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SKIN
Skin
What is skin?
Largest single organ also known as integument and cutaneous layer
What are the epidermal appendages of the skin?
Nails.(fingers, toes)
Hair follicles.(head, pubic region)
Glands. (Sebaceous glands. Sweat glands)
How much total body weight does the skin cover?
15%-20%
What are the functions of skin?
a) Outer covering of body
b) Protective waterproof barrier also against thermal and mechanical insults i.e.
pathogens
c) Sensory receptor
d) Thermoregulatory
e) Metabolic function i.e. synthesize VitD
f) Sexual signaling i.e. pigmentation and hair, sex pheromones
LAYERS OF SKIN
What are the three layers of skin?
SKIN 1
a) Epidermis
b) Dermis
c) Hypodermis/ Subcutaneous tissue
What is the outermost layer of skin called and where is it derived from?
Epidermis. Ectodermal layer of embryonic layers
What type of tissue does these layers have
Epidermis?
Stratified Squamous Keratinized Epithelium
Dermis?
Mesodermal Connective Tissue (Strong and flexible)
Hypodermis?
Loose Connective Tissue, mainly Adipose Tissue
At the irregular junction between the dermis and epidermis, projections called
_____ interdigitate with invaginating _____ to strengthen adhesion of the two
layers.
Dermal papillae, epidermal ridges.
What are the two types of epidermis?
a) Thin skin
b) Thick skin
Difference between thin and thick skin:
SKIN 2
Thin skin-
Thin Epidermis (75-150μm),
Lacks lucidum, epidermal ridges
Covers all except soles of feet and palm
Have few sensory receptors and sweat glands
Thick skin-
Thick Epidermis (400-1400μm),
Only on palms and soles
Distinct stratum lucidum and thick stratum corneum
What is the the second layer of the skin and where is it derived from?
Dermis. Embryonic germinal layer.
Which is the deepest layer and also in anatomy, known as Superficial fascia?
Hypodermis
Sublayers of Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis
a) EPIDERMIS
What are the five sub-layers of Epidermis?
1) Stratum Corneum
Horny layer (dead cells, many layers thick)
2) Stratum Lucidum
SKIN 3
Only on palms & Soles
3) Stratum Granulosum
Layers of flattened keratinocytes contain kratohyalin, filagrin
4) Stratum Spinosum
Spinyness is artifactual Tonofilaments (bundle of protein) resist tension
5) Stratum Basal/ Germinativum
young cells, separates from dermis, deepest layer
In which layer of the epidermis does mitosis and production of new keratinocytes
occur?
Basal cell layer/ Stratum Basal
What are keratinocytes?
Cells that produce keratins and contains intermediate filament
The single layer of basophilic columnar/ cuboidal cells at the dermal-epidermal
junction is called?
Stratum Basale
What is Desmosome and Hemidesmosome?
membrane-bound structures that act as adhesion structures.
Desmosome- binds cells of the layer in their lateral and upper layer
Hemidesmosome (in basal plasma lemma) - binds these cells to basal lamina
What is the second layer from the deepest?
SKIN 4
Stratum spinosum i.e. the thickest epidermal layer
What type of cell does it consist?
Polyhedral or slightly flattened cells have central nuclei
nucleoli and cytoplasm actively synthesize keratin filaments
The keratin filaments form visible bundles called?
Tonofibrils
What does tonofibrils do?
Converge and terminates at numerous desmosomes, resist friction.
Why is this layer called as stratum spinosom?
Intermediate filaments in desmosomes seem like spines under light microscope
What is the third epidermal layer?
Stratum Granulosum
SKIN 5
Why is it called as Granulosum?
Consists granule in cytoplasm.
What type of cells do they consist?
3-5 flattened polygonal cells
What are their cytoplasm filled with?
Basophilic mass called keratohyaline granules.
What are the two types of keratohyaline granules?
a) Non membrane-bound granules
_Consists dense masses of filaments and other proteins.
b) Membrane-coated lamellar granules
_Contains lamellae composed various lipids Lamellar Granules
What are lamellar granules?
Lipid-rich materials produce sheets that envelope cells
What is function of Lamellar granules?
Acts as major barrier against the loss of water from skin
In which layer of the epidermis do cells begin to die?
Stratum granulosum
Which layer is seen only in thick skin i.e. palms & soles?
Stratum lucidum
SKIN 6
What type of cells does it consist?
Thin, transluent layer of flattened eosinophilic cells.
What happens to the nuclei, organelles and cytoplasm in this layer?
Nuclei and organelles are lost
Cytoplasm consists only tightly packed keratin filaments embedded in electron-
dense matrix
Is the desmosomes still present in this layer?
Yes, between adjacent cells.
What is the outermost layer which consists dead cells?
Stratum Corneum.
SKIN 7
What type of cells do they consist?
Squames or horny, cornified cells
How layers do they consists?
15-20 layers, flattened, non-nucleated keratinized cells (cytoplasm-keratins
filled)
What does keratinization mean?
Cytoplasm- keratin filled
What happens to cell after keratinization?
Cell contains Fibrillar & amorphous protein, thickened plasma membrane
Why are they called squames/ horny/ corneum?
