Electrical Power System

Electrical Design of Overhead Lines

Inductance of Overhead Lines
Q: Single circuit, double circuit and bundled conductor
Transmission lines may consist of single conductor per phase or multiple conductors per phase. If we use
multiple conductors per phase then it is called bundled conductor.
A metallic structure called spacers groups the conductors of a phase.
Spacers
Page | 1
• Maintain a constant distance between the conductors throughout their length
• Avoid clashing of conductors amongst themselves
• Connect then in parallel
Each phase can have 2, 3 or 4 conductors.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines

Page | 2

(e)
Fig. 1

(a) (b)

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines

Page | 3

(c) (d)
Fig. 2
Each conductor joined by the spacer belongs to the same phase.
Three such group of conductors form a single circuit transmission
Six such group form double circuit transmission.

Bundled conductors are primarily used for transmission voltages over 400kV.

Q: Inductance of symmetrical three-phase overhead line

A three-phase line is said to be symmetrical when its conductors are situated at the corner of an equilateral
triangle. Such an armament of conductors is also sometimes referred to as equilateral spacing and is shown
in Fig. 7.5.

Fig. 7.5: Symmetrical 3-phase overhead line.

Let the spacing between the conductors be D, and the radius of each conductor is 𝑟. We know the flux
linkage with a conductor located in a 𝑛 conductors system is
𝑛
1
Ψ = 2 × 10−7 ∑ 𝐼𝑥 ln
𝐷𝑎𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
For the three conductors’ system of Fig. 7.5, the flux linkages of conductor 𝑎 is

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐
Here
𝑟′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 = 𝐷𝑎𝑎
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑎𝑐 = 𝐷
So Page | 4
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷 𝐷
For a three wire system the algebraic sum of the currents in the conductors is zero.
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0
𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑎
So,
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + (−𝐼𝑏 − 𝐼𝑎 )𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷 𝐷
1 1 1 1
= 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 − 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 − 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
−7
1 1
= 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 [ln ′ − 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷
1
′
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln 𝑟
1
𝐷
𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln ′
𝑟
The inductance of the conductor 𝑎 is
Ψ𝑎
L𝑎 =
𝐼𝑎
𝐷
2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln 𝑟 ′
=
𝐼𝑎
−7
𝐷
= 2 × 10 ln ′
𝑟
Similarly
𝐷
L𝑏 = 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟
Similarly
𝐷
L𝑐 = 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟

Alternate form:
Ψ𝑎 𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln
𝑟′
𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln
𝑟𝑒 −1/4
1 𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛( −1/4 × )
𝑒 𝑟
−7
1 𝐷
= 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 (𝑙𝑛 1 + 𝑙𝑛 )
𝑟
𝑒 −4

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
1 𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 (𝑙𝑛𝑒 4 + 𝑙𝑛 )
𝑟
−7
1 𝐷
= 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 ( 𝑙𝑛𝑒 + 𝑙𝑛 )
4 𝑟
−7
1 𝐷
= 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 ( + 𝑙𝑛 )
4 𝑟 Page | 5
−7
1 𝐷
= 10 𝐼𝑎 ( + 2𝑙𝑛 )
2 𝑟
So
Ψ𝐴
L𝑎 =
𝐼𝑎
1 𝐷
10−7 𝐼𝑎 (2 + 2𝑙𝑛 𝑟 )
=
𝐼𝑎
1 𝐷
= 10−7 ( + 2𝑙𝑛 )
2 𝑟
Similarly
1 𝐷
L𝑏 = 10−7 ( + 2𝑙𝑛 )
2 𝑟
Similarly
1 𝐷
L𝑐 = 10−7 ( + 2𝑙𝑛 )
2 𝑟

Q: What is transposition of transmission lines? Why it is necessary?

The transposition is the change of the position of the conductors (phases) after a certain length of line,
usually called a barrel. The position of each conductor (phase) changes following a certain rule and
continues this position for approximately the same length. This continues until the final destination reached.
Fig 7.5 is an unsymmetrical line with its transposition cycle.

