ain a" \ \ \ | | Chapter 1 \ 0 | ; \ \ { \ine Code Encoder oO9 Disital Communicatio Systems . ° Pee C 1-1: Curriculum Objectives —_ 1. To understand the theory and applications of line code encoder, 2. To understand the encode theory and circuit structure of NRZ. 3. To understand the encode theory and circuit structure of RZ. 4. To understand the encode theory and circuit structure of AMI. . To understand the encode theory and circuit structure of w Manchester. ——— 1-2: Curriculum Theory J Line coding is a part of source coding. Before PCM signal send to modulator, we use certain signal mode in certain application. The considerations of sclecting the digital signal modes to carry the binary data are: 1. types of modulation, 2. types of demodulation, 3. the limitation of bandwidth, and 4. types of receiver, Line coding can be divided into two types, which are retum-to-zero (RZ) and nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ). RZ line coding denotes for a single bit time (normally is half of a single bit time), the waveform will return to 0 VChapter 1 Line Code Encoder between data pulses. The data stream is shown in figure 1-1(c). NRZ line \ coding denotes for a single bit time, the waveform will not return to 0 V. The data stream is shown in figure 1-1(a). As a result of the characteristics | of signal, line coding also can be divided into two types, which are unipolar signal and bipolar signal. Unipolar signal denotes that the signal amplitude varies between a positive voltage level which are +V and 0 V. The only different between bipolar signal and unipolar signal is the signal amplitude varies between a positive and a negative voltage level which are +V and -V. Figure 1-1 shows different types of line code signals and we will discuss the encoding signals in next section. 1. Unipolar Nonreturn-to-zero Signal Encode The data stream of unipolar nonreturn-to-zero (UNI-NRZ) is shown. in figure 1-1(a). From figure 1-1(a), when the data bit is “1”, the width and the gap between bits of UNT-NRZ are equal to cach others; when the data bit is “0”, then the pulse is represented as 0 V. The circuit diagram of UNI-NRZ encoder is shown in figure 1-2. As a result of the data signal and the NRZ encoder signal are similar, therefore, we only need to add a buffer in front of the circuit> UC” GP Digitgl Communicatio Systems ° (a) NRZ (b) BIP-NRZ (d) BIP-RZ (e) Manchester (f) AMI Figure 1-1 Different types of line code signal wayeforns.Chapter | Line Code Encoder Data N we Buffer ks oP L— 10k Figure 1-2 Circuit diagram of unipolar nonreturn-to-zero encoder. 2. Bipolar Nonretum-to-zero Signal Encode The data stream of bipolar nonreturn-to-zero (BIP-NRZ) is shown in figure 1-1(b). When the data bit of BIP-NRZ is “I” or “0”, the signal amplitude will be a positive or a negative voltage level. As for bit time, no matter the data bit is “1” or “O”, the voltage level remain same. Figure 1-3 is the circuit diagram of BIP-NRZ encoder. By comparing the data streams of UNI-NRZ and BIP-NRZ, the only difference is the signal amplitude is a negative voltage level when the data bit is “0”, therefore, we may utilize a comparator to encode the data bit in the circuit. 3. Unipolar Retum-to-zero Signal Encode The data stream of unipolar return-to-zero (UNI-RZ) is shown in figure 1-1(c). When the data bit is “1”, the signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is positive voltage level and the rest of the bit time is represented as 0 V. When the data bit is “0”, there is no pulse wave that means the signal amplitude is 0 V. The bit time of RZ is half of the bit time of NRZ, therefore, the required bandwidth of RZ is one time more than NRZ. However, RZ has two phaseDigital Communicatio Sy i chronization. From: variations in a bit time, which is easy for receiver sync! nal and data after encoding, we figure 1-1, compare the data signal, clock si , Z, we need to “AND” the know that in order to obtain the encoding data of RZ, we need jar return-to-zero data signal and clock signal. The circuit diagram of unipolar retu encoder is shown in figure 1-4. 45V a +5V 300 = , oe i NRZ-B $F 1OnF- Sak -5V Figure 1-3 Circuit diagram of bipolar nonretum-to-zero encoder. Clock /P o—__f eek AND RZ OUT Data UP Figure 1-4 Circuit diagram of unipolar return-to-zero encoder. 4. Bipolar Retum-to-zero Signal Encode The data stream of bipolar return-to-zero (BIP-RZ) is shown in figure 1-1(d). When the data bit is 1", the signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is Positive voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is negative voltage level. When the data bit is “0”, the signal amplitude of the bit time is represented as negative voltage level. Figure 1-5 is the circuit diagram of BIP-RZ, ByChapter 1 Line Code Encoder comparing the data streams of RZ and BIP-RZ in figure 1-1, we only need a converter to convert the encoding signal from unipolar to bipolar, therefore, we utilize a comparator to design the converter, which can convert the RZ signal to BIP-RZ signal +5V * sos $Y * BIP-RZ 7? O/P L M4 1M Sark Vv Figure |-5 Circuit diagram of bipolar retum-to-zero encoder. 