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Now we have to study differentiation of some special type.
i) Differentiation of Implicit Functions.
i)
Logarithmic Differentiation.
ii) Derivatives ofHigher order:
Differentiation of Implicit Functions
There may be a relation between x andy when it is notpossible to express itin
the from of y=f) we call such a relationas implicit function. for example :
3x? -xy + 5= 0can be expressed as.
3x'+5
xy = 3x +5 Or y= X
Thus it is in the formy =f(x) therefore it is not implicit function. but some other
function do not expressed as y = f(x) like
x'+y'-3axy=0,; x+y'-5xy 40 =0; ax + 2bxy -by =0 etc.
We generally do not try to express y in term ofx even though it may
be possible. We
The
differentiate bothsides of the given equation w.rt.x, and ger the value of
these npe of
procedure is illustrated below with the help of solved example for
differentiation students must know following results.
d dy
i) dx dx
d d dy
-y' =2y' x dx y=2y dx
dx
d d
-y'=3y²x
ii) dx dx
-y+y-x=xdy
d d d
iv) dx
+yl)
dx dx dx
v)
d y'=yr=x(2,)+y'()
d d ty°()
dx
logva
y
l1dy
vi) dx y dx
d
-e'=e' dy and e'=-e
vi) dx dx dx
Solution: Example
Solution Exanple
Solution:
Example
3x' dx dy dx dx d dx dy ’ dx
-x'+ Differentiating ’2x+ 8x (5+2y)-(2x
: 2. +3) ’ 2x-2y
’ I.
3. dx d dy dx Differentiating
d 2x+ Dilerentiating
Dilferentiate,
y23(y (8x+2y)=
dy-(2x -2x-8y O Differentiate,
dx +y'+d3xy Differentiate +y)=64 -y'3x)t
-x' +8ry 3=
dx -y'+3.
+3. (8x+2y) dx dy dx dy
+yy'-64 +8 5
dxdy
dx 3(1)= +
5
8y)_-(+4y) ++8y+2y=0 +2y
dx dboth dx dboth x dx dboth x
x)+0 1)= + ty't x +8xy dx dy -5y
dx +1=0 xy dx
dx sides
d dx sides dx dy sides
(4xy)+ dy (5+2y)dxdy y'+3x=
dx
0 with 3xy +
d with y with
= = +3)(2x
0 respect 1=0 + respect 64 respect 5y
dx d W.rl.
to to to x.
x. x. x.
we we we
get get get
M.B.A.(EA)
2003,
(M.B.A.2001)
dy y+*=0
dx
dy
dx
(y*+x) =-r-y
d_-(*'+)
(y'+x)
dy
Example 4. Ifx + y = 3axy,find
Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
d
dx +y)=3ary
dx
dx
’ 3(y-ar). = 3(ay -x')
dx
dy ay- x?
dx y - ax
Example 5. fast + 2hxy + by² + 2gr + 2fy + c = 0, find,dy
d:
Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect to x. we get
d
(ar' + 2hxy +by² +2gx+2f) +c)=0
dx dx
dy +2g +2f. dy
’ 2ax+ 2h X.
dx +y.l|+ 26y. d dx
=0.
’ (2ax + 2hy + 2g) + (2hx + 2by+ 2). dy =0
dx
dy 2ax + 2hy + 2g ax + hy +g
2hx +2by+2f hx + by+f)
Example 6. I/ (e'e ')N prove that d t
Solution: e e-2x,
Diferentiating both sides with respectto x. we get
-e'-)=2
d d
dy, dy 2
d -(e' te")= 2y e+e
dx
dy 2
+ 4ah
dx e-e") +4e'e
2
dy
dx V4x' +4 Vr'+1 :e'-e=21
Logarithmic Diferentiation
Ifuand vare derivable function of xthen functions of type u' can be easih
differentiated after taking logarithm. We call this process logarithmic differentiation.
Logarithm converts product intosum and quotient into difference and thus differentiation
becomes simple. Logarithmic formulae
()) log m" =n log m
(ii) log (m n) =log m + log n
m
(iüi) log n =log m- log n
The example will illustrate the method.
Example 7. Differentiate the following functions w.r. t. x.
() x (i) ((+x} M.B.A.(EA) 208
Solution: () Let y =x.
Taking log on both sides we get,
log y = x log x.