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.5
Transmission lines with unsymmetrical conductor arrangements are most commonly used in practice
because of their cheapness and convenience in design and construction. For an unsymmetrically spaced 3-
phase line, the inductance and capacitance will be different. Therefore, the voltage drops will be different
for all the phases even under balanced current conditions. This leads to unbalanced voltages at the receiving
end of the line. Moreover, if communication lines are also running adjacent to the power line, an unbalance
of voltage is also produced in them. This results in disturbances in them. In order to reduce the inequality
of inductance and inductive interference with parallel running communication lines, the line is transposed.

Q: Inductance of unsymmetrical 3-phase overhead line

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
Fig 7.6 is an unsymmetrical line with its transposition cycle. When a non-symmetrically spaced line is
properly transposed, the average value of flux linkages of a conductor may be found by adding up its
linkages for each of its three positions in the transposition cycle and dividing the sum by 3. We shall find
the flux linkages of conductor 𝑎.

Page | 6

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.6
We know the flux linkage with a conductor located in a 𝑛 conductors system is
𝑛
−7
1
Ψ = 2 × 10 ∑ 𝐼𝑥 ln
𝐷𝑎𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
When phase 𝑎 is in position 1, b is in position 2 and c is in position 3, the flux linkages of 𝑎 is
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎1 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
When a is in position 2, b is in position 3 and c is in position 1, the flux linkages of a are
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎2 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
When a is in position 3, b is in position 1 and c is in position 2, the flux linkages of a are
1 1 1
Ψ𝑎3 = 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
The average value of flux linkages of conductor 𝑎 is
1
Ψ𝑎 = (Ψ𝑎1 + Ψ𝑎2 + Ψ𝑎3 )
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= (2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ] + 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
1 1 1
+ 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ])
𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
2 1 1 1
= × 10−7 [3𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑏 𝑙𝑛 + 𝐼𝑐 𝑙𝑛 ]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
2 1 1
= × 10−7 [3𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + (𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 )𝑙𝑛 ]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
For balanced condition
𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = 0
𝐼𝑏 + 𝐼𝑐 = −𝐼𝑎
So
2 1 1
Ψ𝑎 = × 10−7 [3𝐼𝑎 ln ′ − 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 ]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
1 1 1
= 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ − 𝐼𝑎 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑟 3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
1 1
= 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln − 𝐼 ln(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )]
𝑟′ 3 𝑎
1 1
= 2 × 10−7 [𝐼𝑎 ln ′ + 𝐼𝑎 ln(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3 ]
𝑟
1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
−7
= 2 × 10 𝐼𝑎 ln Page | 7
𝑟′
Ψ𝑎 The average inductance of phase a is
L𝑎 Ψ𝑎
=
𝐼𝑎
1
(𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 )3
2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑎 ln 12 𝑟23′ 31
=
𝐼𝑎
1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟
Similarly
1
Ψ𝑏 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑏 ln
𝑟′
1
Ψ𝑐 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼𝑐 ln
𝑟′
and
1
L𝑏 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
1
L𝑐 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
−7
= 2 × 10 ln
𝑟′
So average inductance per phase of a transposed line is
1
𝐿 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
Let
1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3 = 𝐷
1
The quantity (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3 is the geometric mean of the three unequal spacing and is called the equivalent
delta spacing or the equivalent spacing between the conductors of the line. The corresponding value of
inductance found will be called the equivalent inductance which may be considered as series inductance in
each phase.

Q: GMD and GMR

The geometric mean distance (GMD) is very convenient and useful to calculate the inductance and
capacitance of line having several conductors connected in parallel for each phase. Thus, it is applicable to
all the cases of multi-strand or bundled conductor lines. It is a mathematical concept.

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines

Page | 8

Figure 7.8: Single phase line with composite conductors.