5. Alternate Mark Inversion Signal Encode Alternate mark inversion (AMI) signal is similar to RZ signal except the alternate “1” are inverted. The data stream of AMI signal is shown in figure 1-1(f). When the data bit is “1”, the first signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is positive voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is 0 V; then the second signal amplitude at 1/2 bit time is negative voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is 0 V, therefore, the only different between AMI and RZ is the alternate “1” are inverted. When the data bit is “0”, the signal amplitude is 0 V. This type of encode is common used by telephone industry which is pulse coding modulation (PCM).Digital Communicatio Syatons Figure 1-6 is the circuit diagram of AMI signal encode. In order to obtain the AMI encode signal, the data and clock signals need to pass through the buffer stage, which is comprised by a pair of transistors and NOT gates. After that we need to “AND” the output of data signal and clock signal, then pass through a divider circuit by utilizing clock as switch exchange. The final signal is the AMI signal. The minimum bandwidth of AML is less than UNI-RZ and BIP-RZ. An additional advantage of AMI is the transmission errors can be detected by detecting the violations of the alternate-one rule. Figure 1-6 Circuit diagram of AMI signal encoder.6. Manchester Signal Encode Manchester signal is also known as split-phase signal, The data stream of Manchester signal is shown in figure 1-1(c). When the data bit is “I", the signal amplitude at first 1/2 bit time is positive voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is negative voltage level. When the data bit is “0”, the signal amplitude at first 1/2 bit time is negative voltage level and the other 1/2 bit time is positive voltage level. This type of encode signal has the advantage of memory, therefore, the required bandwidth is larger than the other encode signals. So, it is suitable applied to network such as Ethernet, From figure 1-1, compare the data signal, clock signal and data after encoding, we know that in order to obtain the encoding data of Manchester, we need to “XNOR" the data signal and clock signal. Figure 1-7 is the circuit diagram of Manchester signal encoder. Se Manchester © our Data 0 Figure 1-7 Circuit diagram of Manchester signal encoder, Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder | |Preval Communicatio Systems 1-3: Experiment Items 7 Experiment 1: Unipolar and bipolar NRZ signal encode Experiment 1-1: Unipolar NRZ signal encode 1. To implement a unipolar NRZ encode circuit as shown in figure 1-2 or refer to figure DCS1-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. v Setting the frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P. Then observe on the output waveform by using oscilloscope and record the measured results in table 1-1. According to the input signals in table 1-1, repeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-1. Experiment 1-2: Bipolar NRZ signal encode 1. To implement a bipolar NRZ. signal encode circuit as shown in figure 1-3 or refer to figure DCS1-1 on ETEK LeS-6000-01 module. 2. Setting the frequency of function generator to | kHz TTL signal and Connect this signal to the Data /P. Then observe on the waveforms of TP1 and BIP-NRZ O/P by using oscilloscope and record the measured results in table 1-2, 33 According to the input signals in table 1-2, Tepeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-2Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder 9 . — Experiment 2: Unipolar and bipolar RZ signal encode Experiment 2-1: Unipolar RZ signal encode . To implement a unipolar RZ signal encode circuit as shown in figure 1-4 or refer to figure DCS1-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module, Vv Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P of figure DCS1-2 and CLK at the left bottom. After that connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and UNI-RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-3. 3. According to the input signals in table 1-3, repeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-3. 4. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then setting another frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and UNI-RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-4. 