Here are the answers to your questions:

Influences that Gave Rise to Socio-Religious Reform Movements

Ans. The Socio-Religious Reform Movements and their leaders were characterised by a
recognition of the interconnection between religious and social issues. The socio-religious
reform movements in India were influenced by the impact of modern Western education, which
exposed the weaknesses and decay of Indian society. The British conquest of India also
revealed social evils like sati, infanticide, and child marriage. Additionally, the freedom of the
press and the emergence of new social groups like the capitalist class and the modern
intelligentsia contributed to the growth of these movements ¹.

2. What was known asYoung Bengal Movement? Give a brief introduction of a Ans.person who
laid this movement.
The Young Bengal Movement was a radical trend in Bengal that emerged in the late 1820s and
1830s. It was led by Henry Vivian Derozio, a Young Anglo-Indian who taught at Hindu College
from 1826 to 1831. Derozio inspired his students to think critically and challenge authority,
leading to attacks on old customs, rites, and traditions. The movement advocated for women's
rights and education but ultimately failed to create a lasting impact ¹.

3. Give a brief account of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and the organisation he founded.
Ans. Raja Rammohun Roy and Brahmo Samaj
A rationalist and a reformist leader, born in a conservative Brahman family in Bengal in 1772,
Raja Rammohun Roy (1772-1833) was a grea scholar in Persian, Arabic and English. The
Mughals gave him the title of 'Raja.
Raja Rammohun Roy was a key figure in the socio-religious reform movements in India. He
founded the Brahmo Samaj in 1828, which aimed to modernize Indian society through social
restructuring. The Brahmo Samaj believed in the equality of all religions. The Samaj preached
monotheism, rejected idolatry, and advocated for women's rights and education. Roy also
played a significant role in the abolition of sati and the promotion of widow remarriage ¹.

4. name and describe any two reform Movements in Western India.

Two notable reform movements in western India are:
-prathna Samaj (1867):
Influenced by brahmo Samaj comma the prathna Samaj was founded in 1867 at Bombay.
Mahadev Govind Ranade and Ramkrishna Bhandarkar were great leaders of this movement. It
advocate widow remarriage
- *Satya Shodhak Samaj* (1873): Founded by Jyotiba Phule, this movement sought to educate
society about caste prejudice and free downtrodden lower-caste people from Brahminical
oppression.

5. Describe the child marriage Restraint act.

Child Marriage Restraint Act
The Child Marriage Restraint Act was passed in 1929 to prohibit child marriage in India (period
of lord Irwin). The act raised the minimum age of marriage for girls from 10 to 14 years and for
boys from 15 to 18 years.

6. Why were social reforms felt important?

Importance of Social Reformers
Ans. Social reformers were essential in highlighting the social evils prevalent in Indian society
and advocating for change. They played a crucial role in promoting women's rights, education,
and social justice.

7.What is Sati Pratha?

Sati Pratha was a social evil in which a widow was forced to immolate herself on her husband's
funeral pyre. This practice was prevalent in certain parts of India and was eventually banned by
the British in 1829.

8. Who was Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar

Ans. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was born in a poor Brahmin family. He became the principal of
Sanskrit college in Calcutta. The title ‘Vidyasagar’ was conferred upon him in recognition of his
service to the college. Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar was a prominent social reformer who
advocated for women's education and widow remarriage. He played a key role in the passage of
the Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.

9. Who was Swami Dayanand Saraswati

In 1863 Swami Dayanand Saraswati gave the call ‘back to Vedas’. Swami Dayanand Saraswati
was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement that aimed to promote social and
religious reform. He advocated for women's education, widow remarriage, and the abolition of
child marriage.

10. Write about the Hindu mahila Vidyalay.

Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya
The Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya was a school established in 1874 to promote women's education. It
was founded by Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar and provided education to women from all castes.

11.Who is Pandita Ramabai?

Pandita Ramabai was a prominent women's rights activist who advocated for women's
education and social reform. She founded the Sharada Sadan, a school for women, and worked
tirelessly for women's empowerment.

12. Who was Mumtaz Ali?

Mumtaz Ali was a social reformer who advocated for women's education and social reform. He
founded the Anjuman-e-Khawatin-e-Islam, an organization that worked for women's rights and
education.
13. Name the leaders who lent their support to demand for greater equality and freedom for
women.
Leaders Who Supported Women's Rights
Several leaders, including Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar, Jyotiba Phule, and
Swami Dayanand Saraswati, lent their support to the demand for greater equality and freedom
for women.

