Introduction This ancient land, 97 percent desert with the world’s longest river running through it, encompasses more than 6,000 years of history and culture that is both world famous and mysterious, posing questions that even the most leamed experts still cannot answer. Since the founding of a unified kingdom by King Narmer (also known as Menes) around 3150 BC, Egypt has been the stage upon which a long history of invasion, outward expansion, vast building products and scientific, philological and medical discoveries were made over the course of nine major periods (or kingdoms) sub- divided into more than 20 dynasties, which shaped the people and the land in ways that we still can barely understand. Egyptians themselves long referred to their unified country as tawy, meaning "two lands", and later used the word kemer, or "black land", a reference to the fertile black soil of the Nile river delta. As its culture evolved and flourished as outlined below, it always remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion, culture, arts, language and customs, despite the many wars, foreign occupations and other forces that have shaped the people and their environment over the past six thousand years.History oo’ Egyptian architecture was a form of ancient art that evolved over 3,000 years, # time span which is traditionally categorized as follows: Qld Kingdom Architecture (3rd-6th Dynasties) (2686-2181) e was first used in the construction of monumental buildings Huge During this period, ston nded by a complex of pyramids containing burial chambers of dynastic Pharaohs were surroul les and senior officials were interred in nearby rectangular architecture reached highpoint at G included the Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza the Sloped Pyramid of Snefru (6. (¢.2323). Pyramid interiors were tombs and temples. Egyptian nob! structures called Mastabas. Pyramid iza, Dashur and Saqqara. Famous Old Kingdom pyramids i 2630), 2551), (c.2850), the Step Pyramid of Djaser(c 2605) and the Pyramid of Teti the Red Pyramid of Snefru(c- stone sculpture, as well as mural_paintings. often decorated with statues and other types of. Another huge Old Kingdom structure was the Great Sphinx of Giza (c.2540). Middle Kingdom Architecture (12th-13th Dynasties) (2055-1650) ingdom, the southem city of Thebes became the Egyptian capital. A was built in the hills across from Thebes, on the west bank of the known as the Valley of the Kings, hosted the tombs of ore stable political climate which led Atthe start of the Middle K new necropolis (cemetery) Nile. For more than 500 years this area, Pharaohs and powerful nobles. This period witnessed a mi to a revival of architectural activity, although portrait sculptures of Middle Kingdom Pharaohs reveal faces marked by anxiety, in contrast to the serenity of Old Kingdom figures. This anxiety was reflected in a decline in the size and quality of royal pyramids and cess erected close to the Fayum oasis, which were smaller and built mostly from dried brick with a stone facing. This lower quality architecture was partly compensated by the growing sophistication of Egyptian Middle Kingdom painting and relief sculpture,Now Kingdon Avotiitoetinre (IN En 20th Dynaation) (1880-1069) ad the Hyksos (cullen of fore Vio Muarants ot the XM Dynasty counted the country, expel vty Pempley, rocke built eck along the entire len rhs, granite sortwes oawtrion) anit avenaayy a ponaiasanicg OF the pth of the Nile anad wall wetlotyy ax well ao lave ibou stones were & wv typified by the preeious metalwork, jewellery and sculptures valley. Phe new prosperity W satured 4 brief revolutionary nkhanion, The period abso Fe liwovered die the tomb of King uti the Amana style = which occu episode tn Bayptian theology and arehitectare: ed during, the onbotep EV). The mont celebrated architectural achievements of ron of King Akhenaton (Ame the Now Kingdom ineladed the arent Inetusting a colossal (extremely large) gatew atone temples dedicated to numerous gods. Typically fn colonnaded Ga series of columns) ether with one or more chapels w shrine chamber, courtyard, a hall of columns a heir tunermost chambers were accessible only to the Pharaoh and his high priests Architectural based on plant motifs, ay was mural decoration Aoaiyn of columns, pillars and cwpitits wa Now Kingdon Pharnohs constructed extensive complexes of tombs and funerary temples in the Valley of the Kings at Laxor, Karnak, Abydos, Pell e-Amarna, and Abu Simbel, Avehitectural Characteristics and Materials In general, Eyyptian architectural designs were monumental but not architecturally complex: they used posts and lintels, not arches, although Egyptian stone masons had @ strong influene on later Greek sculpture and architecture. The liek of wood was balanced by an abundance of sun-baked mud bricks, and stone (mostly limestone, but also granite and si ndstone), although most major structures had to be built near the Nile, as building materials were transported by river. Stone was first introduced during the era of the Old Kingdom (2686-218 1), initially onlyfor tombs and temples, and architectural sculpture. Bricks were used for eve including royal palaces, fortified buildings, temple walls and outbuildings, as well as municipa and other civic complexes. Most famous Egyptian architecture was completed during two periods: the Old Kingdom (2686-2181) (mostly pyramids) and the New Kingdom (1550-1069 (mostly temples). Famous Egyptian Pyramids ‘The pyramids grow out of the earliest royal tombs known as Mastabas. +The royal tombs and pyramids of ancient Egypt were elaborate structures with important religious purposes. *They were located along the Nile River. For about 2,000 years, until the end of the New Kingdom in 1070 BC, royal tombs were built on the Nile’s west bank +Because the sun set in the west, Egyptians believed that the western desert was the entrance to the underworld, where the dead dwelled and through which the sun passed at night. The Egyptian pyramids served as more than a place to put the king"s dead body. They were places of transformation that enabled the king to pass into a new stage of life. The east-west orientation of each pyramid complex paralleled the daytime course of the sun as it rises and sets. Pyramid of Zoser (Djoser) “The Step Pyramid of King Djoserwas built during the 3rd Dynasty at Saqqarah, Egypt. Designed by the earliest known architect Janhotep. “The pyramid was the first monumental royal tomb and is one of the oldest stone structures in Egypt slic isa six stepped structure 60m high its base measuring 125 * 109m Constructed out of graniteBent Pyramid ‘The Bent Pyramid, constructed in Egypt during the reign of King Sneferu (2575 BC-2551 BO), was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the architects built the walls at an angle of 55 degrees. Then they encountered structural problems and flattened the angle to 43 degrees. The pyramid’s unusual shape gave it its name.The great pyramids of Giza The best-known pyramids were built on the Giza plateau for three 4th Dynasty kings: Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), and Menkaure (Mykerinos). Each pyramid is just one element ina line of structures that form a burial complex ‘The complex begins at the east, with a temple on a harbor at the edge of the cultivated land in the Nile Valley. From this valley temple, where the king’s body was first brought by boat, a long, covered causeway runs west into the desert to a pyramid temple.The great pyramids IV Dynasty; 2545-2450 Be. sThe Pyramid of C, ‘heops is 230.364m square at base, 137.18m height (originally 146m) and the incline is 51 degree, “The Pyramid of Chephrenis 215.8m square at base, 136.5m height (originally 143.Sm)and the incline is 53 degree. “The Pyramid of Mycerinusis 108.5m square at base, 66.5m height and the incline is 51 degree.Ex ‘ Sal, Yo op a d i 35] i 2 € a s y nek a é ‘ _ a f 3 fs wy Be 2 5 25 # ag z 3 ¢ ' ii # e He hoe - FB i § —_ ho wy set ie EY 3 =e, att | ol an = Auer oe we i The great pyramid of Kufu(Cheops) +The construction took 20 years to complete *Over 20,000 slaves participated on the construction *Consists of 2.3 million blocks of stone weighing an average of 2.5 tons, *Ithas three chambers inside: the king's chamber, the queen's chamber and the grand galleryOriginally it was covered with Polished limestone The great pyramid of Kufu (Cheops) Great Pyramid (Khutu's Pyramid)The Sphinx the Egyptian sphinx is typically shown as a man (an androsphinx (Ancient Greek). In addition, the Egyptian sphinx was viewed as benevolent, but having, a ferocious strength similar to the malevolent Greek version and both were thought of as guardians often flanking the entrances to temples. Sphinx (or AboulHulas the Arabs call) has the head of King Chephren and a lion body, it is 20m high and 73m long, The face is 4m width. Answer the following questions 1. How many categories does the time span of the Egyptian architecture have? Discuss in detail their characteristics of each categories. 2.list down the material types that were used at the Egyptian period ,Discuss the reasons, 3. What are pyramids? What was their purpose of the pyramids? List down the Egyptia detail. (add sketches to elaborate)