5. According to the input signals in table 1-4, repeat step 4 and record the measured results in table 1-4 FeQ Dieital Communicatio Systems mae e | Experiment 2-2: Bipolar RZ signal encode | 1. To implement a bipolar RZ signal encode circuit as shown in figure 5 or refer to figure DCS1-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. | 2. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCS! -2 and CLK at the left bottom. After that connect the Data O/P at the Ieft bottom to the Data /P in figure DCS1-2. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P, TPI and BIP-RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-5. 3. According to the input signals in table 1-5, repeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-5. 4. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCSI-2. Then setting another frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data VP, TP1 and BIP-RZ O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-6. » According to the input signals in table 1-6, repeat step 4 and record the measured results in table 1-6,Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder g Experiment 3: AMI signal encode 1, To implement an AMI signal encode circuit as shown in figure 1-6 or DCS-6000-01 module. refer to figure DCS1-3 on E rator to 2 kHz TTL signal and ure DCS1-3 and CLK at the left at the left bottom to the Data I/P waveforms of CLK I/P, Data UP, ve _ Setting the frequency of function gene connect this signal to the CLK I/? in fig bottom. After that connect the Data O/P in figure DCS1-3. Then observe on the TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TPS and AMI O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-7. 3. According to the input signals in table 1-7, repeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-7. to 2 kHz TTL signal and e DCSI-3. Then setting Hz TTL signal and 4. Setting the frequency of function generato! connect this signal to the CLK V/P in figur er frequency of function generator to | Kl is signal to the Data VP in figure DCS1-3. The f CLK I/P, Data /P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP: scope, and record the measured results in tat anothi en observe on ‘5 and AMI ble 1-8. connect thi the waveforms 0} O/P by using oscillo 5. According to the input signals in table 1-8, repeat step 4 and record the measured results in table 1-8.? Digital Communicatio Systems. Experiment 4: Manchester signal encode N To implement a Manchester signal encode circuit as shown in figure 1-7 or refer to figure DCS1-4 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCS1-4 and CLK at the left bottom, After that connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-4. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK YP, Data I/P and Manchester O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-9. According to the input signals in table 1-9, repeat step 2 and record the measured results in table 1-9. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCS1-4. Then setting another frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-4. Then observe on the waveforms of CLK I/P, Data I/P and Manchester O/P by using oscilloscope, and record the measured results in table 1-10. According to the input signals in table 1-10, repeat step 4 and record the measured results in table 1-10.Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder —._— 1-4: Measured Results 7 Table 1-1 Mcasured results of UNI-NRZ signal encode. Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies (Data /P) UNI-NRZ O/PDigital Communicatio Systems ey Table 1-2 Mcasured results of BIP-NRZ signal encode. Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies }|——-— (Data I/P) TPL BIP-NRZ O/P 2kHz 3.5 kHz SkHz | | 7.5 kHzWablc 1-3 Measured results of UNI-RZ sign Input Signal Frequencies | (CLK V/P) CLK Vp al encode. Data I/P Output Signal Waveforms UNI-RZ O/PDigital, Communicatio Systems e 1-18 Table 1-4 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal encode. Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms + Frequencies CLK VP] DatavP| CLK VP Data I/P UNI-RZ O/P 2 kHz 1 kHz 3kHz | 1.5 kHz SkHz | 2.5 kHz 8kHz | 4kHzChapter 1 Line Code Encoder Table 1-5 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal encode. Input Signal Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms (Clock VP) CLK VP. Data I/P 2 kHz TPL BIP-RZ O/P CLK UP Data I/P 5 KH 2 TP! BIP-RZ OJP L ekeP Digital Communicatio Systems 1=20 Table 1-6 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal encode. Taput Signal Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms CLK UP | Data UP _ ; cEKIP [ata VP ; 2kHz | 1kH 2 TPI BIP-RZ O/P 7. OT CLK I/P Data I/P SkH2 | 25 kHz gu BIP-RZ O/PTable 1-7 Mcasured results of AMI signal encode. Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder r ; Tnput Signal Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms (CLK UP) - CLK UP Data /P TPL TP2 100 Hz TP3 TP4 TPS AMI O/P po? Digital Communicatio Systems e MI signal encode, (Continue) Table 1-7 Measured results of Al [ Input Signal ; Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms (CLK IP) _ _— CLK VP ___ Data VP TPI TP2 500 Hz TP3 TPs TPS AMIO/PTable 1-8 Measured results of AMI signal encode. Input Signal Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms CLK 1/P | Data /P uw Data VP TPH TP2 100 Hz | 50 Hz = TP4 TPs AMIO/P. Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder y9. DigitaCommunicato Systems ° Table 1-8 Measured results of AMI signal encode. (Continue) [7 input Signal 7 | Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms CLK IP | Data /P 7 i CLK IP Data /P TPI Tey 500 Hz | 250 Hz xe TP4 aT AMLO/P | AMIOP_—|Table 1-9 Measured results of Manchester signal encode, Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms Chapter 1 Line Code Encoder 9 Frequencies (CLK UP) CLK VP Data /P Manchester O/P 3k 5k 8kBP DigitatCommunicatio Systems mo ° _1=26 Pere ohh iemredverii of Munchies NaN™L COZ _ inpues ened output Signal Waveforms Frequencies _ _ OO | CLK VP Data I/P Manchester O/P CLK I/P | Data VP 2kHz 1 kHz 3 kHz | 1.5 kHz SkHz | 2.5 kHz 8kHz | 4kHzChapter 1 Line Code Encoder : . : _ 1-5: Problems Discussion J | 1. Explain what are the common types of line coding? | 2. Explain how the unipolar and bipolar nonretum-to-zero signals encode? \ 3, Explain how the unipolar and bipolar return-to-zer0 signals encode? 4, Explain how the AMI signal encodes? \ 5. Explain how the Manchester signal encodes? 6. Explain why do we need line coding? | 1-27\ Chapter 2 \ \ Line Code Decoder \OY P _ Digital Communication Systems ° —— 2-1: Curriculum Objectives 2 1. To understand the theory and applications of line code decoder. 2. To understand the decode theory and circuit structure of NRZ. 3. To understand the decode theory and circuit structure of RZ. 4. To understand the decode theory and circuit structure of AMI. 5. To understand the decode theory and circuit structure of Manchester, a the advantages of the applications of 2-2: Curriculum Theory For digital transmission system, line code are as follow: (1) Self-synchronization Line code signal has the advantage of sufficient timing information, which can make the bit synchronizer catches the timing or pulse signal accurately to achieve self-synchtonization, (2) Low Bit Error Rate Digital signal can be recovered by comparator, which can reduce the interference of noise and bit error rate. Besides we can al dd a suitable Sides we can also add a siChapter 2 Line Code Decoder 1 device such as match filter at the receiver to reduce the affection of intersymbol interference (ISI). (3) Error Detection Capability The communication system has the ability of error detection or | correction by adding the channel encoding and decoding to the line code signal. (4) Transparency By setting the line code signal and data protocol, we can receive any data sequence accurately. Figure 2-1 shows different types of line code signal waveforms and we will discuss the decoding signals in next section. / 1. Unipolar Nonreturn-to-zero Signal Decode * Figure 2-2 shows the circuit diagram of unipolar nonretum-to-zero (UNENRZ) decoder. From figure 2-1, we notice that the waveforms between UNI-NRZ signal and data signal are similar to cach other. Therefore, we only need to add a buffer in front of the decoder circuit, which can recover the original input data signal.P DigitalCommunication (@) BIP-RZ (f) AMI (©) Manchester le signal waveforms. Different types of tine cod Figure 2-1Chapter 2 Line Code Decoder J NRZ , Data w or 10k Figure 2-2 Circuit diagram of unipolar nonretumn-to-zero decoder. 2. Bipolar Nonretum-to-zero Signal Decode Figure 2-3 shows the circuit diagram of bipolar nonretum-to-zero (BIP-NRZ) decoder, The signal amplitude of BIP-NRZ is either positive voltage level or negative voltage level. Therefore, for decoder, we can utilize a diode to change the negative voltage level to zero voltage level, and then we can recover the original input data signal. BIP-NRZ, i Data ve or 10k Figure 2-3 Circuit diagram of bipolar nonreturn-to-zero decoder. 