Electrical Power System

Electrical Design of Overhead Lines

Capacitance of Overhead Lines
Q: Capacitance of a symmetrical 3-phase line
Let balanced 3-voltages be applied to a symmetrical 3-phase line as shown in Fig. 7.22(a). The charge on
conductors 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 are 𝑞𝑎 , 𝑞𝑏 , and 𝑞𝑐 , respectively. We know the line voltages (phase-to-neutral) are
300 ahead of their respective phase voltages (phase-to-phase) as illustrated in Fig. 7.22(b).

Page | 1

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.22
We know the potential difference between any two conductors in a system of conductors is
𝑚
1 𝐷𝑥𝑍
⃗ 𝑌𝑍
𝑉 = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑌
𝑥=𝑎
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑏 can be written as
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑏
⃗ 𝑎𝑏
𝑉 = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑐 can be written as
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑐
⃗𝑎𝑐
𝑉 = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑐 1 𝐷𝑏𝑐 1 𝐷𝑐𝑐
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷 𝐷 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷
So
1 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷 1 𝐷 𝐷 𝑟
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 = [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ] + [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 𝐷

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
1 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 𝑟 𝐷
1 𝐷 𝑟
= [2𝑞𝑎 ln + (𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 ) ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷
1 𝐷 𝑟
= [2𝑞𝑎 ln − 𝑞𝑎 ln ] since 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = 0
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷 Page | 2
1 𝐷 𝐷
= [2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑎 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟
1 𝐷
= [3𝑞𝑎 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 = ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
|𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | = ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
We know, from Fig 7.22(b)
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 = √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠300
𝑉
𝑉⃗𝑎𝑐 = −𝑉 ⃗𝑐𝑎 = √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠−300
So
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑅 = |𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | 2 + 3𝑉 2 + 2 ×
= √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 × √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 × cos 600
2 + 3𝑉 2 + 3𝑉 2
= √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛

2
= √9𝑉𝑎𝑛
= 3𝑉𝑎𝑛
So
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝑞𝑎 𝐷
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
So
𝑞𝑎 𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = = =
𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑞𝑎 𝐷 𝐷
2𝜋𝜀0 ln 𝑟 ln 𝑟
Similarly
𝑞𝑏 𝑞𝑏 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑏𝑛 = = =
𝑉𝑏𝑛 𝑞𝑏 𝐷 𝐷
2𝜋𝜀0 ln 𝑟 ln 𝑟
Similarly
𝑞𝑐 𝑞𝑐 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑐𝑛 = = =
𝑉𝑐𝑛 𝑞𝑐 𝐷 𝐷
ln ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟
In general line-to-neutral capacitance
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln
𝑟

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
This is the capacitance to neutral per phase. So
1
The capacitance to neutral = 2 × This is the capacitance between two phases.

Q: Capacitance of the unsymmetrical 3-phase untransposed single circuit line [not for exam]
Fig 7.6 is an unsymmetrical line. Page | 3

(a)
Fig. 7.6
For 3 phases
𝑞𝑎 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠00
𝑞𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠−1200
𝑞𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠1200
We know the potential difference between any two conductors 𝑌 and 𝑍 in a system of conductors is
𝑛
1 𝐷𝑥𝑍
𝑉𝑌𝑍 = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑌
𝑋=𝑎
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑏 is
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑏
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 =
𝑉 ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑐 is
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑐
⃗𝑎𝑐 =
𝑉 ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑐 1 𝐷𝑏𝑐 1 𝐷𝑐𝑐
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
The sum of potential difference between conductors 𝑎 and 𝑏, and conductors 𝑎 and 𝑐
⃗ 𝑎𝑏
𝑉 1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
⃗𝑎𝑐
𝑉 1 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 (ln + ln ) + 𝑞𝑏 (ln + ln ) + 𝑞𝑐 (ln + ln )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷31
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 2
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln 2 + 𝑞𝑐 ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31 Page | 4
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 2
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln 2 + (−𝑞𝑎 − 𝑞𝑏 ) ln 2 )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln 2 − 𝑞𝑎 ln 2 − 𝑞𝑏 ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑟2 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷31
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟
= [𝑞 (ln − ln 2 ) + 𝑞𝑏 (ln 2 − ln 2 )]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑟2 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷31
𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷 23 𝑟
1 2 𝐷2
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟 + 𝑞𝑏 ln 12 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷23 𝑟
2 2
𝐷31 𝐷31
3 2
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷31
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞 𝑏 ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 𝐷12
Now
𝑞𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠−1200
= 𝑞𝑎 cos(−1200 ) + 𝑞𝑎 sin(−1200 )
1 √3
= 𝑞𝑎 (− − 𝑗 )
2 2
So
3 2
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
|𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | 1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷31
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 𝐷12