Consider a single-phase line consisting of two groups of conductors as shown in figure 7.8. Group A
consists of 𝑛 parallel, round, and very long conductors. 𝐼 is the total current carried by group A. Each
𝐼
conductor of group A is assumed to have a current + 𝑛. Group B consists of 𝑚 parallel, round, and very
long conductors. −𝐼 is the total current carried (returned) by group B. Each conductor of group B is assumed
𝐼
to have a current − .
𝑚
• All conductors carrying current in one direction form group A
• All conductors carrying current in opposite direction form group B
We know the flux linkage of any one conductor located within a system of 𝑛 conductors is
𝑛
−7
1
Ψ = 2 × 10 ∑ 𝐼𝑥 ln
𝐷𝑎𝑥
𝑥=𝑎
The flux linkages of conductor 𝑎 in group A is
Ψ𝑎 𝐼 1 1 1 1
= 2 × 10−7 [ln + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑎𝑛
𝐼 1 1 1 1
− 2 × 10−7 [ln + 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 + ⋯ + 𝑙𝑛 ]
𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑚
1 1 1 1
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼 [ln ] − 2 × 10−7 𝐼 [ln ]
𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝑚 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚
1 1 1 1
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln( )𝑛 − 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln( )𝑚
𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚
−7
1 1
= 2 × 10 𝐼[ln 1 − ln 1]
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 (𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚
1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚
= 2 × 10−7 𝐼 ln 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
𝐼
Since the conductor 𝑎 carries 𝑛 amperes, the inductance of conductor a:

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
Ψ𝑎
L𝑎 =
𝐼
𝑛
1
−7 (𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚
2 × 10 𝐼 ln 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
= Page | 9
𝐼
𝑛
1
−7
(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚
= 2𝑛 × 10 ln 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚
= 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
Similarly, the inductance of conductor b:
1
(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 )𝑚
L𝑏 = 2𝑛 × 10 −7
ln 1
(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 )𝑛
We can write the expression of L𝑐 , L𝑑 … L𝑛 in the similar way.
It is found that the conductors of the group A have different inductances. The average inductance of a
conductor of group A is
L + L𝑏 + L𝑐 + ⋯ + L𝑛
L𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑎
𝑛
1
The inductance of group A consisting of 𝑛 conductors connected in parallel electrically will be times the
𝑛
average inductance
1
L𝑎 = L𝑎𝑣𝑔 ×
𝑛
1
= 2 (L𝑎 + L𝑏 + L𝑐 + ⋯ + L𝑛 )
𝑛
1 1
1 −7
(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚 −7
(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 )𝑚
= 2 (2𝑛 × 10 ln 1 + 2𝑛 × 10 ln 1 +⋯
𝑛
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 (𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 )𝑛
1
(𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )𝑚
+ 2𝑛 × 10−7 ln 1 )
(𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 )𝑛
1 1
2𝑛 × 10−7 (𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚 (𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 )𝑚
= 2
(ln 1 + ln 1 +⋯
𝑛
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 (𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 )𝑛
1
(𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )𝑚
+ ln 1 )
(𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 )𝑛
1 1 1
1 (𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )𝑚 (𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 )𝑚 … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )𝑚
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1 1 1
𝑛
(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 (𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 )𝑛 … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 )𝑛
1
1 [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
𝑛
[(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛

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1
[(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚 1
= 2 × 10−7 ln( 1 )𝑛
[(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛
1
−7
[(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
= 2 × 10 ln 1
[(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2 Page | 10
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛 is called mutual
GMD.
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2 is called self GMD or
geometric mean radius (GMR).
In terms of 𝐷𝑚 and 𝐷𝑆𝐴
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
For group B, 𝐷𝑚 is same. So
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛 is called mutual
GMD.
But GMR is different
1
𝐷𝑆𝐵 = [(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑚 )((𝐷𝑏′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑚𝑎′ 𝐷𝑚𝑏′ 𝐷𝑚𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑚𝑚 )]𝑚2 is called
self GMD or geometric mean radius (GMR).
𝐷𝑚
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐵
The total inductance of the line is given by
𝐿 = L𝐴 + L𝐵
𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚
= 2 × 10−7 ln + 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵
−7
𝐷𝑚 𝐷𝑚
= 2 × 10 (ln + ln )
𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵

Q: Inductance of single phase 2-wire line using GMD

Let consider a single-phase line consisting of two conductors a and b of equal radius 𝑟. They are situated
at a distance of D meters. The cross-section of such a line is shown in Fig 7.4.
Let these conductors carry the same current in opposite directions. So that one conductor serves return for
the other.