3. Unipolar Return-to-zero Signal Decode Figure 2-4 shows the circuit diagram of unipolar retum-to-zero (UNI-RZ) decoder. The output of the UNI-RZ decoder is a NOR-RS flip-flop, which is comprised by R3, Ry and two NOR gates, TP2 is the “S” terminal and TP3 is the “R” terminal. The clock signal will be inverted by a NOT gate which is comprised by the NOR gate. After that by using XOR to operate the inverted clock signal and UNI-RZ signal; and thenQ Digital Communication Systems ° atitor which #8 comprised by Cr and Ra, the passing through a diffe ve which is used for “R” terminal of med to pulse Wa¥ xg TP3 of figure 2-5: UNI-RZ signal wit | of RS flip-flop, as shown in output will be transfor RS flip-flop as shown in TPT a “gs” terminal pacitor 10 the UNERZ and clock signals into pass through a ca 5, Finally by sending b original input data signal. TP? of figure 2- oth the RS flip-flop, we ean recover the UNI-RZ ————J ve on RZ UP TPL 1P3 TP2 Data OP Figure 2-5 a) . al Ouy Put waveforms of unio} P ar ret Tetum-to-zero decoder.Chapier 2. Line Code Decoder e . = 4. Bipolar Return-to-zero Signal Decode As we know the difference between UNI-RZ and BIP-RZ is the UNI-RZ has only positive voltage level, nevertheless BIP-RZ has both positive and negative voltage level. Therefore, we utilize a diode to change the negative voltage level to zero voltage level as shown in figure 2-3, then we can obtain a UNI-RZ signal. After that, the UNI-RZ signal will pass through a UNI-RZ decoder circuit as shown in figure 2-4, then we can recover the original input data signal. 5. Alternate Mark Inversion Signal Decode From figure 2-1, compare the RZ with AMI encode waveforms, we know that if the negative voltage level of AMI transforms to positive voltage level, the encode waveform is exactly similar to RZ encode waveform. Therefore, the AMI decoder can be divided into two parts, which are the circuit of AMI transform to RZ and the circuit of RZ decoder. The circuit diagrams of UNI-RZ decoder and AMI transform to RZ are shown in figures 2-4 and 2-6, respectively. From figure 2-6, when the AMI signal locates at positive voltage level, the signal will pass through D, to OUT; on the other hand, when the AMI signal locates at negative voltage level, the signal will pass through D,, which is connected to the comparator, and then Pass through D, to OUT. Therefore, we can obtain the RZ signal from AMI signal,Digit Communication Systems = ° ur AMI oO ve RI sv ark i jecodcr. Figure 2-6 Circuit diagram ofalternate mark inversion 4 6. Manchester Signal Decode From figure 2-1, compare the data signal, clock signal and encode signal, we need to invert the clock signal, and then use an XOR to operate the inverted clock signal and Manchester signal. Finally, we can obtain the original data encode signal. Figure 2-7 shows the circuit diagram of Manchester decoder. From figure 2-7, the objective of the first XOR to operate the clock signal and +5 V signal is to invert the clock signal, then the second XOR to operate the inverted clock’signal and Manchester signal is to recover the original input data signal. Data or Manchester uw Figure 2-7 Circ Cireuit diagram of Manchester decod er.Chapter 2 Line Code Decoder ee ee -—— 2-3: Experiment Items _ Experiment 1: Unipolar and bipolar NRZ signal decode Experiment 1-1: Unipolar NRZ signal decode | 1, Using the UNI-NRZ encode circuit as shown in figure 19-2 of chapter 19 or refer to figure DCS1-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module to produce the UNI-NRZ signal. 2. To implement a UNI-NRZ decode circuit as shown in figure 2-2 or refer to figure DCS2-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. | 3. Setting the frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and | connect this signal to the Data /P of figure DCSI-1. Then connect the | UNENRZ O/P of figure DCS1-I to the UNI-NRZ. U/P of figure DCS2-1. i Next observe on the output waveform by using oscilloscope and record | the measured results in table 2-1. i 4. According to the input signals in table 2-1, repeat step 3 and record the measured results in table 2-1. Experiment 1-2: Bipolar NRZ signal decode | 1. Using the BIP-NRZ encode circuit as shown in figure 19-3 of chapter 19 | or refer to figure DCSI-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module to produce the BIP-NRZ signal. 2. To implement a BIP-NRZ decode circuit as shown in figure 2-3 or refer to figure DCS2-1 on ETEK. opm module,DP Digitah Communication Systems e 4. According to the input signals int erator tO { kHz TTL signal ang gen' f function “ figure DCSI-I. Then connect the NRZ UP of figure DCS2., cilloscope and recorg 3. Setting the frequency © 0 the Data 1/P 0 1 the BIP- by using os connect this signal t -1 it BIP-NRZ O/P of figure papi-l ' mi Next observe on the output wavetor the measured results int table 2-2. nals in table 2-2 repeat step 3 and record the 4, According to the input sig" measured results in table 2-2 olar and bipolar RZ signal decode nal decode Experiment 2: Unip' Experiment 2-1: Unipolar RZ sigt 1. Using the UNI-RZ encode circuit as shown in figure 19-4 of chapter 19 or refer to figure DCS1-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module to produce the UNI-RZ signal. 2. To implement a UNI-RZ decode circuit as shown in figure 2-4 or refer to figure DCS2-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. 