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
3 2
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 1 √3 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 3
+ 𝑞 𝑎 (− − 𝑗 ) ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 2 2 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝑟
3 2 2
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 1 𝐷31 √3 𝐷31
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln − ln 2 − 𝑗 ln 2 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 2 𝐷12 2 𝐷12
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 1 𝐷31 2 √3 𝐷31 2
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln − ln( ) −𝑗 ln( ) ] Page | 5
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 2 𝐷12 2 𝐷12
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 1 𝐷31 √3 𝐷31
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln 3
− × 2 ln −𝑗 × 2 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 2 𝐷12 2 𝐷12
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷31 𝐷31
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln − ln − 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 𝐷12 𝐷12
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷12
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln 3
+ ln + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷31
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷12
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln( × ) + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝑟 3 𝐷31 𝐷31
2 3
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷12
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln( 3
) + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷31
2
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12
= 𝑞𝑎 [ln( ) + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31
We know
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
|𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | = 3𝑉𝑎𝑛
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = |𝑉 ⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
⃗𝑎𝑐 |
2
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 [ln( ) + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31
2
1 1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 [ln( ) + 𝑗√3 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 3 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑞𝑎
2 =
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12 𝑉𝑎𝑛
3 [ln( 𝑟 ) 𝐷23 𝐷31 + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷31 ]
𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = =
𝑉𝑎𝑛 1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 2
𝐷12
3 [ln( 𝑟 ) 𝐷23 𝐷31 + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷31 ]
2𝜋𝜀0
= 2
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12 𝐷12
3 [ln( 𝑟 ) 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷31 ]
2𝜋𝜀0
= 3
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷
[ln( ) + 𝑗√3 ln 12 ]
3 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷31
2𝜋𝜀0 1
= 3 {𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3}
1 𝐷31 3 𝐷12 𝐷12
3 [ln( 𝑟 ) 𝐷𝑚 3 + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷 ]
31
2𝜋𝜀0
=
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 3 𝐷12
3 [ln( 𝐷𝑚 𝑟 ) + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷31 ]

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
2𝜋𝜀0
=
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷
ln + 𝑗√3 ln 12 ]
3 [3 𝐷𝑚 𝑟 𝐷31
2𝜋𝜀0
=
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷12
3 [3 ln 𝐷𝑚 𝑟 + 𝑗√3 ln 𝐷31 ]
2𝜋𝜀0 Page | 6
=
1 𝐷12 𝐷31 1 𝐷12
3 × 3 [ln 𝐷𝑚 𝑟 + 𝑗 √3 ln 𝐷31 ]
2𝜋𝜀0
=
𝐷12 𝐷31 1 𝐷
[ln 𝐷 𝑟 + 𝑗 ln 𝐷12 ]
𝑚 √3 31
Similarly
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑏𝑛 =
𝐷12 𝐷23 1 𝐷23
[ln 𝐷 +𝑗 ln ]
𝑚𝑟 √3 𝐷12
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑐𝑛 =
𝐷23 𝐷31 1 𝐷31
[ln 𝐷 𝑟 +𝑗 ln ]
𝑚 √3 𝐷23
It is found that the phase capacitances are complex numbers.
• Case I: For line with equilateral spacing
𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷31 = 𝐷
So
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛 = = =
𝐷𝐷 1 𝐷 𝐷𝐷 𝐷
ln 𝐷 𝑟 + 𝑗 ln 𝐷 ln +0 ln
𝑚 √3 𝐷𝑟 𝑟

Q: Capacitance of the unsymmetrical 3-phase transposed single circuit line

Fig 7.6 is an unsymmetrical line with its transposition cycle.

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.6
An exact method of calculation of capacitance for an unsymmetrical 3-phase circuit is very complicated. A
fair degree of accuracy may be achieved with the following assumption
‘the charge per unit length of the conductor remains the same in different position of the transposition
cycle.’
When a non-symmetrically spaced line is properly transposed, the average value of capacitance between
any two conductors may be found by adding up its capacitance for each of its three positions in the
transposition cycle and dividing the sum by 3.
For 3 phases

