Report: Chapter 2

Chapter 2
by aesi

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Report: Chapter 2

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Report: Chapter 2

Chapter 2
CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter provides a conceptual framework, a review of related

literature and studies, and definitions of terms essential to fully

comprehending the research study.

Related Literature and Studies

This research offers several related studies and literature about the

design, materials, and standard evaluation procedure of the portable tracing

drafting table to help drafters, architects, engineers, and other professionals in

the engineering and industrial field with a descriptive-developmental study.

Design of the Portable Tracing Drafting Table

An article by Martinez et al. (2018) Explains that the study's goal was to

create and assess a portable drafting table with a tool pouch. It was created to

generate an accurate drawing output and expedite teaching-learning. The

design included a variety of drafting equipment and devices that are necessary

for creating intricate drawings. The study's specific objectives were to 1) design

a portable drafting table with a tool compartment; 2) build a folding, carry-

along drafting table with a tool compartment; and 3) test and assess the

technical performance of the portable drafting table in terms of a) durability; b)

portability; c) safety; d) aesthetics; e) speed of assembly and disassembly.

Measurements and evaluations were conducted using various tools and

methodologies. The performance of the Portable Drafting Table with Tool

Compartment was assessed by analyzing the data gathered. Based on the

prototype's evaluation, the evaluation performance yielded great results. The

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 Report: Chapter 2

data collected indicated that the tool-contained portable drafting table was

easy to transport and use. The information also revealed that the user needed

little time to put the portable drafting table and toolbox together and take it

apart.

As stated by Weisenfels (2012), the present invention, a folding portable

drafting table, has three parts, all constructed of lightweight wood or other

light material in a manner that requires no tools to assemble or disassemble

quickly and easily. All parts fit together and have a handle or a handhole for

carrying.

By one embodiment, the folding portable drafting table includes a base, a

top, and a shelf, all made of lightweight wood or other materials. The base

consists of a center panel and two side panels, which have slanted top edges

and are joined by hinges to permit a U-shaped configuration. A width-limiting

device is attached to the center panel and side panels. Shelf brackets are

fastened to the interior sides of the side panels. The shelf is inserted into the

open side of the base and rests on the shelf brackets. The top rests on the base

and is held in place by a combination of grooves on the underside of the top.

The top has a carrying handle attached to the top edge and a pencil tray on the

bottom. The shelf has a carrying handle attached at the front edge. The base

can be folded and carried using a hand hole in the center panel. The complete

unit can be disassembled without any tools. This invention aims to give art and

drafting students an economical, lightweight drafting table that can be easily

1
carried and set up. Other objects and further scope of the applicability of the

present invention will become apparent from the detailed description taken in

conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein reference numerals

designate parts.

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 Report: Chapter 2

Moreover, Oladapo, B. et al. (2015), Given the large number of students

utilizing the design studio in the mechanical and mechatronics department at

Afe Babalola University Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, there is a pressing need to create a

more practical drafting table at a lower cost. The "AutoCAD TM" software

designs and fabricates a typical drafting table for this project. The design

provides an acceptable representation of the drawing table and aids in quickly

determining the exact proportions of the various table components. Because

each technician at the table works on distinct pieces, the comprehensive

drawing speeds up production and improves the precision and speed of

Fabrication. Arc-welding was used to attach the component using. The

adjusting hanger's slot resembled a milling machine's machine. A 2"*2" square

pipe made of mild steel that is widely accessible in the market and has a

thickness of 2 mm was used to construct the table. The main components

consist of a 2"*2" 3-foot-long stand, a 2-"*2" 2.5-foot-long midsection and

stand brace, a 1-foot base, and a 3-by-4-foot plywood top that is the usual size

for an A1 paper used for drafting. The board's straight edge makes accurate

drafting and squaring the drafting table easier. Each one's overall production

costs come to about N22,300. Compared to the market price from some other

company of the same product of $250 at the production time. This allows the

institution to produce 50 pieces of the drafting table.

On the other hand, according to Anvesh G. et al. (2020), most portable

pocket engineering drawing machines are handheld, personal-use gadgets. The

1
driving force behind this project was making the drafting machine small enough

to fit in a purse and easy to carry by hand. Every component is required for the

portable pocket engineering drafter to work. One kind of foldable parallelogram

stem bar seen in handheld portable drafters is composed of glass fibers or

hollow steel bars. The thinner bar pushes the lock pins against the hollow

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 Report: Chapter 2

parallelogram stem bar as the hollow stem bars move away from it. The force

created by this fully extends the parallelogram stem bars, which are secured in

place by a locking mechanism. They would move away from the hook block unit

on the button and toward a notch, extending the Portable Pocket Engineering

Drafter when the button on the parallelogram stem bars was pressed. The block

of hollow stems slides and pushes the pin when the user hits the button on the

parallelogram stem bars, causing the pin's other end to touch the hook in the

thinner control tube. The opposite is true when you close your portable pocket

engineering drafter. Pressing the spring releases the drafter's locking

mechanism. With spring-hinged lock pins, the hollow tubes will automatically

approach the thinner stem, and you can slide it to the bottom. After that, store

your portable pocket engineering drafter for a later workday.

In addition, Jin-gang J. et al. (2015) claimed that the purpose of the

drawing board is to give the user a neat location to draw and hold the drawing.
2
It was created in response to humans' requirement for hand drawing. As

science and technology advance, there is a growing demand for better manual

picture quality and auxiliary equipment's ease, security, and dependability.

Likewise, Ayag, E. (2018), modern dwelling units are smaller, and everything

is becoming more compact, foldable, and portable in the twenty-first century,

particularly the devices and equipment we use daily. We only have a limited

number of rooms since the city's housing type is condominiums. Given the

constrained area, we cannot afford more oversized furniture, such as the

1
typical drawing table that is the focus of the study. People these days move

around a lot. Thus, everything should be hand-carried, which is why portability

is widespread, especially among millennials. These days, foldable furniture is

also famous as it suits our living conditions and the type of housing units we

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have. The fundamental instrument used by drafting experts and students is the

drafting table.

Furthermore, Noton (2011) confirms that the drawing table is a specific type of

table with a hinged top that can be raised at any angle between flat and

upright. It features a lip along the stationery edge to accommodate pencils,

pens, and other drafting tools. Drafting tables were first used in a gentleman's

study before the Industrial Revolution. It can be used to read newspapers and

massive volumes, as well as to draw and paint. In the past, drafting desks were

cumbersome and built of oak. It features a raising and lowering mechanism to

maintain the table top at the ideal height and angle. The drafting table became

a typical office or shop fixture throughout the Industrial Revolution. It was

made of less expensive materials and became lighter. During this time, it gained

popularity. They might be found at libraries, country clerk offices, and

courthouses.
2
Artists, designers, architects, and engineers use the contemporary drafting

table in various forms and varieties. Drafting tables for professionals and

students enrolled in drafting courses are available on the market. Although

they vary in weight and size, they are typically too costly for a kid from a lower

socioeconomic class. The newest portable drawing table is the compact folding

drafting table, which measures 12 by 24 inches and is made of elegant steel

frames with a vinyl cover that can be cleaned ([Link], 2018). Hand

drafting is highly valued in interior design curricula at home and in schools. One
1
of the things that students must improve to become good designers is their

skill growth, which is also necessary to pass the board exam. As a state college,

EARIST serves students from the middle-class to lower-class social groups

whose homes are tiny. A portable drawing table that easily folded away is a

good choice because it cannot fit a fixed drafting table. They frequently utilize

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the dining table for drafting tasks, but they still have to wait until everyone has

finished supper before using it. The lack of a good drafting table at home is one

of the reasons why students do not make good take-home plates. Examinees

must bring their drafting board or tables when taking the board exams. Since

they have limited time to demonstrate their sketching abilities on the board

test, working in an uncomfortable position with a board on their lap will make it

challenging to produce quality designs. They are urged to carry a drafting table

because of this. Bringing a fixed drafting table is also a hassle because of its

weight and bulkiness. Another issue is transporting the drawing table to the

school where the board test will be administered. This is why a lightweight,

portable drafting table is necessary.

As stated by Melcher, K. (2018), Design-build courses can create powerful

learning experiences for students. Although project descriptions prevalent in

design-build literature provide helpful how-to information, a broader

2
perspective on potential learning outcomes still needs to be provided.

Additionally, more insight is needed into how these learning experiences occur.

This article develops a framework of potential design-build learning outcomes

through a content analysis of existing literature on design-build courses in

architecture and landscape architecture programs. An analysis of a student-

written blog about a design-build project conducted in the University of

Georgia's Masters of Landscape Architecture program tested this framework.