3. Setting the frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal, then connect this signal to the CLK I/P of figure DCS1-2, as well as CLK at the left bottom and CLK I/P of figure DCS2-2. After that connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then connect the UNI-RZ O/P of figure DCS1-2 to the UNI-RZ I/P of figure DCS2-2. Next observe on the waveforms of UNI-RZ VP, TPL, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data O/P by using osci 18 oscilloscope, Fi results in table 2-3, pe. Finally record the measured able 2-3, repeat measured results in table 2-3 © 2-3, repeat step 3 and record theChapter 2 Line Code Decoder ° — 5, Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the CLK I/P in figure DCSI-2. Then setting another frequency of function generator to | kHz TTL signal and | connect this signal to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Next connect the UNL-RZ O/P of DCS1-2 to UNI-RZ I/P of DCS2-2. Then observe the | waveforms of UNI-RZ O/P, TPI, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data /P by using oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 2-4, | 6. According to the input signals in table 2-4, repeat step 5 and record the measured results in table 2-4. | Experiment 2-2: Bipolar RZ signal decode 1. Using the BIP-RZ encode circuit as shown in figure 19-5 of chapter 19 or refer to figure DCS1-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module to produce the BIP-RZ signal. 2. To implement a transformation circuit of BIP-RZ to UNI-RZ as shown in figure 2-3 and a BIP-RZ decode circuit as shown in figure 2-4 or refer to figure DCS2-2 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module. 3. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal, then connect this signal to the CLK I/P of figure DCS1-2, as well as CLK at the left bottom and CLK I/P of figure DCS2-2. After that connect the connect the BIP-RZ O/P of figure DCS1-2 to the BIP-RZ I/P of figure | Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-2. Then | DCS2-2. Next observe on the waveforms of BLP-RZ VP, TP1, TP2, TP3, | TP4 and Data O/P by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results in table 2-5. | a-l1 1 ee)Digital Communication Systems - . 2212 4A spcat step 3 and record he input signals 1" table 2-5, ep " cording to the s able 2-5. . measured results in tal iz TTL signal ang ator to 2 kH: equency of function generato ts . 5. Setting the freq CLK UP in figure DCSI-2. Then oa connect this signal to the alae etre tion gener? another frequency of func i ata I/P connect this signal to the Data BIP-RZ O/P of DCSI-?2 to BIP-RZ W/P of DCS2-2. Then observe on the waveforms of BIP-RZ UP, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 and Data O/P by using cord the measured results in table 2-6. in figure DCSI-2. Next connect the oscilloscope, then re 6. According to the input signals in table 2-6, repeat step 5 and record the measured results in table 2-6. Experiment 3: AMI signal decode 1. Using the AMI encode circuit as shown in figure 19-6 of chapter 19 or refer to figure DCS1-3 on ETEK DCS-S000-01 module to produce the AMI signal. 2. To implement a transformation circuit of AMI to RZ as shown in figure 2-6 or refer to figure DCS2-3 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module . Setting the frequency of function Benerator to 2 kHz TTL signal, then connect this signal to the CLK VP of fi the left bottom and CLK VP of figure Data O/P at the left connect the AMI O/p Bure DCS1-3, as well as CLK @ DCS2-3. After that connect the be stom to the Data VP in figure DCSI-3, Thet of figure DCs 1-3 to the 3. Next observe onthe waveforms of aM 9 ee TP6 and Data OF by usin » TPL, TP2, TP3, TPA, TPS Tesults in table 2-7, ~ Finally record the measuredChapter 2. Line Code Decoder g C ~ —| 4, According to the input signals in table 2-7, repeat step 3 and record the measured results in table 2-7. 5, Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal and | connect this signal to the CLK V/P in figure DCSI-3, Then setting another frequency of function generator to 1 kHz TTL signal and connect this signal to the Data /P in figure DCS1-3. Next connect the AMI O/P of DCSI-3 to AMI I/P of DCS2-3. Then observe on the waveforms of AMI I/P, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TPS, TP and Data O/P by using oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 2-8. 6. According to the input signals in table 2-8, repeat step 5 and record the measured results in table 2-8. Experiment 4: Manchester signal decode 1. Using the Manchester encode circuit as shown in figure 19-7 of chapter 19 or refer to figure DCS1-4 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module to produce the Manchester signal. 2. To implement a Manchester decode circuit as shown in figure 2-7 or refer to figure DCS2-4 on ETEK DCS-6000-01 module, / 3. Setting the frequency of function generator to 2 kHz TTL signal, then connect this signal to the CLK I/P of figure DCS1-4, as well as CLK at the left bottom and CLK I/P of figure DCS2-4. After that connect the Data O/P at the left bottom to the Data I/P in figure DCS1-4, Then connect the Manchester O/P of figure DCS1-4 to the Manchester I/P of | | | figure DCS2-4. Next observe on the waveforms of Manchester I/P, TP1 and Data O/P by using oscilloscope. Finally record the measured results | in table 2-9, x71. |9 Digital Communication Systems e step 3 and 4. According to the input signals in table 2-9, repeat step Tecord the measured results in table 2-9. nerator to 2 KHz TTL signal ang 5. Setting the frequency of function ge! connect this signal to the CLK W/P in figure DCS1-4. Then setting another frequency of function generator 10 1 kHz TTL signal ang igure DCS1-4, Next connect the /P of DCS2-4. Then observe connect this signal to the Data VP in fi Manchester 0/P of DCS1-4 to Manchester I the waveforms of Manchester I/P, TP1 and Data O/P by using oscilloscope, then record the measured results in table 2-10. 6. According to the input signals in table 2-10, repeat step 5 and record the measured results in table 2-10.Chapter 2. Line Code Decoder 2-4: Measured Results TJ | _ Table 2-1 Measured results of UNI-NRZ signal decode. Tnput Signal Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies | (Data /P) UNI-NRZ I/P Data O/P | | 1 kHz 2 kHz | 4kHzP. Digital Communication Systems oo ° es xd results of BIP- IR: pene Measured res! ay ay ee BIP-NRZ UP [On 1 i 1 kHz | 2kHz | | | | 4kttz | | i |Table 2-3 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. Test (feu =1 kHz) Chapter 2. Line Code Decoder Past | Output Waveforms | pest, | Ouiput Waveforms UNI-RZ a Pl TP2 1P3 TP4 Data O/P 2-17 ee1 Communication Systems oe s of UNF-R Table 2-3 Measured result Output Waveforms TP2 4 | Ca Zsign 2 kil) Test Point moles TP3 Data O/P al decode. (Cont inuc) Output WaveformsTable 2-4 Mcasured results of UNI-RZ signal decode, Chapter 2. Line Code Decoder g (foua= 1 KHZ ferx = 2 KHz) ea Output Waveforms ea Output Waveforms | UNI-RZ UP TP oe TP3 We Data OP 2-18 2222jeasured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. (Continue) Table 2-4 Mi (fae “15 KHZ fer =3 kHz) evel Test Output Waveform: Point TP1 TP3 Data O/Table 2-5 Measured results Output Waveforms Test Point of BIP-RZ signal decode. (fay =2 KH2) Chapter 2 nnn Output Waveforms Data O/PTable 2-5 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode. (Continue) (feux =3 KHz) Test oe Output Waveforms Point Output Waveform TPI TP3 Data O/PTable 2-6 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode, (fon =I KHZ fey =2 KHz) Chapter 2. Line Code Decoder Test ; Test Point Output Waveforms. Point Output Waveforms BIP-RZ ve TPI TP2 TP3 7P4 Data O/Ppmmunication systems e 9 pigitalC table 2-6 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode. (Continue) (fo kHz) Test point | Output Waveforms Output w Z 4 SS aVefom, BIP-RZ. iP TP TP2 aLES: TP4 Data O/PTable 2-7 Measured results of AMI signal decode, Output Waveforms (ferx =100 Hz) Output Waveforms Data O/PJommunication systems e ? pigital C Table 2-7 Measured results of AMI signal decode. (Continue) (fee Hz) oO fort Test oi u jaye Point utput Way, —— = nn . ‘cforms al TP! ae — | TP3 TPS _ Data O/PTable 2-8 Measured results of “AMI signal decode. nee = kHz, foux =2 kHz) Test Test mee Output Waveforms aaa Output Waveforms TP1 | TP3 | | TPS | | Data O/P Chapter 2) Line Wn.Digital Communication Table 2-8 Measured (pga =1.5 KHz, feux =3 KHZ) 1 results of AMI signal decode. (Con ntil nuc) Test 5 rat Fe, | output Waveforms est | Output Waveforms AMLUP o PI TP? TP3 | a TP4 — TPS ‘ac TPsInput Signal Frequencies CL Ou Manchester vp tput Signal Waveforms TP1 Data O/PP Digital Communication Systems e Manche: | Frequencies | CLK] Data vw | w 2kHz | 1 kHz 3 kHz |L5 kHz BRUZ | 4kiz ster I/P Output Signal Waveforms TPl Data O/P | SSSChapter 2 Line Code Decoder 2-5: Problems Discussion ve Explain what are the advantages of line code? Explain how the unipolar and bipolar nonreturn-to-zero signals decode? Explain how the unipolar and bipolar return-to-zero signals decode? Explain how the AMI signal decodes? Explain how the Manchester signal decodes? . Give an actual example of the application of line code.|-NRZ signal cncocs- Table 1-1 Measured results of UNI Input Signal : Eoaueneses Output Signal Waveforms NI-NRZ O/P (Data UP) iC ) Tek Run; 100kKS/S: sample ! ate i Ci Freq 1.00000kKHZ ci Pk-PK 5.28 1 kHz q | 4 i 27 Aug 2003 09:19:13 Tek Run: 250KS/s,_ Samp ci Freq 2.0161kH2 cL Pk-Pk 5.28V 2 kHz bape 27 Aug 2003Table 1-2 Measured results of BIP-NRZ signal encode. Input Signal Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies |} Fr —— nner (Data I/P) Pisces! TT ° | cata | aH | ton ann io 2 kHz = ngs earn arm on indo ot cone ann Meat 3.5 kHz [CY TF 7g 20 mannTable 1-3 Mcasured results of UNI-RZ Signal encode, Input Output Signal Waveforms Signal ] Frequencies CLK VP Data VP UNI-RZ O/P (CLK VP) = sen sae vow LLY fal il Wa or panQ Digital Communication Systems [ ° code Table 1-4 Measured results of UNERZ signal ene fp Output Signal Waveforms ignal . TT Frequencies) > nen CUR) Data CLK IP pata | vw | | — * « KHz | kHz | 3 | 15 kHz jit r EV p ago var one eH Vaan ¥" pig mi WOT TNT gmtAppendix B Expected Results Toble 1-5 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal encode, Output Signal Waveforms Data /P CLK I/P FL err BIP-RZ OI. mkP. Pigital Communication Systems ° Table 1-6 Measured results of BIP- RZ signal encode. al Tnput Signal ; Frequencies) Output Signal Waveforms CLK] Data vr |e | CLIP Data VP a F = ; | | Dae a KH 2 | KHz BIP-RZ OPTable 1-7 Measured results Of AMI signal encode, Input Signal Frequencies| (CLK /P) Output Signal Waveforms . Appendix B- Expected Results 9 CLK /P Data UP 100 Hz AMI O/PDigital Communication Systems . encode. Table 1-8 Measured results of AMI Si" nee Input Su Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies CLK | Data [ue | wp°. Table 1-8 Measured Tesults of AMI Signal encode. (Conti ice inue) Signal Frequencies} CLK] Data Output Signal Waveforms vp | vp Appendix 5 Expected Results 9 500 | 250 Hz | Hz TP4 =e (LULL CLA TPS LT AMLO/P MunTable 1-9 Measut Frequencies} Input Signal CLK VP) ‘ag B10. 8 wT ag | | | wn ‘CHOU pagan wanaAppendix B Expected Results Table 1-10 Measured results of Manchester signal encode Input Signal Frequencies Output Signal Waveforms CLK | Data aa — vp | id CLK VP Data VP Manchester O/P- i \ | 2kHz | 1 kHz |e al 3 kHz |1.5 kHz| Fee pagan | ETA ON NU gag | TROT sees] wae =ital Communication ‘Systems ees ag) Chapter 2: Expected Measured Results Table 2-1 Measured results of UNI-NRZ signal decode. Output Signal Waveforms Input Signal Frequencies (Data /P) UNI-NRZ I/P Data O/P {prey tee 27 a we ne fm ; {rey rm a | 1 ime rune Larrea 7) {grrAppendix B Exposed Ress Table 2-2. Measured results of BIP-NRZ signal decode Input Output Signal Waveforms Signal Frequencies 1 kHz kHz Datal/P)| es BIP-NRZ l/P ve Data OP Iwan ay, "ital Communication Systems — — Bla Table 2-3 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. (Fux. =I kHz) Tes Test a pees | Output Signal Waveforms | nye} Omput Signal vem | See Pa = _ 0m rr rm ia, ] | : ane | | “es lunerzie_ Ld i ee ee | vp = we eam TH 2a = | ” ; [ser m HLL | OY a ! — = arom Lo Pee ae if df in : | I} yj 1 1. Lit yy | ons ‘ : — Data |. my or wh | ' | | iAppendix B Expected Results Table 2-3 Measured results of UNI-RZ signal decode. (Continue) (fey, =2 kHz) | | i Test . Output Signal Waveforms | ,°5°,.| Output Signal Waveforms | Teton mY Sample ae | eee | TPL edhe dbo! _| | ere er 2 ag mre i 8-7 ngs —— | | E | TP2 TP3 a $a Tree as, oe fen, sme i jon | | Data Tra eee or | l i AEG O—TH pag yy ———— umn Lt B-15| Output Signal Waveforms — a i an a, | Pl |g = | i i age] | RT sine ae ‘TP3 i frqyoke qn vi" ULL a “LIV 7 oat TP 24 Measured results oF UNTRZ signa deca, c (faa 715 KHz, fox =3 kHz) (Continue) Output Signal Waveforms Minot nnaT 4 iene TP4. Tomas PAS ag fara ore vee 830 Sit ann vn ‘ety ir TP3 Data oP ar 7 TR 2 ng —Table 2-5 Measured results of BIP-RZ signal decode. (ferk =? kia) Test . 2 Points Output Signal Waveforms IBIP-RZ| « VP TPI lr WT OT TY TP2 TP3 | Nace Tag | tr FT TP4 Lt Data o/P | rae are {gg ee rr. Appendix 15 Bx je2-6 Measured results of Bip.py Prpected Results io Signal decode A (oust kte, Test | Output oe Waveforms | Ux =2 kHz) = points — | I Our Put Signal Waveforms = Pein eens | : i fu, r ay | | oti j | she | ~ | A rae Te aga laws 2 wa aT 4 ee a as TP3. | ————}—4, Breer ra aes] aT Tar anim me Tana, soe ait — esc al ] . an [| ow Data |g. TP4 oP || : | | | eee = apni CHT 2 A 2009 xd woB-20 Test Points q Output Signal Waveforms ie AL | Table 2-7 Measured results of AMI signal decode. (Continue) ( fouk [Points =500 Hz) Output Signal Waveforms orp TY 0807108 ag "rv Lie TP6 My o Tf = Data Wd i LeAppendix jy Expected Results Measured results Of AMI signa) decode, (fp, 28 pe? wi =U kHz, four =2kHz) fest poi Output Signal Waveforms aM ir TPS hy :9 Digital Communication Systems ee © Table 2-8 Measured results of AMI signal decode. (Continue) (fra =1.5 kHz, fix =3 kHz) ' Test Output Signal Waveforms Points| aes ey: A oa lees Output Signal Waveforms ULL 3 A ea HN TT a yar B-22Measured results of Manchester signal decode, 19 Output Signal Waveforms Manchester I/PP_ Digital Communication Systems ——— he 2-10 Measured results of Manchester signal decode. | Input | Signal | Output Signal Waveforms Frequencies | CLK | Dat sup VP | Manchester UP TP! Data O/P