university. A student is not
is known today may have started as early as 1899 at the advent
allowed to graduate until he/she has been to three industrial
of colonialism. After the completion of the Uganda railway
attachments and spent the required hours.
Nairobi and other towns started to mushroom. This also came
Target groups for JKUAT’s engineering programs include
with the alienation of land and this forced many Africans to
qualified form four graduates, ‘A’ Level graduates, Diploma
migrate to the White settler farms, Nairobi and other urban
holders and holders of other qualifications recognized by the
centres, in search of wage labour. Those who failed to secure
University Senate. Form four graduates are admitted through
wage labour in Nairobi turned to hawking and other marginal
the Kenya University and College Central Placement Service
activities such as the brewing of traditional liquor and
KUCCPS.
craftsmanship. It is further argued that although a number of
The Engineers Board of Kenya (EBK) is the body mandated
Africans acquired artisanal skills from the government
to register, regulate and maintains a roll of qualified engineers
departments and mission schools by the inter war period, very

149
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

few of them practiced artisanal businesses in Nairobi. Rather,

most of them acquired jobs in the formal sector. Therefore, the
African pioneer Jua kali artisans were those who acquired their
skills informally from the Asian artisans. The Second World
War marked the increased exploitation of the Kenyan economy.
Most of the Africans who migrated to urban centers,
demobilized soldiers after the Second World War and those
evicted from white settlement farms after farm mechanization
turned to the informal sector to make a living. They engaged in
carpentry, metal work, woodwork, bicycle and motor vehicle
repair, as well as shoe repair. Evidently, these Jua kali trades,
were a direct consequence of the inadequate job opportunities
in the waged sector of the economy. At independence in 1963,
the influx control measures against African movement into Figure 5: Improved Charcoal stove by Jua Kali artisans
Nairobi were lifted. This in turn accelerated the influx of
thousands of the ex-detainees and other Africans who had been
repatriated from Nairobi during the Emergency, educated and
semi-educated job seekers. It is against this background that
many Kenyans were pushed into the Jua kali sector after
independence into the 1980s and 1990s.
The Jua Kali industry constitutes shop owners, engineers,
craftsmen, apprentices and road-side traders etc. Their activities
include repair or production oriented activities in motor vehicle
repair, carpentry and woodwork. Areas of specialization have
broadened since M. Walsh’s [2] publication and has
Figure 6: An assortment of Jua Kali products
incorporated very many additional areas ranging from
electronics to beauty and cosmetics. The products include The potential of the informal sector and the Jua Kali sector
amplifiers, inverters, wheelbarrows, furniture, kitchenware, in particular as a vehicle for job creation and a tool for wealth
metal suitcases for students (sanduku) and clothes, which are generation was first recognized by ILO in 1971 [5]. More
sold locally and regionally in the various market centers. Main attention was focused on the movement in 1986 triggering the
means of distribution is through the traditional commercial creation of the Ministry of Technical Training and Technology
supply chain and infrastructure. by the Government of Kenya. In more recent years, the
definition of Jua Kali has evolved to mean small scale operators
who are more limited by resources than by choice.
About 89.72 per cent of the 832,900 new jobs created in 2016
were from the informal sector. The 2017 Economic Survey by
the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics showed that the
informal sector, commonly referred to as Jua Kali, generated
747,300 jobs while the remainder 85,600 were created by the
formal sector.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Kenyan Academia’s Current Project Management and
Apprenticeship/ Industrial Attachment
A lot of studies have been carried out regarding the Jua Kali
sector by many academicians and researchers from various
Figure 4: Wheelbarrows & Metallic Boxes made by Jua Kali
Kenyan universities. These include JKUAT, UoN, KU, Moi,
etc. Most of these studies have focused on various thematic
areas of the sector including government policy, marketing,
value addition, technological improvements, organization,
training, intellectual property etc. The authors referenced in this
paper have demonstrated understanding of the sector’s
challenges. Kathuru Joseph Gitari (UoN) studied The
Emergence and Development of the Informal Sector 1908-2009
in Eldoret. J. O. Marwanga,did a study on “The impact of
informal economy on employment creation,” the Case of