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𝑞𝑎 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠00
𝑞𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠−1200
𝑞𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠1200
So
For transposition cycle (I), (II) and (III) 𝑞𝑎 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠00
For transposition cycle (I), (II) and (III) 𝑞𝑏 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠−1200 Page | 7
For transposition cycle (I), (II) and (III) 𝑞𝑐 = 𝑞𝑎 ∠1200
We know the potential difference between any two conductors in a system of conductors is
𝑚
1 𝐷𝑥𝑍
𝑉𝑌𝑍 = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑌
𝑥=𝑎
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑏 for the cycle I can be written as
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑏
𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼) = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑏 for the cycle II can be written as
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑏
𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼) = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12
The potential difference between conductors 𝑌 = 𝑎 and 𝑍 = 𝑏 for the cycle III can be written as
𝑐
1 𝐷𝑥𝑏
𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼𝐼) = ∑ 𝑞𝑥 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑥𝑎
𝑥=𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 1 𝐷𝑏𝑏 1 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑏 ln ]+ [𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑏𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑐𝑏
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎
1 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷12
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
The sum of potential difference between conductors 𝑎 and 𝑏 in three positions of the transposition cycle,
𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼) 1 𝐷12 𝑟 𝐷23
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷31
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼)
𝑉 1 𝐷23 𝑟 𝐷31
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷23 𝐷12

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⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼𝐼)
𝑉 1 𝐷31 𝑟 𝐷12
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷31 𝐷23
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼) + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼) + 𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼𝐼) 1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 3
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟3
= [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln 1] Page | 8
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
3
1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟
= [𝑞𝑎 ln 3
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
So
1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟3
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼) + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼) + 𝑉
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼𝐼) = [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞 𝑏 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
The average value of potential difference between conductors 𝑎 and 𝑏 in three positions of the transposition
cycle,
1
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 = [𝑉
𝑉 ⃗ (𝐼) + 𝑉 ⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼) + 𝑉⃗ 𝑎𝑏 (𝐼𝐼𝐼)]
3 𝑎𝑏
1 1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝑟3
= 3 2𝜋𝜀 [𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟 3 + 𝑞𝑏 ln 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 ]
0 12 23 31
1 1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 1 𝑟3
= 2𝜋𝜀0
[𝑞𝑎 3
ln 𝑟 3 + 𝑞𝑏 3
ln 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
]
1 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 1 𝑟3 1
= 2𝜋𝜀0
[𝑞𝑎 ln( 𝑟 3 ) 3 + 𝑞 ln(
𝑏 𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31
)3]

1
1 (𝐷 𝐷 𝐷31 )3 𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜀0
[𝑞𝑎 ln 12 23
𝑟
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln 1 ]
(𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
1 𝐷𝑚 𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜀 [𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟
+ 𝑞𝑏 ln 𝐷 ]
0 𝑚

1
Where 𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3 is the GMD between the phases.
Similarly,
1 𝐷𝑚 𝑟
⃗𝑎𝑐 =
𝑉 [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷𝑚
So
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 = 1 [𝑞 ln 𝐷𝑚 + 𝑞 ln 𝑟 ]
𝑉
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 𝐷𝑚
1 𝐷𝑚 𝑟
⃗𝑎𝑐
𝑉 = [𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑐 ln ]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 𝐷𝑚
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
⃗𝑎𝑐 1 𝐷𝑚 𝑟 𝑟
𝑉 = 2𝜋𝜀 [2𝑞𝑎 ln + 𝑞𝑏 ln 𝐷 + 𝑞𝑐 ln 𝐷 ]
0 𝑟 𝑚 𝑚
1 𝐷𝑚 𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜀0
[2𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟 + (𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 ) ln 𝐷 ]
𝑚
1 𝐷 𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜀
[2𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟𝑚 − 𝑞𝑎 ln 𝐷 ] since 𝑞𝑎 + 𝑞𝑏 + 𝑞𝑐 = 0
0 𝑚
1 𝐷 𝐷
= 2𝜋𝜀 [2𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟𝑚 + 𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟𝑚]
0
1 𝐷 𝐷
= 2𝜋𝜀 [2𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟𝑚 + 𝑞𝑎 ln 𝑟𝑚]
0
3𝑞⃗𝑎 𝐷𝑚
= 2𝜋𝜀 ln 𝑟
0
3𝑞𝑎 𝐷𝑚
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 = ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟

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3𝑞𝑎 𝐷𝑚 3 𝐷𝑚
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
|𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | = | ln |= 𝑞𝑎 ln … … (1)
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
We know, from Fig 7.22(b)
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 = √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠300
𝑉
⃗𝑎𝑐 = −𝑉
𝑉 ⃗𝑐𝑎 = √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 ∠−300
Page | 9
So
⃗ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑉
𝑅 = |𝑉 ⃗𝑎𝑐 | = √3𝑉𝑎𝑛
2 + 3𝑉 2 + 2 ×
𝑎𝑛 √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 × √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 × cos 600

2 + 3𝑉 2 + 3𝑉 2
= √3𝑉𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛

2
= √9𝑉𝑎𝑛
= 3𝑉𝑎𝑛 … … (2)
From equation (1) and (2)
3 𝐷𝑚
3𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
1 𝐷𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑞𝑎 ln
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟
𝐷𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑛 2𝜋𝜀0 = 𝑞𝑎 ln
𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑞𝑎
=
𝐷
ln 𝑟𝑚 𝑉𝑎𝑛
𝑞𝑎 2𝜋𝜀0
=
𝑉𝑎𝑛 ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑟𝑚
The 𝐶𝑛 is the line-to-neutral capacitance.
Now
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑟𝑚
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where 𝐷𝑠𝑐 = 𝑟 is the Self-GMD of the surface of the conductor.
• Case I: The line-to-neutral capacitance of each conductor when they are at the corners of an
equilateral triangle (symmetrical spacing).

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Page | 10

We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑟𝑚
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
In this case
𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷31 = 𝐷
So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷)3 = (𝐷 3 )3 = 𝐷
So
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑟
• Case II: The line-to-neutral capacitance of each conductor for flat spacing.

We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑟𝑚
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
In this case
𝐷12 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷23 = 𝐷
𝐷13 = 2𝐷
So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷. 𝐷. 2𝐷)3 = (2𝐷 3 )3 = 1.26𝐷
So
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
1.26𝐷
ln
𝑟

Q: Line charging current or charging current [not for exam]

The current associated with the capacitance of a line is called the charging current.

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 Electrical Power System
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• For a single phase line:
The charging current
𝑉𝑛 𝑉 𝑉2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑗𝑉𝜔𝐶 𝑗𝑉2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐼𝐶 = = = = = = 𝑗𝑉2𝜋𝑓𝐶
−𝑗𝑋𝐶 −𝑗( 1 ) −𝑗 −𝑗 2 −(−1)
2𝜋𝑓𝐶
𝐶 is line-to-line capacitance Page | 11
𝑋𝐶 is capacitive reactance
𝑉 is the line voltage
𝑉 𝑉2
Charging volt-amperes = 𝑉𝐼𝐶 = 𝑉 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝐶 𝐶
Reactive volt-amperes generated by the line
𝑉 𝑉2
Q = 𝑉𝐼𝐶 = 𝑉 𝑋 = 𝑋
𝐶 𝐶
• For a three phase line:
The charging current per phase
𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑛 𝑉𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑛 𝑗𝑉𝑛 𝜔𝐶𝑛 𝑗𝑉𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑛
𝐼𝐶 = = = = = = 𝑗𝑉𝑛 2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑛
−𝑗𝑋𝐶 −𝑗( 1 −𝑗 −𝑗 2 −(−1)
)
2𝜋𝑓𝐶𝑛
𝐶𝑛 is capacitance to neutral
𝑋𝐶 is capacitive reactance for capacitance to neutral
𝑉𝑛 is the phase to neutral voltage = phase voltage
𝑉 𝑉2
Charging volt-amperes per phase = 𝑉𝑛 𝐼𝐶 = 𝑉𝑛 𝑋𝑛 = 𝑋𝑛
𝐶 𝐶
𝑉 𝑉2
Total charging volt-amperes per phase = 3𝑉𝑛 𝐼𝐶 = 3𝑉𝑛 𝑋𝑛 = 3 𝑋𝑛
𝐶 𝐶

Reactive volt-amperes generated by the line

𝑉 𝑉2
𝑄𝐶 = 3𝑉𝑛 𝐼𝐶 = 3𝑉𝑛 𝑋𝑛 = 3 𝑋𝑛
𝐶 𝐶
𝑉𝑙
For all cases, 𝑉𝑛 =
√3
Where 𝑉𝑙 is the line-to-line voltage.

Example 7.9 (Ashfaq-188)

Q: GMD and GMR

The geometric mean distance (GMD) is very convenient and useful to calculate the inductance and
capacitance of line having several conductors connected in parallel for each phase. Thus it is applicable to
all the cases of multi-strand or bundled conductor lines.

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Page | 12

Figure 7.8: Single phase line with composite conductors.

Let consider two groups of conductors as shown in Fig. 7.8.
The GMD and GMR are physical quantity that we can formulate for flux linkage (inductive) or potential
difference (capacitive) phenomena. For both cases the GMD and GMR value will be same. Since we
calculated for flux linkage (inductive) case it is not necessary to calculate it here again. Only the formula
is,
For group A:
GMD,
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
GMR,
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2

For group B:
GMD,
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
GMR,
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑚 )((𝐷𝑏′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑚𝑎′ 𝐷𝑚𝑏′ 𝐷𝑚𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑚𝑚 )]𝑚2
The capacitance is
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐

Q: Capacitance of single phase 2-wire line using GMD

Let consider a single-phase line consisting of two conductors 𝑎 and 𝑏 of equal radius 𝑟. They are situated
at a distance 𝐷 meters. The cross-section of such a line is shown in Fig 7.4.
Let these conductors carry the same current in opposite directions. So that one conductor serves return for
the other.

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 Electrical Power System
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Capacitance of Overhead Lines

Fig 7.4 Page | 13

We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
Here
𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 1
So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )]𝑚𝑛 = [𝐷]1×1 = 𝐷
And
1 1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟]12 = 𝑟
Finally
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = =
𝐷 𝐷
ln 𝑚 ln 𝑟
𝐷𝑠𝑐

Q: Example 7.8 (Ashfaq)

Q: Capacitance of symmetrical 3-phase 3-wire line using GMD

A three-phase line is said to be symmetrical when its conductors are situated at the corner of an equilateral
triangle. Such an armament of conductors is also sometimes referred to as equilateral spacing and is shown
in Fig. 7.5.

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Page | 14

Fig. 7.5: Symmetrical 3-phase overhead line.

Let the spacing between the conductors be 𝐷, and the radius of each conductor is 𝑟.
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
At any instant one conductor serves for carrying current and other two serves for return or two conductors
serve for carrying current and one conductor serves for return. So one conductor is in group A and two
conductors are in group B or two conductors are in group A and one conductor is in group B.
Let conductor a is in group A and conductors b and c are in group B.

So 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 2
So
1 1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )]𝑚𝑛 = [𝐷. 𝐷]1×2 = 𝐷
and
1 1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟]12 = 𝑟

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 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
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Finally
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = =
𝐷𝑚 𝐷
ln 𝐷 ln 𝑟
𝑠𝑐

Q: Capacitance of unsymmetrical 3-phase 3-wire line using GMD Page | 15

The unsymmetrical 3-phase line is shown in figure 7.6.

(a) (c)
Fig.: 7.6
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
When phase a is in position 1 or 2 or 3, the value of 𝐷𝑚 is the geometric mean of all the distances from 𝑎
to other conductors. Here 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑚 = 2.
When a is at position 1:
1 1
𝐷𝑚1 = [(𝐷12 𝐷31 )]1×2 = (𝐷12 𝐷31 )2
When a is at position 2:
1 1
𝐷𝑚2 = [(𝐷23 𝐷31 )]1×2 = (𝐷23 𝐷31 )2
When a is at position 3:
1 1
𝐷𝑚3 = [(𝐷12 𝐷23 )]1×2 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 )2
Hence the equivalent mutual GMD is
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝑚1 𝐷𝑚2 𝐷𝑚3 )3
1 1 1 1
= ((𝐷12 𝐷31 )2 (𝐷23 𝐷31 )2 (𝐷12 𝐷23 )2 )3
1 1
= (𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 )2×3
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 𝐷23 𝐷31 )6
1
2 2 2 6
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )2×6
1
= (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
Now

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When a is at position 1:
1 1
𝐷𝑠𝑐1 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟]12 = 𝑟
When a is at position 2:
1 1
𝐷𝑠𝑐2 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟]12 = 𝑟
When a is at position 3: Page | 16
1 1
𝐷𝑠𝑐3 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 )]𝑛2 = [𝑟]12 =𝑟
Hence the equivalent self GMD is
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝐷𝑠𝑐1 𝐷𝑠𝑐2 𝐷𝑠𝑐3 )3
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝑟𝑟𝑟)3
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝑟)3×3
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = 𝑟
Finally, the inductance of phase an over a transposition cycle is
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3

Q: Capacitance of double circuit single phase line.

A double –circuit single phase line is shown in Fig. 9.6. It consists of four conductors. Conductors 𝑎1 and
𝑎2 are connected in parallel and carry the current in one direction. In effect, they form one conductor 𝐴.
Conductors 𝑏1 and 𝑏2 are connected in parallel and carry the current in the return direction. In effect, they
form another conductor 𝐵.
Let all the conductors be of same radius 𝑟 and of the same material. The arrangement is symmetrical and
there is no need of transposition.
Here 𝑛 = 𝑚 = 2
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2

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Page | 17

(a) (b)
Fig. 9.6
The mutual GMD from group A to B is
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )]2×2
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )4
1
4
= (𝐷2 . √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 . √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 . 𝐷2 )
1
2
= (𝐷2 √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 )
The self GMD for group A is
1
𝐷𝑆𝐴 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )]22
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )4
1
= (𝑟 ′ 𝐷1 )2
So the capacitance of group A is

2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛𝐴 = = 1
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚 2
𝑠𝑐 (𝐷1 √𝐷12 + 𝐷22 )
ln 1
(𝑟𝐷1 )2
Since
• the distance between 𝑎1 and 𝑎2 = the distance between 𝑏1 and 𝑏2 = 𝐷1
• the distance between 𝑎1 and 𝑏1 = the distance between 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 = 𝐷2
• radius of all conductors = 𝑟
So the capacitance of group B is

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 Electrical Power System
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2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛𝐵 = = 1
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚 2
𝑠𝑐 (𝐷2 √𝐷12
+ 𝐷22 )
ln 1
(𝑟𝐷1 )2
Page | 18
Q: Capacitance of unsymmetrical double circuit 3-phase line.
Sometimes it is necessary to array two circuits on the same tower for greater reliability of power supply. In
case one of the circuits goes out of order due to some accident, the other is ready to supply the power
requirements. The two three-phase circuits are connected in parallel electrically and kept on either side of
the tower.
Consider the two circuits shown in Fig. 7.11(a). One circuit consists of conductors 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. The second
circuit consists of conductors 𝑎′ , 𝑏 ′ and 𝑐 ′ . Conductors 𝑎 and 𝑎′ are connected in parallel to form phase A.
Conductors 𝑏 and 𝑏 ′ are connected in parallel to form phase B. Conductors 𝑐 and 𝑐 ′ are connected in parallel
to form phase C. Fig. 7.11(b) shows the transposition cycle of the double circuit line.

(a)

(b) (c)
7.11
We know the capacitance of unsymmetrical single circuit 3-phase line is (from previous problem)

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2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
1 Page | 19
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
Calculating 𝐷𝑚 :
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
For double –circuit line:
𝐷12 = mutual GMD between phases 1 and 2
= mutual GMD between groups a, a′ and b, b′
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )4

𝐷23 = mutual GMD between phases 2 and 3

= mutual GMD between groups b, b′ and c, c ′
1
= (𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′𝑐 ′ )4

𝐷31 = mutual GMD between phases 3 and 1

= mutual GMD between groups c, c ′ and a, a′
1
= (𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑎′ )4
So
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷12 𝐷23 𝐷31 )3
1
1 1 1 3
= ((𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ )4 . (𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ )4 . (𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )4 )
1 1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )4×3
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
Calculating 𝐷𝑠𝑐 :
𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐴 =self GMD of phase A, that is, group 𝑎, 𝑎′
1
= ((𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 ))22
1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )4
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝑟𝐷𝑎′𝑎 )4
1
2
= (𝑟 2 𝐷𝑎𝑎 ′ )4
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )2

𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐵 =self GMD of phase B, that is, group 𝑏, 𝑏 ′

1
= ((𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 ))22
1
= (𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏′𝑏 )4
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝑟𝐷𝑏′ 𝑏 )4

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 Electrical Power System
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Capacitance of Overhead Lines
1
2
= (𝑟 2 𝐷𝑏𝑏 ′ )4
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )2

𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐶 =self GMD of phase B, that is, group 𝑏, 𝑏 ′

1
= ((𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )(𝐷𝑐 ′𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 ))22 Page | 20
1
= (𝐷𝑐𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 )4
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑟𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑐 )4
1
2 4
= (𝑟 2 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′)
1
= (𝑟𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2
Equivalent self-GMD
𝐷𝑠𝑐 1
= (𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐴 𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐵 𝐷𝑠𝑐𝐶 )3
1 1 1 1
= ((𝑟𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )2 . (𝑟𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )2 . (𝑟𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2 )3
11
= (𝑟𝐷𝑎𝑎′ . 𝑟𝐷𝑏𝑏′ . 𝑟𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )2.3
1
= (𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6

Finally, capacitance of the double-circuit line per phase

2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑐
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6

Q: Capacitance of double circuit 3-phase line with the conductors are situated at the corners of a
regular hexagon.
Consider the case when the conductors are situated at the corners of a regular hexagon. The distances are
shown in the Fig. 7.12.