Shape
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS IN THE EPIDERMIS
State the four types of cells and their function.
a) Keratinocytes
Deepest, produce keratin (tough fibrous protein)
b) Melanocytes
Makes dark skin pigment melanin
SKIN 8
c) Merkel cells
Associated with sensory nerve ending
d) Langerhans cell
Macrophage like antigen- presenting cells
What happens to the keratinocytes when new cells are formed?
Pushed upwards- becomes dead and scales like cells
High activity of keratinocytes causes ___?
Psoriasis- dry skin- take short time to differentiate i.e. 20-30days
Where are melanocytes located?
Stratum Basales or Basal layer and also Hair follicles-skin
Where are they derived from?
Neural Crest
What are the for types of melanin pigments?
Eumelanin
Brown Eumelanin and Black Eumelanin hair/ skin
SKIN 9
Pheomelanin
Red hair/ skin i.e. lips
Where is melanin stored?
After synthesis- Keratinocytes
Function of melanin:
Protects from Ultraviolet rays
Describe the Melanin synthesis mechanism
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OR watch Skin vid-3 (04.00)
SKIN 10
What is Epidermal Melanin Unit?
One melanocyte + keratinocytes into which melanosomes are transferred makes
up a Epidermal Melanin Unit.
Where are Langerhans's cells located?
Spinosum Layer
Where are they derived from?
Bone Marrow cells
What is their function?
Act as APC (Antigens Presenting Cells) & Macrophages
Capable of binding, processing and presenting antigens to T lymphocytes
Also can phagocyte and digest them.
Where is Merkel cell derived from and what is there function?
Basal layer. Act as mechanoreceptors
What type of cytoplasm do they consist?
Clear cytoplasm with keratin and neuropeptides
Merkel cells are connected to:
Nerve cells ( from dermis) & act as sensory receptor i.e touch...
SKIN 11
b) DERMIS
The blood supply to the skin is located mainly in which part?
Dermis
The two layers of Dermis are?
SKIN 12
Papillary Layer( in papilla)
Includes small blood vessels, lymph, nerves, mostly includes cells such as
fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells and WBCs
Fine collagen (type 7), elastic fibers, areolar connective tissue
Reticular Layer (occ. more vol. of dermis)
Vascular plexus, lymph, nerves & appendages. (mostly fibers)
Compact collagen fibers (type 1 and 3) , thick elastic reticular fibers
Why does the dermis/ reticular layer has a critical role in temp. regulation?
Due to presence of Vessels
Which one is present in the nerves parasympathic or sympathic?
Sympathic
c) HYPODERMIS
SKIN 13
What types of tissues do they consist?
Fatty tissue that stores fat and anchors skin to muscle ( areolar & adipose
tissue)
Provides padding, insulates deeper tissue.
SKIN AND BLOOD VESSELS
What are the two major plexus that are found in dermis layer?
Subpapillary plexus
B/w papillary & reticular dermal layer
Deep Vascular plexus
B/w hypodermis & dermis, it also includes Arteriovenous anastomoses
RECEPTORS
What are the two types of receptors in dermis?
a) Unencapsulated receptor
b) Encapsulated receptor
What does Unencapsulated receptor include?
SKIN 14
Free Nerve Ending
Temp, pain, itch
Tactile Discs
Touch (Associate to merkel cell)
Root Hair Plexus
Hair Stimulation
What does Encapsulated receptor include?
SKIN 15
Tactile Corpuscle or Miessner Corpuscle
Touch
Lamellated or Pacinian Corpuscle
Deep touch, vibration, & pressure
Ruffini and Kerous Corpuscle
Pressure
HAIR FOLLICLE
SKIN 16
What is hair?
Elongated keratinized structures.
Where is it derived from?
Epidermis and dermis
Where are they not found?
Palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of genetalia (clitoris, labia minor)
PARTS OF HAIR FOLLICLES
What are the parts of hair follicles?
Hair bulb
extended part of hair, terminal dilation
Dermal papilla
contains capillary network required to sustain the hair follicle
Hair root
Hair shift
What are the three layers of hair shaft and root hair?
SKIN 17
Table 1- Hair shaft and Table 2- Root hair
SKIN 18
Describe the hair growth cycle.
SKIN 19
Anagen
Long period- mitotic activity and growth
Catagen
Brief period- arrested growth and regression of hair bulb
Telogen
final long period- inactive, hair shed
What produces progenitor cells?
Arrector pili muscle- smooth muscle, located close to hair follicle & hair shaft
which involves in erection of hair in some conds. i.e. cold, anxiety, stress
NAILS
SKIN 20
What is another keratinized structure derived from skin?
Nails- tightly packed, keratized cells, hard keratin
Why does nail body appears pink?
Due to underlying capilleries present in nail bed or nail matrix
Why does the Lunula appears white?
Due to thickened stratum basale in that area
What is present below lunula i.e. where nail and skin join?
Eponychium=cuticle (stratum corneum)
Where is nail matrix present?
Deepest of root, helps in nail growth
Where does the nail bed of the epidermal fold becomes free?
Distal end i.e. Hyponychium (worn away or cut off)
Growth of nails in toes is ___ & fingers is ___ per month.
a) 1mm
b) 1-3mm
Grows faster in summer and also in most used hand.
Rest are in copybook
SKIN 21
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SKIN 22
