Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔

……………………………………………………………..
႔ ႔ form ႔ ႔
function ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ..
.
႔ Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ ႔
႔၊ ႔ .. ႔ .. ၊
႔
။ ႔ ၊
..
။
..

႔ ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔
႔ ႔ .. ..
…………………………………….
~ Clause ႔ ၊ ႔
~ ႔ Subject Verb
၊ adjective
႔
~ Relative clause ႔ ႔ .. clause ႔ ႔ ႔
။
႔ Relative pronoun clause

~ Subject ( ႔ O noun
~
~ Subject ( ႔ O
Subject + verb ႔ clause ၊
႔ ႔ .. (word) ၊ (phrase)
..
႔
..
(a) Ko Win Naing Oo is an administrator in this group. (b) Ko Win Naing Oo is nice.
(a) ႔ (b)
..
႔ ႔ Relative pronoun ႔
..
(a) Ko Win Naing Oo is an administrator in this group. (b) Who is nice.
..
႔ ႔
clause Ko Win Naing Oo ႔
~ Relative clause ႔ noun
..
* ႔
..
~ ၊ ၊
႔ ႔ ၊ ႔ ၊
႔ ႔
.
~ ႔ ႔ ႔
..
……………………
(1) ႔ ႔ ..
..
DEFINING CLAUSE ၊ ႔
noun define ၊ ႔ ႔ ႔

..

..
Ko Win Naing Oo WHO IS NICE is an administrator in this group.
႔
( ႔
၊ ႔ ႔ ႔ )
…………………….
(2) ႔ ႔
႔ NON-DEFINING CLAUSE ၊

..
Ko Win Naing Oo, WHO IS NICE, is an administrator in this group.
၊ ႔ ။
( ႔ ႔ ႔
၊ ႔ )
……………………………….
Defining clause ႔ Henry Fowler ႔ ၊
Restrictive clause ႔ ၊ Essential clacuse ႔ ..
..
Defining clause ႔ ၊
႔ ႔
႔ ။ ႔ ၊ ။
..
.. ႔
(DC) My house WHICH/THAT HAS A BLUE DOOR needs painting.
႔ ႔ ႔
( .. ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ၊ ႔ )
..
(NDC) My house, WHICH HAS A BLUE DOOR, needs painting.
႔ ၊ ႔ ။
႔ .. ႔ ၊
႔ ႔
…………………………………………….
Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔
။ ႔ ။ ႔
႔ .. ႔
Defining characteristic ႔ :p
..
႔ <3

Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ (၂)

………………………………………………
႔ ႔ ႔
.. ႔
။ ႔ ..
..
(1) Who and Whom
..
~ Who ႔ O
။ ႔ ။
Who: subject or object pronoun for people
.
The woman WHO CALLED YOU is my friend. )
႔ ႔
..
႔ ႔
..
The woman is my friend . The woman called you. ႔
The woman ႔ the woman she ႔ ႔
The woman is my friend. She called you. ႔ ႔ ႔
The woman is my friend AND SHE called you. ႔
She Subject pronoun ႔
..
noun ႔ .. ႔
႔ ႔
~ Relative pronoun = conjunction + pronoun ႔
႔ who and + she ႔
..
She ႔ Who ႔ ႔ Relative
clause ႔
The woman WHO CALLED YOU is my friend. ႔
……………………….
O ႔
~ Whom ႔ O ။O

Whom : object pronoun for people.