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Capacitance of Overhead Lines

Page | 21

(a) (b)
Fig. 7.12
Here,
𝐷𝑎𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ = 𝐷
𝐷𝑐𝑎 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ = 𝐷𝑎′𝑏 = 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 = 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ = √3𝐷
𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ 𝑏 = 2𝐷
We have,
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
2𝜋𝜀0
=
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑆𝐶
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
So
𝐷𝑚 1
= (𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
1
= (𝐷. √3𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷. 𝐷. 𝐷. √3𝐷)12
1
1 12
3
= (3 𝐷 12 )
1
= 34 𝐷
and
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = (𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
1
= (𝑟 3 . 2𝐷. 2𝐷. 2𝐷)6
1
= (23 𝑟 3 𝐷3 )6

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1
= (2𝑟𝐷)2
So
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6 Page | 22
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
34 𝐷
ln 1
(2𝑟𝐷)2
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1 1
(32 )2 𝐷
ln 1 1
(2𝑟)2 (𝐷)2

2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(√3)2 √𝐷√𝐷
ln 1
(2𝑟)2 √𝐷
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1 1
(√3)2 (𝐷)2
ln 1
(2𝑟)2
2𝜋𝜀0
=
√3𝐷 12
ln( )
2𝑟
2𝜋𝜀0
=
1 √3𝐷
2 ln 2𝑟
4𝜋𝜀0
=
√3𝐷
ln 2𝑟
This is the capacitance to neutral per phase.
So
1
The capacitance to neutral per conductor = 2 × This is the capacitance to neutral per phase.

Q: Capacitance of double circuit 3-phase line with flat, vertical spacing

Consider a double-circuit 3-phase line with flat, vertical spacing. The distance between the conductors are
shown in Fig 17.13

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Fig 17.13
The capacitance of the above line per phase
𝐶𝑛 2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑏′ . 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 𝐷𝑏′ 𝑐 ′ . 𝐷𝑐𝑎 𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑐 ′ 𝑎′ )12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑐𝑐 ′ )6
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝑣. 𝑦. 𝑦. 𝑣. 𝑣. 𝑦. 𝑦. 𝑣. 2𝑣. 𝑥. 𝑥. 2𝑣)12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 . 𝑧. 𝑥. 𝑧)6
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(22 𝑣 6 𝑦 4 𝑥 2 )12
ln 1
(𝑟 3 𝑧 2 𝑥 )6
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1 1 1 1
26 𝑣 2 𝑦 3 𝑥 6
ln 1 1 1
𝑟2𝑧3𝑥6
This is the capacitance to neutral per phase.
So

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 Electrical Power System
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1
The capacitance to neutral per conductor = × This is the capacitance to neutral per phase.
2

Example 7.10 (Ashfaq-190)

Page | 24

Example 7.11 (Ashfaq-190)

Q: Bundled conductor lines

The bundle conductor consists of 2, 3, 4 or 𝑛 sub-conductors.
• A 2-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the two ends of the diameter of a circle.
• A 3-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of
side 𝑠.
• A 4-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the corners of a square of side 𝑠.
The division of current and charge between the sub-conductors is not equal unless sub-conductors are
transposed. For all practical purposes, the division of current and charge may be assumed uniform and
GMD method can be used.

(a): A 2-conductor bundle (b): A 3-conductor bundle

(c): A 4-conductor bundle (d): A 6-conductor bundle

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(e): A 𝑛-subconductor bundle

Fig. 7.15: Bundled conductors
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the sub-conductors

Q: Capacitance of bundle conductor consisting of 2-subconductors

A 2-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the two ends of the diameter of a circle.

Fig. 18
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the sub-conductors

Fig. 19

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

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(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 20 Page | 26
We know

2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝒔𝒄 :
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 )]22
1
= [𝑟. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟)]22
1
= (𝑟𝑠)2
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The capacitance of a bundle conductor line is
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = = 1
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝑠𝑐 ln 1
(𝑟𝑠)2

Q: Conductance of bundle conductor consisting of 3-subconductors

A 3-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 𝑠.

Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the subconductors

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Fig. 21

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 22
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝒔𝒄 :
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′ 𝑎′′ )]32
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. 𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]9
1
= (𝑟𝑠 2 )3
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3

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The capacitance of a bundle conductor line is
2𝜋𝜀0 2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 = = 1
𝐷𝑚
ln 𝐷 (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
𝑠𝑐 ln 1
(𝑟𝑠 2 )3
Page | 28
Q: Conductance of bundle conductor consisting of 4-subconductors
A 4-conductor bundle has its sub-conductors situated at the corners of a square of side 𝑠.

Fig. 23
Let
• 𝑟 = radius of each sub-conductor
• 𝑠 =spacing between the subconductors

Fig. 24

(a1): Phase A (b1): Phase B (c1): Phase C

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(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 25 Page | 29
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2

𝑫𝑺𝑪 :
1
𝐷𝑆𝐶 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′ 𝑎 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′′𝑎′′′ )(𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′′ 𝐷𝑎′′′𝑎′′′ )]42
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. √2𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. √2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)(√2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]16
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)(𝑠. 𝑟. √2𝑠. 𝑠)(𝑠. √2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)(√2𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑠. 𝑟)]16
1
= [(𝑟. 𝑠. 𝑠. √2𝑠)4 ]16
1
= (√2𝑟𝑠 3 )4
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The inductance of a bundle conductor line is
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
ln 1
(√2𝑟𝑠 3 )4

Q: Conductance of bundle conductor consisting of n-subconductors

Let there be 𝑛 similar sub-conductors carrying equal currents and symmetrically placed around a ring of
radius R. The radius of each sub-conductor is 𝑟.

Fig. 26

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Let
𝑟 = radius of each subconductor

Page | 30

Fig. 27

(a1): Phase A (a1): Phase B (a1): Phase C

(a2): Phase A (b2): Phase B (c2): Phase C

Fig. 28
We know
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝐷𝑚
𝑠𝑐
Where
1
𝐷𝑚 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ 𝐷𝑎𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑎𝑚 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ 𝐷𝑏𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑏𝑚 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎′ 𝐷𝑛𝑏′ 𝐷𝑛𝑐 ′ … 𝐷𝑛𝑚 )]𝑚𝑛
1
𝐷𝑠𝑐 = [(𝐷𝑎𝑎 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑎𝑐 … 𝐷𝑎𝑛 )(𝐷𝑏𝑎 𝐷𝑏𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑏𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛𝑎 𝐷𝑛𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛2
𝑫𝒔𝒄 :
𝐷𝑠𝑐 1
= [𝐷𝑠1 𝐷𝑠2 𝐷𝑠3… 𝐷𝑠𝑛 ]𝑛2
1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷21 𝐷22 𝐷23 … 𝐷2𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛1 𝐷𝑛2 𝐷𝑛3 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ) ]𝑛2

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As the position of each conductor is identical in the group, the GMR of each subconductor is the same, i.e.,
𝐷𝑠𝑐1 = 𝐷𝑠𝑐2 = ⋯ = 𝐷𝑠𝑐𝑛
So
𝐷𝑠𝑐 1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷21 𝐷22 𝐷23 … 𝐷2𝑛 ) … (𝐷𝑛1 𝐷𝑛2 𝐷𝑛3 … 𝐷𝑛𝑛 ) ]𝑛2
1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) (𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) … (𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ) ]𝑛2 Page | 31
1
= [(𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 )𝑛 ]𝑛2
1
= [𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ]𝑛

Fig. 7.16
From Fig 7.16, if 𝜃 = 𝜋/𝑛
𝐷12
𝐷12
sin 𝜃 = 2 =
𝑅 2𝑅
𝐷12 = 2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝐷11 = 𝑟′
𝐷12 = 2𝑅 sin 𝜃
𝐷13 = 2𝑅 sin 2𝜃
𝐷14 = 2𝑅 sin 3𝜃
. .
. .
𝐷1𝑛 = 2𝑅 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜃
[

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Capacitance of Overhead Lines

Page | 32

(a): 2𝑅 sin 𝜃 (b): 2𝑅 sin 2𝜃

(c): 2𝑅 sin 3𝜃
]
So
𝐷𝑠𝑐 1
= [𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷13 … 𝐷1𝑛 ]𝑛
1
= [𝑟(2𝑅 sin 𝜃)(2𝑅 sin 2𝜃) … (2𝑅 sin(𝑛 − 1)𝜃) ]𝑛
𝑛−1
1
𝑛−1
= [𝑟(2𝑅) ∏ sin 𝑘𝜃 ]𝑛
𝑘=1
𝑫𝒎 :
The 𝐷𝑚 approximately equal to the GMD between the centres of the bundles of the phase A, phase B and
phase C.
1
𝐷𝑚 = (𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
The conductance of a bundle conductor line is
2𝜋𝜀0
𝐶𝑛 =
𝐷
ln 𝑚
𝐷𝑠𝑐

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh

 Electrical Power System
Electrical Design of Overhead Lines
Capacitance of Overhead Lines
2𝜋𝜀0
= 1
(𝐷𝐴𝐵 𝐷𝐵𝐶 𝐷𝐶𝐴 )3
ln 1
[𝑟(2𝑅)𝑛−1 ∏𝑛−1
𝑘=1 sin 𝑘𝜃 ]
𝑛

Examples Page | 33
Simple examples from Mehta

References
1. Ashfaq Husain. “Electrical Power Systems,” CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi, India.
2. V. K. Mehta, Rohit Mehta. “Principles of Power System,” S. Chand Publishing, 2005.

Dr. Md. Rabiul Islam, Associate Professor ∥ [email protected] ∥ Bangladesh