14. Explain the Aligarh Movement

Ans. The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, founded by Sayyid Ahmed Khan in 1875 at
Aligarh, later became the Aligarh Muslim University. The institution offered modern education,
including Western science, to Muslims, The Aligarh Movement, as it was known, had an
enormous impact in the area of educational reform.

Who was Raja Rammohan Roy

Raja Ram Mohan Roy born in a conservative Brahmin family in Bengal in 1772, Raja Ram
Mohan Roy was a great scholar in Persian Arabic and English. The Mughals gave him the title
of Raja. Raja Rammohan Roy was a prominent social reformer who advocated for women's
rights, education, and social justice. He founded the Brahmo Samaj and played a key role in the
abolition of sati and the promotion of widow remarriage.

Here are the answers:

1. By whom and on what guiding principle was the Arya Samaj founded?
Ans. Founding of Arya Samaj
The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.
The guiding principles of the Arya Samaj were based on the teachings of the Vedas, which
emphasized the importance of education, social reform, and religious revival. The Samaj aimed
to promote Vedic values, eliminate social evils, and unite Hindus under a common platform.

2. Briefly explain the Changes Brought About by Religious and Reform Movements.
Ans. Changes brought about religious and reform movement.
The religious and reform movements brought about significant changes in Indian society. Some
of the key changes include:

- Promotion of women's education and empowerment

- Abolition of child marriage and promotion of widow remarriage
- Elimination of social evils like sati and infanticide
- Promotion of social equality and justice
- Revival of Indian culture and heritage

3. Who was Jyotiba phule? What efforts did he make for the upliftment of depressed classes?
Ans. Jyotiba Phule popularly known as Mahatma Phule was a great reformer advocate of the
causes of oppressed section of the society.
Jyotiba Phule's Efforts
Jyotiba Phule was a prominent social reformer who worked tirelessly for the upliftment of
depressed classes. His efforts include:

- Establishing schools for girls and lower castes

- Advocating for widow remarriage and abolition of child marriage
- Forming the Satya Shodhak Samaj to educate society about caste prejudice
- Working towards promoting social equality and justice

4. Reform Movements Among Muslims, Sikhs, and Parsis

Reform movements among Muslims, Sikhs, and Parsis aimed to promote modern education,
social reform, and religious revival. Some notable examples include:

- Aligarh Movement among Muslims, which aimed to promote modern education and social
reform
- Singh Sabha Movement among Sikhs, which aimed to promote Sikh identity and culture
- Parsi reform movement, which aimed to promote social reform and education among Parsis

5. Brahmo Samaj
The Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohun Roy in 1828. The Samaj aimed to
modernize Indian society through social restructuring. The guiding principles of the Brahmo
Samaj included:

- Promotion of monotheism and rejection of idolatry

- Emphasis on human dignity and social equality
- Promotion of women's education and empowerment

6. Caste System
The caste system is a social hierarchy that has been prevalent in Indian society for centuries.
The system divides people into different castes based on their birth and occupation. The caste
system has been criticized for promoting social inequality and discrimination.
CASTE SYSTEM HIERARCHY

7. Name any one reason of change in society

Ans. Reason for Change in Society
One of the significant reasons for change in society is the impact of modern education and
Western thought. The exposure to new ideas and values has led to a significant shift in social
attitudes and practices.
8. Aim of Brahmo Samaj
The aim of the Brahmo Samaj was to modernize Indian society through social restructuring. The
Samaj aimed to promote monotheism, social equality, and human dignity, the worship of the
eternal God. It was against priesthood, rituals and sacrifices. It focused on prayers, meditation
and reading of the scriptures. The samaj has had considerable success with its programs of
social reform but has never had a significant popular following.

9. Ban on Sati Practice

The practice of sati was banned by the British government in 1829. The ban was a result of the
efforts of social reformers like Raja Rammohun Roy, who campaigned against the practice.

10. Widow Remarriage Act

The Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856, the remarriage of widows in all jurisdictions of
India under East India Company rule. It was drafted by Lord Dalhousie and passed by Lord
Canning before the Indian Rebellion of 1857.which allowed Hindu widows to remarry. The act
was a significant step towards promoting social reform and women's empowerment.

11. Women Reformers

Some notable women reformers include:

- Pandita Ramabai
- Tarabai Shinde
- Savitribai Phule

12. Tarabai Shinde

Tarabai Shinde was a prominent women's rights activist who worked towards promoting
women's education and empowerment. She wrote a book titled "A Comparison Between
Women and Men," which highlighted the social injustices faced by women.