Fig 7.4
We know

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 Electrical Power System
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𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2 Page | 11
Here
𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 1
So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )]𝑚𝑛 = [𝐷]1×1 = 𝐷
And
1 1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟 ′ ]12 = 𝑟 ′
Finally
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
𝐷
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟
Since 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑛 = 1 and radius of both conductors is same.
𝐷
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟
Therefore, the total inductance of the line is
𝐿 = L𝐴 + L𝐵
𝐷 𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 ln ′ + 2 × 10−7 ln ′
𝑟 𝑟
−7
𝐷
= 4 × 10 ln ′
𝑟

Q: Inductance of symmetrical 3-phase 3-wire line using GMD

A three-phase line is said to be symmetrical when its conductors are situated at the corner of an equilateral
triangle. Such an armament of conductors is also sometimes referred to as equilateral spacing and is shown
in Fig. 7.5.

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Page | 12

Fig. 7.5: Symmetrical 3-phase overhead line.

Let the spacing between the conductors be D, and the radius of each conductor is 𝑟. At any instant one
conductor serves for carrying current and other two serves for return or two conductors serve for carrying
current and one conductor serves for return.
So one conductor is in group A and two conductors are in group B or So two conductors are in group A and
one conductor is in group B.
Let conductor a is in group A and conductors b and c are in group B.
We know
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
At any instant one conductor serves for carrying current and other two serves for return or two conductors
serve for carrying current and one conductor serves for return. So one conductor is in group A and two
conductors are in group B or two conductors are in group A and one conductor is in group B.
Let conductor a is in group A and conductors b and c are in group B.

Here 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 2

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So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )]𝑚𝑛 = [𝐷. 𝐷]1×2 = 𝐷
and
1 1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟 ′ ]12 = 𝑟 ′
Finally Page | 13
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
−7
𝐷
= 2 × 10 ln ′
𝑟
Similarly for conductor B
𝐷
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′

Similarly for conductor C

𝐷
L𝐶 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
So inductance per phase
𝐷
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′

Q: Inductance of unsymmetrical 3-phase 3-wire line using GMD

The unsymmetrical 3-phase line is shown in figure 7.6.

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.6
We know
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
When phase a is in position 1 or 2 or 3, the value of 𝐷𝑚 is the geometric mean of all the distances from 𝑎
to other conductors. Here 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 2.
When a is at position 1:
1 1
𝐷𝑚1 = [(𝐷12 𝐷31 )]1×2 = (𝐷12 𝐷31 )2
When a is at position 2:

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1 1
𝐷𝑚2 = [(𝐷23 𝐷31 )]1×2 = (𝐷23 𝐷31 )2
When a is at position 3:
1 1
𝐷𝑚3 = [(𝐷12 𝐷23 )]1×2 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 )2
Hence the equivalent mutual GMD is
𝐷𝑚
1 Page | 14
= (𝐷𝑚1 𝐷𝑚2 𝐷𝑚3 )3
1 1 1 1
= ((𝐷12 𝐷31 )2 (𝐷23 𝐷31 )2 (𝐷12 𝐷23 )2 )3
1 1
= (𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 )2×3
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 )6
1
2 2 2 6
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )2×6
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
When a is at position 1:
1 1
𝐷𝑆𝐴1 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟 ′ ]12 = 𝑟 ′
When a is at position 2:
1 1
𝐷𝑆𝐴2 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟 ′ ]12 = 𝑟 ′
When a is at position 3:
1 1
𝐷𝑆𝐴3 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟 ′ ]12 = 𝑟 ′
Hence the equivalent self GMD is
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = (𝐷𝑆𝐴1 𝐷𝑆𝐴2 𝐷𝑆𝐴3 )3
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝑟 ′ 𝑟 ′ )3
1
= (𝑟 ′ )3×3
= 𝑟′
Finally the inductance of phase a over a transposition cycle is
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
1
−7
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10 ln
𝑟′
Similarly
1
L𝐵 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
1
L𝐶 (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′
The average inductance of any phase is
L𝐴 + L𝐵 + L𝐶
𝐿 =
3
1
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
= 2 × 10−7 ln
𝑟′

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 Electrical Power System
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Q: Inductance of double circuit single phase line.
A double –circuit single phase line is shown in Fig. 9.6. It consists of four conductors. Conductors 𝑎1 and
𝑎2 are connected in parallel and carry the current in one direction. In effect, they form one conductor 𝐴.
Conductors 𝑏1 and 𝑏2 are connected in parallel and carry the current in the return direction. In effect, they
form another conductor 𝐵.
Page | 15
Let all the conductors be of same radius 𝑟 and of the same material. The arrangement is symmetrical and
there is no need of transposition.