..
The woman (whom/who) you called is my friend.
႔ ႔
..
႔ ၊ Subject pronoun ႔ ႔
The woman is my friend. SHE you called. ႔ ႔ ၊
..
Object pronoun ႔ ႔ ၊ Object pronoun ႔O ႔

The woman is my friend. You called HER. ႔

her the woman O ႔ ႔P ႔ .. Relative
pronoun O ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ = …
..
႔ ႔ who ႔ ႔၊ ႔ ႔ whom
႔ ႔
..
 whom ႔ ႔ ။ ႔ ။
႔ formal ႔ whom ႔ ႔ ႔ whom
႔..
I y ‟ g k g , ‟ k
appropriate.
………………………
႔
Verb ႔ ႔
Noun (or) pronoun ႔ O
႔
W … ႔ Subj
W y … y ႔ Obj ။
………………………
႔ .. ၊ ႔
who ႔ whom .. ႔ ႔
႔
..
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ၊ ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔
႔ ..
Who and whom are used mainly for people. However, these pronouns can also be used to refer
to animals that are mentioned by name and seen as persons.
..
Rosie is the cat WHO tore the living room curtain. ( )
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
Here is my cat WHOM I bought from Seoul. ( ႔)
႔ ႔ ႔
I want a dog WHOM I can train to become a faithful companion.
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
( ၊ )
………………………………………………..
(2) Which
..
Which ႔ ႔ ႔
Which is used for animals in general or things.
..
Mitsie WHICH scratches the door loudly every night is a neig ‟ .
႔ ႔
.
( ႔ ႔ .. ႔ ႔
႔ which ၊ which
)
……………………………………
~ Which ႔ Noun
၊
Which : referring to a whole sentence
..
He deleted the picture, which upset me. (The action upset me.)
၊ ႔
..
(Comma) ႔
..
He deleted the picture which upset me. (The pictureupset me.)
႔ ႔
........................................................
၊ ႔ ႔ ႔
Whose, that ႔
Where, when, why ႔
What, how ႔ ႔ .. ႔ ႔
႔
…
႔ <3
……….
Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ (၃)
………………………………………………
႔
..
(3) Whose
..
Whose .. ၊ ၊ ၊
႔
Whose can be used for people, animals or things. It replaces a possessive.
…..
possessive
..
႔
~ strong possessive pronoun (or) absolute pronoun ႔ ႔
Mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs .. ႔ Noun

..
႔
~ Weak possessive pronoun (or) possessive adjective ႔ ႔
My, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.. ႔ ၊ ႔ noun adjective
႔ ႔ .. determiner ႔ ႔
..
Whose ႔ possessive adjective ႔ ႔
..
(3.1) The man WHOSE DAUGHTER won the tournament is a tennis coach. ( )
႔ ႔ ႔
( ၊
႔ ၊ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ )
.
(3.2) A dog WHOSE OWNER lets it run loose may cause an accident. ( )
႔ ႔

..
(3.3) The tree WHOSE BRANCHES shade my kitchen window is an oak. (
)
႔ ႔ ႔

..
whose
~ Noun
~
~
………………………………………………………….
႔ whose
Noun + of which
Of which + noun
That + noun + of
႔
..
႔ ႔ ႔
H ‟ k WHO E N ME I‟ g .
~H ‟ k THE N ME OF WHI H I‟ g .
~H ‟ k OF WHI H I‟ g THE N ME.
~H ‟ k TH T I‟ g THE NAME OF.
(Practical English Usage ႔ )
..
႔ ၊ ႔
.. feeling ၊ ႔ .. ၊
၊ ၊ ။
……………………………………..
(4) That
..
~ That ႔ defining clause ႔ ၊ non-defining clause
႔ ။
~ ႔
႔
That : subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses.
..
(4.1) The musician THAT won the award is Canadian. ( )
႔
.
(4.2) The car THAT Jason bought runs on electricity and gas. ( )
႔ ႔
.
(4.3) The cat THAT is chasing the squirrels belongs to Bridget. ( )
႔ ႔
………
~ Comma .. ႔ ႔ ႔N - g That

..