Gaining construction knowledge, skills, and values; fusing design and building;
1
solving "real world" problems; cultivating personal traits and interests; and

enhancing their transition from education to the workplace were among the

main learning objectives. Design-build courses' experiential, comprehensive,

"real world," and collaborative elements may directly affect learning results.

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Furthermore, the student's experiences of anticipation, teamwork, enjoyment,

and observing observable outcomes seemed important in this instance. A

strong case is made for its worth and benefits when considering design-build

education from the student's viewpoint. Students encounter a wide range of

learning outcomes, and their emotional commitment significantly impacts

those encounters.

In the exact focus of Salameh's study (2020), most engineering students,

particularly those in architecture programs, work on drawing tables for

extended periods. Because the tables' fixed proportions are incompatible with

their body dimensions, users experience discomfort, including neck and back

pain. Using the anthropometric measurements of a randomly chosen sample of

60 engineering students—30 males and 30 females—from the engineering

college at Applied Science Private University in Jordan, the current study aims

to build an ergonomic, automated, adjustable drafting table. The

2
measurements of the suggested drafting table were as follows: 67 ± 8 cm for

the height and 152 ± 15 cm for the width. The desk's angle can be adjusted from

0 to 45 degrees, and the table depth is 84 cm. Then, using power screw

mechanical design and electrical circuit design, an automated drafting table

with three flexible joints was created, built, and operated. A six-question survey

was administered to forty engineering students to test and validate the

suggested drafting table. Hypothesis testing: Minitab 16 statistical software

was utilized to examine the data using a single sample T-test. Students,
1
therefore, choose the proposed design over the current fixed one since it

features an automated mechanism for height, width, and desktop inclination

adjustment. Thus, there will be less musculoskeletal dysfunction in the

afflicted areas of the body.

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Materials used in Fabrication

Assessing the appropriate materials for the prototype is an important research

element since materials may impact the prototype's workability, design,

durability, and reliability. The materials used are a Tubular Aluminum Bar, Hinge,

and LED Light Pad.

According to Prabhu (2020), students prefer Detachable portable drawing

tables with aluminum frames for stability, wood [plywood] for the surface

[board], and a smooth or glossy finish over stationary ones. Adjustable board

angles are ideal for a comfortable working posture. The materials utilized, the

storage areas, and the range of heights a drawing table may offer all affect how
2
comfortable the user is with the design. Therefore, wood and aluminum are the

ideal materials to use.

This is further supported by the study of Jones et al. (2019), which highlights

the use of strong yet lightweight materials, like polycarbonate surfaces and

aluminum frames, to guarantee portability without compromising durability. A

drawing table's weight is essential in its portability because larger models may

discourage consumers from using them frequently.

Tubular Aluminum Bar

1
According to Masteel (2018), Round hollow sections are not the only use for

tubular aluminum. It includes solid and hollow bars in various shapes, including
3
rectangular, round, and even custom-designed ones. To accommodate a wide

range of potential applications, these aluminum bars can comprise multiple

alloying elements, have variable carbon contents, and be finished with various

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coatings. Steel framing systems increasingly use tubular aluminum to support

I-beams and structural junctions. Tubular aluminum is widely used in the

construction industry and is most immediately recognized as the structure of

scaffolding systems. These galvanized lengths of hollow steel are designed

with excellent mechanical stability and good impact resistance to withstand

demanding working conditions, enabling the construction of taller buildings

than ever before.

Hinge

End blocks and piano hinges are standard loading systems in structural

testing due to their simplicity and ease of installation, according to a study on

mechanical hinge systems for delamination tests in beam-type composite

specimens. These devices can aid in streamlining the testing procedure and

guaranteeing precise and trustworthy findings by providing an easy way to

apply loads to a test specimen. (Blanco N. 2008)

2
LED Light Pad

According to a multinational consulting firm study, 70% of lighting societies

will rely on LED lights by 2023. There are few LED consumers in the lighting

sector due to their higher costs, but this is quickly changing. If customers are

persuaded that LED systems offer a rapid payback value, it could benefit both

the industry and the consumers. (McKinsey, 2023)

Additionally, LED technology has revolutionized tracing operations. It

emphasizes the importance of evenly distributing lighting when tracing

1
surfaces because irregular lighting can cause mistakes and eye strain. (Cheng

and Lin, 2021).

3

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Standard Evaluation Procedure

This study provides a systematic method to study the prototype using

associated literature and studies on the functionality, reliability, usability,

portability, workability, and safety of the Portable Tracing Drafting Table.

Functionality

Changing the current product's mechanical units' design is one method to

increase the mechanical component's flexibility. Adding mechanisms to the

current product is another method that allows for improved resource and

process utilization (Anvesh, 2020). The portable drafting table is perfect for
4
people who want to complete their artwork in a comfortable environment. The

project can be improved in various ways, and the accomplishment of goals that

advance the interests of its stakeholders is usually used to gauge its success.
2
(Watt, 2014).

Reliability

Many designers go to different places for conferences or presentation

meetings where personal interactions in which the drawings and models are

hand delivered to the other production team members. A designer working

during the technical rehearsal with their portable drafting table on their lap

while working on a future show is commonplace (Price, n.d). This study aims to

develop a portable drafting table for beginners and experts. It will be

1
accomplished by creating a lightweight construction drafting table, allowing

users to carry it easily from one place to another. The desk should be easy for
3
users to assemble and provide ample space for their instruments and other

tools.

Usability

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Many individual drafters are productive with a suitable workspace; a Portable

Drawing Table is ideal for users who want to work at an angle. The table

provides a specialized mechanism to adjust its position and orientation

according to different angles. This feature is handy for artists, architects,

students, or anyone who needs to work on projects that require precise angles

and positioning.

According to Salameh (2020), the students preferred the suggested design,

incorporating a moveable table with height, width, and desktop inclination

adjustments. Because it offers more flexibility and customization possibilities

to suit the needs and tastes of individual pupils, this design is better than the

existing fixed design. In addition to making it simpler and more convenient to

4
alter the table's settings, the adjustable table feature can aid with productivity,

fatigue reduction, and posture correction regarding lightweight furniture's

functionality and quality. Manufacturers are considering adopting a composite

2
material product to continue creating high-quality furniture. (Khojasteh-Khosto

et al., 2020).

Portability

This study is beneficial because the portable drafting table can be folded

like a chessboard and is easy to carry when unused. Whether you are practicing

your sketching abilities or creating designs, it may be used both at home and in

classrooms. Its lightweight and portable nature makes it easy to take wherever

you go (Benito, 2022). Currently, the largest drawing board size utilized at the
1
university is 420 x 297 mm. Sometimes, the drawing board must be significant,

and others must be minor. Drafters can create big mechanical drawings on a
3
large drawing board, but a tiny drawing board is more portable. (Jin-gang et al.,

2015).

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Furthermore, according to the study of Hwang (2015), the simplicity and

security of carrying your goods is known as product portability. It directly

affects the positive user experience; many design-pro projects aim for product

portability, which can significantly improve the human experience when using

the product.

Workability

A system or product is considered maintainable if its components are readily

available and can be replaced if they do not function as needed. Repair,

overhaul, and replacement can be done manually or automatically as part of

the maintainability. The predicted likelihood of equipment failure within the

specified time frame is the basis for this maintenance (Blebea & Sopian, 2014).
4
For furniture manufacturers, lightweight panels are an eco-friendly choice.

Numerous businesses have recognized these panels as a good substitute for

bulkier materials. Many current woodworking businesses could benefit from

2
their increased productivity and value. Manufacturers of lightweight materials

acknowledged that they understood the benefits of having light furniture. They

still need more convincing regarding the usefulness and quality of lightweight

furniture. Manufacturers are considering utilizing composite materials in

products to continue creating high-quality furniture. (Khoiasteh-Khosro et al.,

2020).

Safety

Chemical or radioactive compounds known as hazardous materials (HAZMAT)

1
can cause various toxicity and medical issues in humans and the environment

when exposed. (Jaramillo, 2022).

3
According to Caputo et al. (2013), being Struck by or against an object, caught in

or compressed by machinery, and seen in or crushed in crumbling materials

were some of the most common injuries sustained in these industries. The

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portable drafting table's lightweight and convenient design and the safety

features on the tabletop and corners will keep the user safe.

Recommendations Suggested by the Experts

According to Johnson (2019), the primary objective of a combination instrument

is to provide a simple tool to assemble. It comprises two primary components

that can be readily modified about one another to produce a device that may be

used for various purposes. A drafting tool that integrates T-square, protractor,

gauge, compass, and straight edge components will find this especially helpful.

With a protractor in the head that can be readily adjusted to any desired angle

concerning the blade, a combination instrument can also be used as a T-square

in the conventional sense.

4
Recent designs prioritize collapsible structures that are easy to store and carry.

A study by Zhao and Lee (2023) explains how drawing desks with folding

designs are more useful in small places like home offices or co-working spaces.
2
In addition, a study by Patel et al. (2022) discovered that portable drafting

desks with changeable angles greatly enhance posture and lessen user fatigue.

Ergonomic elements are essential to guarantee user comfort and long-term

health advantages.

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Conceptual Framework

The current study is based on an Input-Process-Output (IPO) framework.

The IPO conceptual framework is deemed appropriate for the descriptive-

developmental research design. The IPO Model is a functional representation

that outlines the inputs, outputs, and processing domains required to convert

inputs into outputs. The model includes any process storage. Inputs are
5
external data and materials used in the operating process. The process involves

all operations needed to convert inputs. Output refers to converted information

and substances. (Six Sigma Daily, 2012).

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Portable Tracing Drafting Table

Figure 1 discloses the framework used by the researchers to formulate the

study. The inputs used contain information regarding analyzing the convenience
1
of drafting students and the drafting tables' safety, reliability, durability, and

maintainability. The process includes data gathering, presentation and

3
analysis, and the interpretation of results. Lastly, the output of the study will be

the portable drafting table.

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2
DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms used in the study are conceptually and operationally

defined to ensure that the readers will understand the functions of the terms in

the present study. According to N'djamena (2020), Definitions explicitly created

for the study will be known as operational definitions. This implies that the

researchers will define the variable based on how it will be applied in their

investigation.

Innovate. Changing the portable drafting table makes setting up their

1
workspace easier for drafters or artists.

Functionality. It gives importance to the features of a portable drafting table.

3
Maintainability. Stay calm about proper precautions regarding the portable

drafting table during daily work.

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Lightweight. It refers to something relatively light in weight, making it easy to

carry, handle, or transport. It is often used to describe objects, materials, or

systems that are less heavy without compromising functionality or durability.

Brainstorming is a creative problem-solving process in which individuals or

groups generate ideas, solutions, or concepts freely and openly without

immediate judgment or criticism. The goal is to encourage innovation and

5
explore various possibilities by fostering a collaborative and open-minded

environment. Brainstorming is used in planning, designing, and decision-

making processes across multiple fields.

Portable Drafting Table. A table with an adjustable top that slopes at different
4
angles is used for drawing or designing things (Gorton, n.d). As this study uses,

a portable drafting table is like a carrying case and can be bought and used in

different locations without hassle.

2
Reliability. The capacity to perform consistently well or be trustworthy of a

prototype for a better experience

6
Safety. It helps to avoid back and neck pain by allowing you to work comfortably

from virtually any position.

A paradigm is a framework or worldview that guides a study's methods,

principles, and practices. It encompasses the assumptions about reality

(ontology), the nature of knowledge (epistemology), and the approach to

gathering and interpreting data (methodology).

1
Input is about resources, data, or materials fed into the system. These are the

starting elements required for the system to function.

3
Process. Describes the actions, operations, or transformations applied to the

inputs to achieve the desired outcomes.

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Output. Represents the system's final product, result, or outcome after

processing the inputs.

IPO (Input-Process-Output) paradigm. Conceptual framework that describes

how a system transforms inputs into outputs through a defined process.

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1. Other objects and further scope of the US Patent for Apparatus and Originality
applicability of the present invention method for a pressure monitoring
will become apparent from the detailed device Patent (Patent # 6,279,405
description issued August 28, 2001) - Justia
Patents Search
[Link]
/6279405

2. As science and technology advance, Artificial Intelligence Unleashed: Originality

5
there is a growing Empowering Your Child's Future
with AI Tools
[Link]
tools

3. To accommodate a wide range of Laboratory Methods for Allergen Originality

potential applications, Extract Analysis and Quality
Control

4
4. The project can be improved in various Campus Buddy Originality
ways,

5. als used in the operating process. The Originality

2 process involves all operations needed
to convert inputs. Output refers to
converted information and substances.
(Six Sigma Daily, 2012). Figure 1.
6 Conceptual Framework of the Portable
Tracing Drafting Table Figure 1
discloses the framewo…

6. It helps to avoid back and neck pain Adopt right sitting posture with Originality
ergonomic desk chairs
[Link]
ergonomic-desk-chairs-help-to-
adopt-the-right-sitting-position/

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