(a) (b)
Fig. 9.6
Here 𝑛 = 𝑚 = 2
We know
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2

The mutual GMD from group A to B is

1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )]2×2
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )4
1
4
= (𝐷2 . √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 . √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 . 𝐷2 )
1
2
= (𝐷2 √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 )
The self GMD for group A is
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )]22
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4

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1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )2
So the inductance of group A is
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴 Page | 16
1
2
(𝐷2 √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 )
−7
= 2 × 10 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )2
Since
• the distance between 𝑎 and 𝑎′ = the distance between 𝑏 and 𝑏 ′ = 𝐷1
• the distance between 𝑎 and 𝑏 = the distance between 𝑎′ and 𝑏 ′ = 𝐷2
• radius of all conductors = 𝑟
So the inductance of group B is
𝐷𝑚
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
1
2
(𝐷2 √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 )
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )2

Q: Inductance of unsymmetrical double circuit 3-phase line.

Sometimes it is necessary to array two circuits on the same tower for greater reliability of power supply. In
case one of the circuits goes out of order due to some accident, the other is ready to supply the power
requirements. The two three-phase circuits are connected in parallel electrically and kept on either side of
the tower.
Consider the two circuits shown in Fig. 7.11(a). One circuit consists of conductors 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. The second
circuit consists of conductors 𝑎′ , 𝑏 ′ and 𝑐 ′ . Conductors 𝑎 and 𝑎′ are connected in parallel to form phase A.
Conductors 𝑏 and 𝑏 ′ are connected in parallel to form phase B. Conductors 𝑐 and 𝑐 ′ are connected in parallel
to form phase C. Fig. 7.11(b) shows the transposition cycle of the double circuit line.

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Inductance of Overhead Lines

Page | 17

(a)

(b) (c)
7.11
Here 𝑛 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 4
We know
𝐷𝑚
L𝐴 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆𝐴
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
Calculating 𝐷𝑚 :
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
Let
1=𝐴
2=𝐵
3=𝐶
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
For double –circuit line:
𝐷𝐴𝐵 = mutual GMD between phases A and B
= mutual GMD between groups a, a′ and b, b′

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Inductance of Overhead Lines
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )4

𝐷𝐵𝐶 = mutual GMD between phases B and C

= mutual GMD between groups b, b′ and c, c ′
1
= (𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′𝑐 ′ )4 Page | 18

𝐷𝐶𝐴 = mutual GMD between phases C and A

= mutual GMD between groups c, c ′ and a, a′
1
= (𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎′ )4
So
1
1 1 1 3
𝐷𝑚 = ((𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′𝑏 𝐷𝑎′𝑏′ )4 . (𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ )4 . (𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )4 )
1 1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )4×3
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
Calculating 𝐷𝑆 :
𝐷𝑆𝐴 =self GMD of phase A, that is, group 𝑎, 𝑎′
1
= ((𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 ))22
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4
1
22
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎 ′ )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )2

𝐷𝑆𝐵 =self GMD of phase B, that is, group 𝑏, 𝑏 ′

1
= ((𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 ))22
1
= (𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′𝑏 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 )4
1
22
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏 ′ )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )2

𝐷𝑆𝐶 =self GMD of phase B, that is, group 𝑏, 𝑏 ′

1
= ((𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )(𝐷𝑐 ′𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 ))22
1
= (𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 )4
1
22 4
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′)

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1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2
So equivalent self-GMD
1
𝐷𝑆 = (𝐷𝑆𝐴 𝐷𝑆𝐵 𝐷𝑆𝐶 )3
1 1 1 1
= ((𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )2 . (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )2 . (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2 )3
11 Page | 19
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ . 𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ . 𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2.3
1
3
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
Finally inductance of the double-circuit line per phase
𝐷𝑚
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎′ )12
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6

Q: Inductance of double circuit 3-phase line with the conductors are situated at the corners of a
regular hexagon.
Consider the case when the conductors are situated at the corners of a regular hexagon. The distances are
shown in the Fig. 7.12.