She gave me the letter, THAT was in a pink envelope. (X)

..
Who and that
..
That ႔ ၊
႔ formal, informal
..
The man THAT spoke to me was very worried. (informal)
The man WHO spoke to me was very worried. (formal)
..
 ႔ who That
: ႔ ..
He is the man WHO killed my dog.
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ who ၊
႔ ႔ ႔ .. ႔ That ႔
He is the man THAT killed my dog. ႔ ၊ man one ႔
He is the one THAT killed my dog. ႔
That ႔
႔
…..
Which and that
..
~ Which British English ႔
~ That American ႔ ႔
..
႔ ႔
Where's the pencil WHICH I gave you yesterday? (BE)
Where's the pencil THAT I gave you yesterday? (AE)

………………………………………………….
That ႔
..
~ all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, little, few,
much, only ႔ quantifier ႔ Superlative That ႔
..
Is this ALL THAT is left? )

..
Have you got ANYTHING THAT belongs to me? )
႔
..
I E T TH T y . )
႔ .. ႔
……………….
၊ ႔ ႔ ႔

..
႔ ႔၊ ႔ ႔ ႔
႔
..
႔ <3
..
Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ (၄)
…………………………………………………………………………
႔ Relative pronoun ႔ ၊

..
(1) Relative pronoun Relative clause O ႔ ႔ ႔ ၊
႔ ႔
The relative pronoun can only be omitted when it is the object of the relative clause. When the
relative pronoun is the subject of the clause, it cannot be omitted.
…………..
(1.1) ‟ WHOM you can trust.
‟ you can trust.
႔ ႔
.
(1.2) I didn't like that girl THAT you brought to the party.
I didn't like that girl you brought to the party.
႔
.
(1.3) Did you find the money WHICH you lost?
Did you find the money you lost?
 ႔
..
Relative prono ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔ CONTACT CLAUSE ႔
These are called contact clauses, because they consist of two clauses that are right next to
each other, and therefore they come into contact with each other.
..
႔ Relative pronoun ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ full structure
………………………………………
QUANTIFIER ႔ SUPERLATIVE WHICH
THAT ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔ That ႔ ႔

'That' is often used to introduce defining relative clauses when they follow the words
something, anything, everything, nothing, all or a superlative. It may be omitted when it is not
the subject of the clause.
..
That ႔
(2.1) There's something THAT you should know. )
႔ ႔
.
(2.2) Everything THAT you say seems silly to me. )
႔ ႔ ႔
.
(2.3) It was the best film THAT I've ever seen. )
႔
………………………..
(3) Comma ႔N - g ႔ Relative pronoun ႔
The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in non-defining relative clauses (with commas)!
..
(3.1) She gave me the letter, WHICH was in a pink envelope.
 ႔ ႔ ႔
..
Which ႔ ႔
She gave me the letter, was in a pink envelope. ႔ ..
႔ ႔
..
(4) Relative Pronoun ႔
The relative pronoun cannot be omitted after preposition + whom/which (at which, with whom,
among whom etc.)!
..
(4.2) My colleague WITH WHOM I'm doing the project should be here as soon as possible.
႔ ႔ ႔
( ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔ ၊ ႔ ႔ )
..
(5) Whose ႔ Determiner ႔ whose

WHOSE is a determiner and can never be omitted!

..
(5.1) That's the woman WHOSE house has been broken into.
႔ ႔ ႔
…………………..
႔ ႔ Relative Clause
..
(6)
~ Be + adjective ႔ RC Relative pronoun +V- be ႔
(interested, tired, bored, annoyed, amused, confused .. ႔ -ed adj
)
…
The one WHO IS interested in English will find this a useful lesson.
The one interested in English will find this a useful lesson. ( who is )
႔ ႔ ႔
.
(7) Be + prepositional phrase Relative pronoun +V- be ႔
.
The books WHICH ARE on the table have been read.
The books on the table have been read. (which are )
႔
…………………………………
(8) Be + a past participle [a passive form] past participle (V3) ႔
႔
..
(8.1) A person WHO HAS BEEN tricked once is careful the next time.
A person tricked once is careful the next time. (who has been)
႔
..
(8.2) Most of the parents WHO WERE invited to the conference did not come.
Most of the parents invited to the conference did not come. (who were )
႔ ႔
.. ……………………….
(9) Be + a present participle [a continuous form] present participle (V-ing) ႔
႔
..
Who's that man WHO IS standing by the gate?
Who's that man standing by the gate? (who is )
႔
………………………
present participle, past participle ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ ႔ g noun active
passive
……………………
..
႔ ႔ :P
 ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ၊ ႔ ၊
႔ .. ႔ ႔ ႔
….
႔ <3
………………………………

Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ (၅)

……………………………………………………
႔
..
႔ Where, When , Why ႔ ၊ Relative adverb
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ noun
႔ ။ Preposition + Relative pronoun ႔ ႔ ။
A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. Relative pronouns
refer to a noun phrase, while relative adverbs refer to some kind of adverbial phrase.
………………….
႔
~ (1) Where „ / ‟
~ (2) When „ / ‟
~ (3) Why „ ‟
The relative adverb w y„ / ‟.When y„ /
‟. W y y„ ‟.
..
႔ ႔ ႔
This is the shop IN WHICH I bought my bike. (formal )
This is the shop WHERE I bought my bike. (casual )
( Casual ႔ )
…
႔ Preposition + relative pronoun
႔ ႔ ..
….
 ႔
This is the shop. I bought my bike in this shop.
၊ ႔
.
T relative pronoun ႔ which ႔ ႔
This is the shop. I bought my bike in which. ႔ ၊ relative clause ႔
In which
This is the shop. In which I bought my bike. ႔
၊ ႔ ႔
This is the shop in which I bought my bike. ႔ ၊ I
႔ ႔ where ႔
This is the shop WHERE I bought my bike. ႔
..
႔
W = = ႔ Preposition ၊ where
the shop
….
(2) ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
I remember the day ON WHICH we first met.
I remember the day WHEN we first met.
…
(3) ႔
Tell me the reason FOR WHICH you came home late.
Tell me the reason WHY you came home late.
..
~ why the reason ႔ ၊ ႔ ႔ the
reason ႔ ။
~ ႔
႔ ။
Tell me WHY you came home late.
(When the relative adverb why modifies reason, you can omit the word reason to avoid a
tautology, i.e., unnecessary repetition.)
………………………………….
where, when, why ႔ Relative adverb
႔ ႔ ႔ noun ႔
႔ ..
Relative clause ႔

Susie takes her phone WHEREVER SHE GOES.

႔ ႔
..
where she goes ႔ clause her phone take ႔
verb ၊ ႔ ႔
႔
..
I will post the lessons WHEN I AM READY.
႔ ႔
when I am ready ႔ clause the lessons post
႔ verb ႔ ႔ Adverb clause of time .. ႔

…………………………………………
႔ ၊
႔ ႔ ၊
႔ …
…
႔ <3
……………………………………..
Defining clause ႔ Non-defining clause ႔ (၆)
…………………………
႔
၊ ႔ ၊ ႔
 ႔ ၊ ၊
႔ ႔ :P ၊ ႔ ႔ ၊
၊
၊ ႔ ႔ ..
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔
…….
႔ ႔ ႔
႔ .. ႔ ႔
..
(1) What
..
English Grammar Today
What relative pronoun ၊ ႔ which ။
W ‟ .W :
..
႔
(1) This is the book WHICH the lecturer mentioned.(OK)
This is the book WHAT the lecturer mentioned. (X)
…………………………………..
What clause adjective clause noun cluase

(2) Tell me WHAT YOU HAVE READ.

႔ ႔
..
what you have read. noun ၊ ႔ ႔ ႔ ႔

(3) Tell me THE BOOKS THAT you have read.