On log m" n log n
differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 dy_ d-log x+logx. d
dx -x
dx
1dy x.+1 log x. 1
-=
d = yl1+ log x)= x*(1+ logx)
dx
(i) Let y= (1+x).flaking log on both sides we get,
logy =x log (1 +x) [log m" =n log m]
On diferentiating both sides with respect to x, we get
1 dy
y dx dx
-log(1+x)+ log(1 +x)x
dx
1 dy 1 d
(l+*)+logll+x)1|
dy-0+1)=bgl+2)]=0+»}|bgl+*)
dx
dy logx M.B.A. 2002)
Example 8. Ifx' = e, prove that d (1+log x)?
Solution: We have x = e -y
Taking log on both sides, we get
y log x= (-y) log e I:: log e = 1)
ylog x+y=x ’ y(l + log x)=x.
(1+ log x)
Differentiate w.rt. x. we get.
d
dy (1+logr) dx -(1+ logx)
dx (1+ logr}
dy (+logx)x -x0+ log x
dx
(1+ log x (1+ log x)}
Differentiation of Infinite Series
\anagern
Sometimes the value ofy is given as an infinite series and we are asked to find dy
Insuch cases we use the fact that ifa tern is deleted jrom an injinile series it d
dy
unaffected. The method of finding dx is explained in the following examples
Example 9. Ify = x+x+xt...0 find dy dx 2y-1
Solution: Since by deleting a single term from an infinite series, it
Therefore, the given function may be wrilten as. ’y= x+y remains same
On squaring both sides weget ’y'= x+y
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x,
2y dy
dx
=]+ dy
dx
dy dy 1
’ (2y- 1) dx
=l’
dx 2y-1
Example I0. f y= x* ind dx M.BA. (FA)205
Solution: Since by deleting asingle term from an infinite
series, it remains sama
Therefore, the given function may be written as. y = x ,
Ontaking log of both sides
’ log y=ylog x
Differentiating both sides w.rt.x
ldy dy d
y dx dx .logx+ y.(logx)
1dy dy -.log x+
ydx dx
dy1
-logx
dx\ y
dy (1- ylogx)_ y dy
dx
dx x(1- y log x)
Derivatives of Higher Order
If y is afunction of x i.e.. y =f3). then its derivative dy
dx
is called the first
dy
ifierential coeficient or first derivatives of yw.rt. x,. If dx is a function of xit can
again be diterentiated. The differential coefficient of dy d( dy is called second
dx dx dx
diferential coetficientor second derivatives ofy w.rt.x. It is denoted by d'y
d(d'y) denoted by
d'y is the third diferential coefficient, and soon.
In general, the nh differential coefficient of w.rtx is denoted by d'y
Ify=f() different derivatives off(s) are
dy d'y dy d'y d"y
dx dx dx dx
These are also denoted by:
() f(a),f"()f(r),.f" ().
Differentiating the first derivatives of afunction we obtain second derivatives,
aifferentiating the second derivatives we get the third derivatives and sO on. This process
offinding derivatives of higher order is known as Successive Differentiation. It may be
possible that nth derivatives may not exist. For example, all derivatives ofhigher order
than third for x² will be zero.
Example 10. Find the second derivative of the following function :
() x (ii) 7 (i) ex
Solution: () Let y = Diferentiate w.rtx. we get
dy
= 5x* On again differentiating we get
d (dy d
dx dx, dx
d'y = 5(4x') ==20x
dr?
(i) Let y= 7* Diferentiate w.rt.x. we get
dx
= 7 log 7 On again differentiating we get
d(dy =log77"
d dx dx
d'y
dy? =(7" log7)Xlog 7) =7"(log 7)
(iii) Let y= e Differentiate w.r.Í.x. we get
dy
dx dx 3x=e.3 =3e On again
diferentiating we get
d'y d
dy? -= 3e3r 3x =3er.3== 9e*
dx
Example ll. Find out the second
Solution: Let y 2r + 3
derivatives of (2x + 3).
dy d
Differentiate w.r.t.x. we get
dx +3) = 2 x 3x? + 0 = 6x?
Differentiating it, further, w.r:t. x we get
d
dx\ dx 6x)- 6(2x) =12 x.
dx
Example 12. Find the
derivatives of the
COnstant. function ax' + bx² + cx+ d where a, b, c,
d are
Solution: y =fx) = ax + bx' +
Cx + d
dyd =f(x) = 3ax? Differentiate w.r.t.x. we get
+2bx +c
d'y
dy?") =bax + 26
d'y f") =6a and d'y
d x r ) -0
And allother
derivatives of higher order will bezero.