150
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

Kamukunji Jua Kali artisans in Nairobi, Kenya [1], Berlin, J. foundation for industrialization. This sector is at its
Sullivan ed., cried out a study titled “Under the sun or in the infancy and therefore provides opportunities for
shade? Jua Kali in African countries and S. M. Maina, R. W. innovations, improvisations and research.
Rukwaro, [2] M.Walsh,on “Education, training and the 3. Unlike the formal sector the Jua Kali sector is not riddled
informal sector in Kenya” and W. H. Onyango, wrote a paper with rigid bureaucracy and red tape which inhibit
on “Infusing design in the Jua Kali production processes” creativity and spontaneous thinking and therefore the
among others. Jua Kali sector may accommodate more mistakes
The evidence investigated by M. Walsh [2] shows that the providing the opportunity to test new ideas. This may
informal sector can absorb many more apprentices than are also help improve the quality of the sector’s products
trained at present. According to M. Walsh the total number of and change the negative public perception about the
trainees could be more than doubled simply by filling up the sector.
existing underutilized capacity. It is noted that the pattern of 4. Most artisans engaged in the Jua Kali industry do not
underutilization seems to have arisen because entrepreneurs are have sufficient education required to document and
experiencing difficulty in recruiting capable apprentices, a protect their intellectual property. This has led to lose of
reflection of the fact that many of them are no longer happy to indigenous Kenyan knowledge, innovations and ideas to
take on trainees primarily for social reasons, but are beginning other countries. So, University-Jua Kali collaboration
to put more economic considerations first. M. Walsh proposes will help seal this loophole.
new uses of existing training institutions acknowledging that 5. Currently there is a critical shortage of vacancies for
the existing public training institutions possess the capacity, at student attachment in the formal sector. So opening up
least in theory, to service the informal sector in skill upgrading, and accepting the informal sector as an alternative
product diversification, quality improvement, and research for provider for attachment with create limitless
appropriate technology. opportunities.
B. Short-comings of Formal Education System A. Optimal Utilization of the Academic Knowledge and
In Kenya, according to UNEVOC Berlin, J. Sullivan ed [5], Creativity of Students
the majority of the unemployed, characterized by people In Kenya, engineering knowledge and expertise is diverse.
without work who are seen idling around or actively looking for There exists traditional craftsmanship passed down from parent
work, are the young and relatively more educated. It is to offspring, Jua Kali craftsmanship in urban areas and
estimated that the informal sector will create about 100,000 jobs academically qualified engineers.
per year if critical training programs which are market-driven When engineering is supported with quality management,
are created [5]. It is also noted that despite high demand for theoretical research, design, standardization, financing and
education and major investments in this sector by Sub-Saharan government policy support, success becomes inevitable. This
African countries, the region’s education systems are not can be witnessed from the developments in the West and Asian
producing the intellectual and human resources required for countries throughout the last century and currently.
sustainable economic growth and political stability. Its Students are usually gifted with innovative talent and
recommends that “The supply of technicians as well as of JKUAT offers the convenience of having experts from a wide
craftsmen and artisans should be augmented through ‘on-the- range of interdependent academic disciplines within the same
job’ and ‘in-service training’, a move that should involve both institution. This provides an ideal place for catalyzing the
government department and the private sector. creation of complete industrial systems by incubating ideas
from various departments. Experts from the informal sector can
III. JUSTIFICATION provide the much needed experience in tool handling, efficient
The human resource produced from Kenyan universities has methods, no-go’s and much more.
not been fully and effectively utilized in powering B. Industrial attachment and students’ final project
industrialization geared towards substantial economic Apart from the theoretical classes, mentioned elsewhere,
development for the country. According to J.O. Marwanga [1] engineering students at JKUAT are required to undergo
and UNEVOC Berlin, J. Sullivan [5], there is urgent need to practical attachment within and without the university. In
come up with proactive radical solutions to this problem so as addition they also undertake an individual final year project. A
to create employment opportunities that match the high rate of student will undergo a mandatory practical training attachment,
growth of the labor force in Kenya. Long-term collaboration each of eight weeks, on at the University at the end of the
between JKUAT and the Jua Kali sector with regards to second year and the others at the end of third and fourth years
innovation has a number of benefits: of study including units of practical training in the engineering
1. It will help link academia and researchers to the informal workshops during the academic semesters. A student must
and indigenous sector creating the much needed synergy undertake, in their final year of study, a suitable engineering
that will utilize the strengths of two sectors to propel project under supervision of a member of academic staff. All
industrialization. this is geared towards ensuring that the student acquires the
2. The Jua Kali sector may be compared to the pre- basic engineering skills and innovative attitude.
industrial Europe cottage industry which formed the