..
What ( ႔ Antecedent ႔ ႔ ႔

What = the books + that

What = antecedent + relative pronoun ႔ compound relative pronoun

(What has no antecedent expressed in the sentence, but is itself equivalent to both antecedent
and relative, and on this account is called a compound relative. It usually means THAT WHICH,
THE THING WHICH, or THOSE WHICH.)
…………….
What that which, the thing which, or those which ႔ ႔ ႔ what relative
pronoun ႔ ။
……………………………
What compound relative pronoun relative pronoun ႔
, , ႔ ႔
..
(4) WHOEVER comes is welcome. (whoever = Anyone + who)
ANYONE WHO comes is welcome.
႔
(Anyone who relative pronoun)
.
(5) You can invite WHOMEVER you like. (whomever = anyone + whom)
႔ ႔ ႔
.
(6) Take WHICHEVER you like best. (whichever = anything + which )

………….
႔ ႔
႔
(The term compound relative pronoun sounds complex, but y ‟. y ,
relative pronouns apply universally to a number of people or things.)
..
Many of + whom
(7) There were a lot of people at the party, MANY OF WHOM I had known for years.
 ႔ ၊ ႔ ႔

..
Many of + which
(8) He was carrying his belongings, MANY OF WHICH were broken.
႔ ႔

..
All of, any of, few of, both of, each of, either of, half of, many of, most of, much of, none of,
, … ႔ ႔ compound relative pronoun

…………………
P
..
(9) Behavior is a mirror IN WHICH everyone shows his image.
႔ ႔
..
(10) The tree UNDER WHICH they had their picnic was the largest and oldest in the park.
႔ ႔ ႔ ႔

.
(10) The person WITH WHOM he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.
႔ ႔ ၠ
….
Formal English ၊ Everyday English ႔P
႔
Behavior is a mirror WHICH everyone shows his image IN.
The tree WHICH they had their picnic UNDER was the largest and oldest in the park.
The person WHOM he is negotiating WITH is the Chairman of a large company. ႔
႔
…………………….
(2) How
..
H ႔I ႔ ask, tell, wonder, know
႔ Object ႔ ၊ Object ႔ Noun clause
။
How clauses are common as the objects of verb like ask, tell, wonder, or know, which can
introduce indirect questions.
..
D ‟ K HOW y .
႔ ႔ ႔
..
(12) TELL us HOW you did it.
႔ ႔
..
(13) I WONDER HOW animals talk to each other.

..
(14) Does anybody KNOW HOW big the universe is?
.. ႔
..
~ How clause Subject ၊ complement ႔ adverbial
..
(15) HAVE YOU DIVIDED UP THE MONEY is your business. (Subject )
႔ ႔ ႔
..
(16) This is HOW I HAVE EXPLAINED THE LESSON ABOUT RELATIVE PRONOUNS. (complement
)
႔ ႔ ႔
.
(17) I write my post HOW I LIKE. (Adverbial )
 ႔ .. ႔
..
adjective clause ႔ How
႔
…………………………………….
႔ ႔

..

..
~ Subject ႔ ၊ Object ႔ ႔
.
The boy solved the puzzle. He was praised by the teacher. (The boy = He)
(18) The boy who solved the puzzle was praised by the teacher.
႔ ႔
႔ )
..
~ Noun define ႔ ။ ႔
႔ ႔ ႔
႔
.
(19) Guyliner is an eyeliner that is worn by men.
Guyliner ႔ eyeliner
..
Guyliner is an eyeliner. ႔ ၊ ႔
that is worn by men ႔ .. ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ .. ႔
။
..
~ NOUN Adjective ႔ ႔ ႔ clause ႔ ႔
.
(20) He WHO WILL NOT LEARN WELL WHEN HE IS YOUNG will regret it when he is old.
႔ ႔ ႔
..
“ ” ႔ ႔ adjective
Relative clause
..
႔ Subject
႔ ( ) Adjective clause
႔ verb ႔ Subject ႔
၊ ႔

….
႔ ၊ ႔ ႔
႔
..
႔
~ Who, whom, whose, which, that ႔
~ Who object whom formal
~ That
~ Which ႔ ႔ ႔
႔ who
~ Whose
႔ Where, when, why ႔
~ The reason why The reson the way ႔ how
႔ The way how ႔
..
႔ <3