Science, Technology, and Society: Finals Reviewer - They have been the key players in the changes that we

experience
CHAPTER 3: Specific Issues in STS
Advantages of Information Technology
LESSON 1: The Infoirmation Age 1. Globalization
Brought the world closer together
Information Age
- a historic period in the 21st century. The rapid shift
from traditional industry, it is also called Computer Age 2. Communication
or The New Media Age. Has made communication cheaper, quicker, and more
efficient
- began around the 1970s and still going on today 3. Cost Effectiveness
Computerization of business processes and increased
- also referred to people, information, and societies productivity
that chronicles the birth and growth of electronic
information. 4. Creation of New Jobs
Opening up of opportunity for computer programmers,
4 Periods of the Information Age: system analysts, hardware and software developers and
web designers.
1. Pre-Mechanical (3000 BC - 1450 A.D.)
2. Mechanical (1450 - 1840) The Information Age has introduced changes in the
3. Electro-Mechanical (1840 - 1940) different aspects of people’s lives, because of the
4. Electronic/Information (1940 - present) following:

Pioneers that belonged to these periods: 1. Emergence of online companies

1. Blaire Pascal 2. Creation of economically and stimulating businesses
2. Alexander Graham Bell 3. More mature and educated people
3. Steven Wozmak 4. Reshaping governments with new technologies
4. Steven Jobs
5. Bill Gates
Lesson 2: Gene Therapy
Personal Computers
- They can be connected to local or national networks Heredity
- the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring,
- They became widespread by the end of the 1980s either through asexual or sexual reproduction, the
offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic
Internet information of their parents.
- Developed during 1970s, it was used by the scientists
mainly to communicate with other scientists. Genotype - genetic make up

World Wide Web Phenotype - physical manifestations

- It was developed in the 1990s, mainly for commercial
purposes. Pemetrance
- a measure of how often a disease genotype correlates
Claide Shannon to the disease phenotype.
- The Father of the Information Age
Genetic Engineering
- the altering of the genes inside your body’s cells in an
Living in the Information Age: Effects/Impact effort to treat or stop the disease.

Information Technology Gene Therapy

- It is composed of computers, networks, mobile and - Involves the splicing of functional genes into cells that
wireless devices, satellite communications, robotics, contain defectivem nonfunctional genes for a particular
videotext, sable television, electronic email, and etc. trait.

Technological Innovation and Entrepreneurship

2 Procedure to Cure Diseased People by Fixing Their - is a complex organic molecule composed of thousands
Genes of repeating nucleotide molecules and that each free
nucleotide carries with it one of our nitrogenous bases.
1. Insert foreign genetic material into the germ line-into
sperm or eggs-where they could be passsed on to - this is not merely a molecule with a pattern, it is a
succeeding generations. CODE, a language, and an information STORAGE.

2. Use genetic engineering to insert foreign genes into - is passed from generation to generation during
somatic cells-into any cells except sperm or eggs and reproduction and acts as genetic factors
their progenitors-in an effort to correct some genetic
defect 3 Subunits of DNA Nucleotides

Heredity Information 1. Phosphate Group

- Is contained or within the genes, located in the - chemical group made up of phosphorous and oxygen
chromosomes of each cell.
2. Deoxyribose
Genes - a five-carbon sugar made up of carbon, oxygen, and
- a heredity factor that is thought to exist in discrete hydrogen
portions (loci)of chromosomes.
Discrete 3. Nitrogenous Base
- refers to the concept that genes are always located at - chemical unit composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
the same point or locus on a chromosomes. and nitrogen.

Alleles (Dominant and Recessive) DNA Code

- Pair of homologous chromosomes that contains linear, - is used by these mechanisms to manufacture specific
matching arrangements of genes exerting parallel enzymes and other proteins through the process of
control over the same traits. protein synthesis.

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of Triplet Codon - the three nitrogenous bases
46 chromosomes
Heredity - is the passage o0f these instructions from
Common Genetic Disorders one generation to another.
1. Down Syndrome
2. Sickle Cell Disease Stem-Cell Therapy - focuses on the use of stem cells to
3. Phenyl Ketoneeria (PKU) treat or prevent a disease or condition.
4. Hemophilia

Genetric Traits LESSON 3: Biodiversity and Healthy Society

- are determined largely through the precise
information found in the cell’s gene structure. The Impact of Biodiversity on Human Life
1. Human Population Growth
Effects of Genes in Our Environment 2. Pollution and Destruction in our Environment
3. Destruction of Habitat
1. Effect of light or chlorophyll production 4. Exploitation of Animals and Plants
5. Signs of Environmental Contamination
2. Effect of temperature on hair color in the Himalayan 6. Consumption of Energy
hare 7. Fossils for Fuels

Genes - are segments of DNA molecules Nanoworld of Science and Technology

- a great interest to governments, industries, and
Mutation - any alteration of the DNA sequence academia.

DNA “nano” - denotes size of the order of one billionth of a

- is a polymer made up of a repeating chemical unit meter
known as the Nucleotide.
Nanoscience - refers to the specific study of materials Greenhouse - a layer of gases, primarily water vapor, in
of nanometer size. the lower atmosphere that trap heat from the sun as
it’s reflected back from Earth.
Nanotechnology - refers to various technologies to
produce materials of extra high precision and Water Vapor - the most abundant greenhouse gas, but
dimensions on the scale of one-billion of a meter. importantly, acts as a feedback to the climate.

- Implies the ability to generate and utilize structures, Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - a minor but very important
components, and devices with a size range from about component of the atmosphere, this is released through
0.1nm to about 100nm natural processes such as respiration and vulcano
eruptions and through human activities.

Richard Feyman Methane - a hydrocarbon gas produced both through

- “Plenty of Room” natural sources and human activities, including the
- Gave nano technology a packaged history that decomposition of wastes in landfills, agriculture, and
provided an early date of December 1959. especially rice culturation.

Erick Drexler Nitrous Oxide - a powerful greenhouse gas produced by

- Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, soil cultivation practices, especially the use of
and Computation” commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel
- Founcer of Foresight Institute in 1986 with the mission combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass
of “Preparing for Nanotechnology” burning.

Nanotechnology and Nanoscience got a boost in 1980s Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - synthetic compounds
with two major developments: The birth of cluster entirely of industrial origin used in a number of
science and the invention of the scanning tunneling appkications, but now largely regulated in production
microscopes (STM). and release to the atmosphere by international
agreement for their ability to contribute to destruction
Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer of ozone layer.
- they invented the tunneling microscope in 1981, an
instrument for imagining surfaces at the atomic level Anthropogenic - human-caused climate change ranged
from more frequent and severe droughts to
Gerd Binning, Calvin Quate, and Christoph Gerber snowstorms.
- they invented the first atomic force microscope in
1986. Energy Crisis - is any great bottle neck in the supply of
energy resources to an economy
1989
- the first commercially available atomic force
microscope was introduced CHAPTER 5: Environmental Awareness

Don Eigler Environmental Awareness - this leads us to understand

- An IBM researcher, he was the first to manipulate the fragility of our environment and the importance of
atoms using a scanning tunneling microscope in 1989. its protection.

Environmentalism - is an ideology that evokes the

CHAPTER 4: Climate Change and Energy Crisis necessity and respinsibility of humans to respect,
protect, and preserve the natural word from the
Climate Change/Global Warming abusive or wrong use of humans.
- refers to the change in global or regional patterns, in
particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th Environmental Education - is a process that allows
century onwards and attributed largely to the increased individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in
level of atmospheric carbon dioxide by the use of fossil problem solving and take action to improve the
fuels. environment.

- refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on

earth
CHAPTER 6: Alternative Energy Resources RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

Alternative Energy - is an energy source that is Biomass - is significantly cleaner than most fossil fuels
alternative to fossil fuel. such as coal and oil, it still produces dioxide sulphur
dioxide during electricity production.
- a broader category encompassing all non-fossil-fuel
based energy sources and processes, of which Hydro Energy - “hydro power”, is a very clean and
renewable energies are only a part. powerful method for generating electricity from a
trapped wall of water.
Renewable Energy - comes from a source that is
naturally occurring and replenishes naturally without Geothermal Energy - a reliable energy source,
the interference if human intervention. depending on your location. It is commonly used to
provide a source of heating or hot water for households
using “ground source heat pumps”.
SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY:
Solar Energy - this can be somewhat unreliable
Nuclear Power - among the most abundant forms of depending on the placement, location, and sorrounding
alternative energy environment of the solar cells.

Hydroelectric Energy - it has a number of benefits. Not Tidal Energy - can be used to create electricity from the
only is it a clean source of energy which means it does large energy force behind the tides.
not create pollution, but it is also a renewable source of
energy. Wave Energy - this is similar to tidal energy, but instead
uses the force behind the waves to generate electricity.
Wave Energy - a valuable contribution to alternative
energy fuel sources with wave energy converters Wind Energy - can be very reliable renewable energy
source is the wind turbines are placed in the right
Biofuels - this make use of animals and plants to create location.
energy
Wood Energy - this ties in with biomass, as it is still
Natural Gas - it is being used in cars to reduce carbon renewable, but must be burnt during electricity
emissions production, which makes it harmful for our
environment.
Geothermal Power - this is about extracting energy
from the ground up

Wind Energy - this form of energy generation has

become increasingly popular in recent years. It offers
much the same benefits than many other alternative
fuel sources so.

Biomass Energy - it comes in number of forms. Burning

wood is one of the examples.

Tidal Energy - uses the power of water to generate

energy much like with the hydroelectric methods, its
application actually has more in common with turbines
in many cases.

Hydrogen Gas - a completely clean burning fuel