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.12
Here,
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ = 𝐷
𝐷𝑐𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ = 𝐷𝑎′𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ = √3𝐷
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑏 = 2𝐷
We have
1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6

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1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
1
= (𝐷. √3𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷) 12 Page | 20
1
1 12
3
= (3 𝐷 12 )
1
= 34 𝐷

𝐷𝑠𝑐 1
3
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
1
3
= (𝑟 ′ . 2𝐷. 2𝐷. 2𝐷)6
1
3
= (23 𝑟 ′ 𝐷3 )6
1
= (2𝑟 ′ 𝐷)2

1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎′ )12
L𝐵 = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
1
34 𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(2𝑟 ′ 𝐷)2
1 1
−7
(32 )2 𝐷
= 2 × 10 ln 1 1
(2𝑟 ′ )2 (𝐷)2
1
(√3)2 √𝐷√𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(2𝑟 ′ )2 √𝐷
1 1
(√3)2 (𝐷)2
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(2𝑟 ′ )2
√3𝐷 1
= 2 × 10−7 ln( ′ )2
2𝑟
1 √3𝐷
= 2 × 10−7 × ln
2 2𝑟 ′
√3𝐷
= 10−7 ln
2𝑟 ′

Q: Inductance of double circuit 3-phase line with flat, vertical spacing

Consider a double-circuit 3-phase line with flat, vertical spacing. The distance between the conductors are
shown in Fig 17.13

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Page | 21

(a) (b)
Fig 17.13
The inductance of the above line per phase
1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎′ )12
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 ′ 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
1
−7
(𝑣. 𝑦. 𝑦. 𝑣. 𝑣. 𝑦. 𝑦. 𝑣. 2𝑣. 𝑥. 𝑥. 2𝑣)12
= 2 × 10 ln 1
(𝑟 3 . 𝑧. 𝑥. 𝑧)6
1
(22 𝑣 6 𝑦 4 𝑥 2 )12
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝑧 2 𝑥 )6
1 1 1 1
26 𝑣 2 𝑦 3 𝑥 6
= 2 × 10−7 ln 1 1 1
𝑟 2 𝑧 3𝑥 6

Q: Inductance of bundled conductor lines

The bundle conductor consists of 2, 3, 4 or 𝑛 sub-conductors.
A 2-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the two ends of the diameter of a circle.
A 3-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 𝑠.
A 4-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the corners of a square of side 𝑠.
The division of current and charge between the sub-conductors is not equal unless sub-conductors are
transposed. For all practical purposes, the division of current and charge may be assumed uniform and
GMD method can be used.

(a): A 2-conductor bundle (b): A 3-conductor bundle

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Page | 22

(c): A 4-conductor bundle (d): A 6-conductor bundle

(e): A 𝑛-subconductor bundle

Fig. 7.15: Bundled conductors
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the sub-conductors
• 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 =GMR of any one of the subconductors

Q: Inductance of bundle conductor consisting of 2-subconductors

A 2-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the two ends of the diameter of a circle.

Fig. 18
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the sub-conductors
• 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 =GMR of any one of the subconductors

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Page | 23

Fig. 19

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 20
We know
𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝒔 :
1
𝐷𝑠 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )]22
1
= [𝑟. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟)]22
1
= (𝑟𝑠)2
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The inductance of a bundle conductor line is
1
𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 = 𝐿𝐶 = 2 × 10−7 ln = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
𝐷𝑆
(𝑠. 𝑟 ′ )2
Q: Inductance of bundle conductor consisting of 3-subconductors

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A 3-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 𝑠.

Page | 24
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the subconductors
• 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 =GMR of any one of the subconductors

Fig. 21

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 22
We know
𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2

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𝑫𝒔 :
1
𝐷𝑠 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎′′ )]32
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]9
1
= (𝑟𝑠 2 )3
𝑫𝒎 : Page | 25
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The inductance of a bundle conductor line is
1
−7
𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 = 𝐿𝐶 = 2 × 10 ln = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
𝐷𝑆
(𝑟 ′ 𝑠 2 )3

Q: Inductance of bundle conductor consisting of 4-subconductors

A 4-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the corners of a square of side 𝑠.