151
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

To appreciate the dynamics of attachment in JKUAT, two Study of gemstones

departments have been sampled namely Mechanical • Cut and rough gemstones,
Engineering Department and Mining, Materials & Petroleum • Naming and measuring gems
Engineering (MMPE) Department for the year 2017-2018. The (Trade names and misnomers)
Wazaire Gems
table below shows the frequently visited companies for Company
1 • physical and chemical properties
of gems
attachments by students and the activities that they are involved
• Study of magnification using
in. loupe and gem microscope.
Attachment records for 4th year MMPE Students 2017-18 • Grading of gems

Name of No of
Activities
company students
Mechanical Engineering Department attachment record
• Map analysis and digitization.
2017-18
• Geophysical exploration
methods Company/Institutio No.of Activities
• Explosives and drilling n Students
Ministry of • Repair and Maintenance
• Assaying
Mining; Mines
2 • Geochemistry lab and equipment GIZ Westlands 2 • Installations
and Geology
(atomic absorption and • Design
Department
spectrometer, gold analysis). • Repair and
• Lapidary section(jaw crusher and DT Dobie, Lusaka Maintenance
1
pulveriser) rd • Installations
• X-ray fluorescence • Design
KURKUR QUARRY • Repair and
East African
• Quarry operations, Crushing 2
Maintenance
Breweries Limited,
operations and collection of • Installations
Ruaraka
cycle time data • Design
• Tracking and mapping quarry • Repair and
British American
boundaries using GPS mapping Maintenance
Tobacco LIMITED. 1
tools • Installations
Likoni RD
• Limestone crusher inspection • Design
• Laboratory analysis samples • Repair and
East Africa BISSEL QUARRY Numerical Maintenance
Portland 3 1
• Safety and Health policy Machining complex • Installations
Cement • Design
• Drilling operations
• Blasting of drill holes • Repair and
Nairobi Bottlers
KABINI QUARRY Maintenance
Limited, North 1
• Location of drill holes using • Installations
airport rd
GPS • Design
• Maintenance of diesel crusher • Repair and
Unga farmcare EA
• Clinker manufacturing and kiln Ltd, Dakar RD. Ind. 1
Maintenance
operation • Installations
Area
• Cement milling and packaging • Design
• Safety and Maintenance • Repair and
East African
operations. Maintenance
Portland cement, 1
• Drilling. • Installations
Athi river
9 • Stone cutting. • Design
City stone
Quarry • welding • Repair and
Air Kenya Express
Maintenance
• Drilling holes for blasting, LTD, Wilson 1
• Installations
charging, stemming and blasting. Airport
• Design
• Operation of a wheel loader.
• Repair and
• Beams and columns. Maintenance
JB Motors,
• Well design and construction. Industrial area
1
• Installations
• Hydrological surveying and • Design
National stratigraphy. • Repair and
Water 1 • Drill pipes, bits and rotating CMC Nairobi,
Maintenance
Corporation equipment. Lusaka rd/ Heavy 2
• Installations
• Hoisting equipment. commercial vehicles
• Design
• Rig instrumentation system • Repair and
• Noise control. Maintenance
Kahawa Barracks 2
• Installations
• Design

152
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

• Repair and provide the most appropriate environment for identifying,

Kapa Oil Refineries Maintenance developing, nurturing, and employing young innovative skilled
1
Ltd, Mlolongo • Installations engineers from JKUAT using the student attachment and
• Design
project format than the formal sector. This will position
• Repair and
Subaru Kenya, Maintenance students for the future in this most promising sector.
1
Industrial area • Installations D. OBJECTIVE
• Design
• Repair and The key objective of this study is to explore and illustrate the
Central Glass merits of University-informal sector collaboration and the
Maintenance
Industries, 1
• Installations opportunities the informal sector can provide for engineering
Kasarani
• Design innovations.
• Repair and • To encourage student attachments in the informal
Kenya Airports
Maintenance
Authority, Kisumu 1
• Installations
sector and increase the vacancy available for
Airport
• Design attachment
• Repair and • To promote the utilization of the growth potential of
JEEP Motors Maintenance the informal Jua Kali sector for innovation and
1
TATA Kericho • Installations
• Design experimentation
• Repair and • Integrate IT in the informal sector
Nzoia sugar
1
Maintenance • Help improve the quality of products and services
company • Installations
provided by the Jua Kali informal sector and make
• Design
• Repair and them competitive in the local and international market.
Maintenance
Mumias Sugar Co. 1
• Installations
E. METHODOLOGY
• Design This study was carried out by doing desk review of existing
secondary data and related researches and documentation.
From the sampled information it is observed that: (1) the However a substantial amount of information was acquired by
preferred companies are all formal establishments. There is no unstructured interviews of the Jua kali artisans and university
informal establishment in the list. (2) The students are involved staff as well as through observation.
in regular routine operations. (3) Operations involving systems
design and innovation are not open to students on attachment. IV. INFUSION OF INTELLECTUAL KNOWLEDGE IN
(4) The existing systems & structures are rigid and not able to THE JUA KALI SECTOR: THE WAY TO THE FUTURE
accommodate any new untested innovative ideas from students. Past experience from other regions such as Europe show
While understanding the existing operational systems of a that there are four systems leading to industrialization namely;
company is important, development of key engineering skills at Family System, Handicraft System (Guild System), Domestic
the earliest opportunity is critical. This requires companies to System or Cottage System and Factory System. The Kenyan
be prepared to take risks and create room and space for Jua Kali sector currently represents the cottage system which is
innovations within their existing structures. This will involve at the threshold of the indigenous factory system.
allowing students to participate in designs of new models,
piloting and implementation. It is in this regard that it’s
proposed in this paper that the informal Jua Kali Sector be
considered as an alternative for attachments and internships. Family Handicra Indus
Cottage Factory
Apart from providing more chances for attachment, the System ft System trializ
System System
informal sector will have a number of added advantages. It’s ation
less restrictive and more flexible in accommodating new ideas.
It will be possible to take risks without adverse impacts on Four systems leading to industrialization
related systems. It will be easier for the student to own
intellectual property of any innovation. The outcome of any
innovation will be felt immediately given the fact that in the Jua
Kali industry the innovator is in direct contact with consumers.
Innovations developed under these circumstances can be easily
and cheaply replicated and hence will motivate entrepreneur
desire in the student. There are greater growth possibilities in
the Jua kali sector going forward than the formal sector.
C. STUDY HYPOTHESIS
This study asserts that the informal Jua Kali sector will

153
 Proceedings of the Sustainable Research and Innovation Conference,
JKUAT Main Campus, Kenya
2 - 4 May, 2018

future developments.
Development of the Cottage industry to Manufacture Being an accomplished academician should not separates an
individual from the larger society because of the way in which
Primary the science which drives engineering discipline strives to cope
Intellectual with first world trends. A desirable alternative would be
intervention studying and working to improve local industry while learning
(a) from the mistakes of developed countries.
The mistakes made by developed nations include
manufacturing products with unchecked levels of carbon
emission – which is the main contributor to the current problem
Transitio Division
Full of global warming, lead poisoning, overproduction with a focus
n btwn of Labor
Cottage Mechaniz on maximization of profits rather than continuous development
Cottage & Roles-
System ation of targeted at fulfilling existing needs
& Human/
Factory Processes Our education systems should have the power to return an
Machine
improved individual to the society, one who not only
understands the society’s inner workings and technologies but
is also capable of adding value by building upon the existing
Secondary systems. For this feat to be achievable, local traditional and
intellectual industrial products must be cataloged, their origins and
Intervention developments taught to students who are expected to make
(b) improvements and other innovations with an aim of meeting
existing needs with greater optimized efficiency.
From the flow chart above and according to this paper Even as we encourage the education of our children, it
cottage or informal sector industry develops in four stages to becomes essential that we find a way of utilizing the knowledge
full industrialization. The initial cottage activities undergo a and skills available in the communities outside the education
transition period in which there is both human and machine system
labor and some parts of the processing are done under cottage It is the submission of this paper that efforts be made to adopt
while the other parts are done by factory processes. This will the current attachment and final student project requirements to
then mature to a stage of division of labor in which specific suit the informal Jua Kali sector and encourage students to
processes that produce specific products are concentrated in one venture into the sector.
location to supply the rest of the production processes. The final
stage is that of full mechanization where over three quarters of REFERENCES
the production is done by machine. [1] J. O. Marwanga, “The impact of informal economy on employment
Based on this Jua Kali development conceptual model there creation,” the Case of Kamukunji Jua Kali artisans in Nairobi, Kenya,
are key entry points for academic intervention. These may be International journal of economics, commerce and management, vol. III.
referred as primary intervention (a) and secondary intervention issue 6, United Kingdom, June 2015, pp. 854, 860–862, 873.
[2] M. Walsh, “Education, training and the informal sector in Kenya”,
(b). At the primary stage the key interventions will include October 1991, pp. 18–19, 23.
design of factory processes, design of packaging, acquisition of [3] JKUAT COETEC brochure
intellectual property, quality assurance, marketing and health [4] JKUAT Faculty of engineering students external attachment Log-Book
[5] UNEVOC Berlin, J. Sullivan ed., “Under the sun or in the shade? Jua Kali
and safety among others. The secondary stage of intervention in African countries”, National policy definition in technical and
may well be similar to the first stage however at this point there vocational education: beyond the formal sector, international project on
will be need for advanced mechanization including digital technical and vocational education, Nairobi, 1998, pp. 17, 39–41.
[6] S. M. Maina, R. W. Rukwaro and W. H. Onyango, “Infusing design in the
systems, robotics and smart technology. Jua Kali production processes”, IOSR journal of humanities and social
science, vol 23, issue 3, ver II, March 2012, pp 1,
V. CONCLUSION [7] JKUAt Intake Advertisement: http://host.nationmedia.com/JKUAT-May-
September-2016-Intake.pdf, accessed 6th April 2018, 9:53 am
As the Jua Kali sector continues to develop there will be [8] Corporate Communications Office, "New students report to JKUAT
limitless opportunities for academic and research communities campuses", http://www.jkuat.ac.ke/new-students-report-to-jkuat-
campuses/, accessed on April 6th 2018 at 10:23 am
to be part of this dynamic sector. This development will provide [9] Engineers Board of Kenya, "Registered professional engineers",
room and space for experimentation, innovation and creativity. http://ebk.or.ke/registered-professional-engineers/ accessed on 6th April
The earlier this opportunity is sized the better. The proposed 2018, 10:45 am
[10] JKUAT, June 2017 Graduation Booklet
student attachment model can and will be a stepping stone in [11]
the right direction.
Jua Kali artisans have also accumulated undocumented skills
throughout their many years of innovations and improvement,
which is guided mainly by market demand enforced by the need
to earn a living in the modern financial system. Innovations
need to be studied, catalogued and documented to facilitate

154