Fig. 23
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the subconductors
• 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 =GMR of any one of the subconductors

Fig. 24

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Page | 26

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 25
We know
𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝑺𝑪 :
1
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′′′ )]42
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. √2𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. √2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)(√2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]16
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. √2𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. √2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)(√2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]16
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)4 ]16
1
= (√2𝑟𝑠 3 )4
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The inductance of a bundle conductor line is
1
𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 = 𝐿𝐶 = 2 × 10−7 ln = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
𝐷𝑆
(𝑟 ′ 𝑠𝑠√2𝑠)4

Q: Inductance of bundle conductor consisting of n-subconductors

Let there be 𝑛 similar sub-conductors carrying equal currents and symmetrically placed around a ring of
radius R. The radius of each sub-conductor is 𝑟.

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines

Fig. 26 Page | 27
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each subconductor
• 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 = 0.7788𝑟 =GMR of any one of the subconductors

Fig. 27

(a1): Phase A (a1): Phase B (a1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 28
We know
𝐷𝑚
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐷𝑆
Where

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝒔 :
𝐷𝑠 1
= [𝐷𝑠1 𝐷𝑠2 𝐷𝑠3… 𝐷𝑠𝑛 ]𝑛2
1 Page | 28
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷21 𝐷22 𝐷23 … 𝐷2𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛1 𝐷𝑛2 𝐷𝑛3 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ) ]𝑛2
As the position of each conductor is identical in the group, the GMR of each subconductor is the same, i.e.,
𝐷𝑠𝑐1 = 𝐷𝑠𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝐷𝑠𝑐𝑛
So
𝐷𝑠 1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷21 𝐷22 𝐷23 … 𝐷2𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛1 𝐷𝑛2 𝐷𝑛3 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ) ]𝑛2
1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) … (𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) ]𝑛2
1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 )𝑛 ]𝑛2
1
= [𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ]𝑛

Fig. 7.16
From Fig 7.16, if 𝜃 = 𝜋/𝑛
𝐷12
𝐷12
sin 𝜃 = 2 =
𝑅 2𝑅
𝐷12 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐷11 = 𝑟′
𝐷12 = 2𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝐷13 = 2𝑅 sin 2𝜃
𝐷14 = 2𝑅 sin 3𝜃
. .
. .
𝐷1𝑛 = 2𝑅 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜃
[

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines

Page | 29

(a): 2𝑅 sin 𝜃 (b): 2𝑅 sin 2𝜃

(c): 2𝑅 sin 3𝜃
]
So
𝐷𝑠 1
= [𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ]𝑛
1
= [𝑟(2𝑅 sin 𝜃)(2𝑅 sin 2𝜃) … (2𝑅 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜃) ]𝑛
𝑛−1
1
𝑛−1
= [𝑟(2𝑅) ∏ sin 𝑘𝜃 ]𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The inductance of a bundle conductor line is
1
−7
𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝐿 = 𝐿𝐴 = 𝐿𝐵 = 𝐿𝐶 = 2 × 10 ln = 2 × 10−7 ln 1
𝐷𝑆
[𝑟 ′ (2𝑅)𝑛−1 ∏𝑛−1
𝑘=1 sin 𝑘𝜃 ]
𝑛

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Inductance of Overhead Lines
Eample (Ashfaq-197)

Q: Bundled conductors have several advantages over single conductors

Bundled conductors have several advantages over single conductors, including:
Page | 30
• Reduced corona discharge: Bundled conductors reduce the formation of corona discharge,
which leads to less power loss and improved transmission efficiency.
• Reduced communication line interference: Bundled conductors reduce communication line
interference due to reduced corona.
• Increased ampacity: Bundled conductors have a significantly increased ampacity, or current
carrying capacity, compared to a single large conductor.
• Increased capacitance: Bundled conductor increases GMR. So bundled conductors have higher
capacitance, which improves the power factor and allows for higher surge impedance loading and
power transfer ability.
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐺𝑀𝐷
ln 𝐺𝑀𝑅
• Reduced inductance: Bundle conductor increase GMR which in turn leads to a reduction in line
inductance.
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝐿 = 2 × 10−7 ln
𝐺𝑀𝑅
• Improved voltage regulation: Bundled conductors improve voltage regulation.
• Increased strength: Bundled conductors increase strength.
• Reduced voltage gradient: Bundled conductors reduce the voltage gradient.
• Reduced surge impedance: Bundled conductors reduce the surge impedance of the line.

Examples
Simple examples from Mehta

References
1. Ashfaq Husain. “Electrical Power Systems,” CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
2. V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta. “Principles of Power System,” S. Chand Publishing, 2005.

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh